Average Concentrations Of TSP Research Articles

Measurements and predictions of ambient air particulates dry depositions at Taichung Shuinan Economic and Trade Park (T.S.E.T.P) during summer and autumn seasons

This study collected ambient air particulate concentrations and dry depositions at Taichung Shuinan Economic and Trade Park (T.S.E.T.P.) sampling site. The global dry depositions model was applied with known particle sizes, pollutant concentrations in ambient air pollutants dry deposition estimates at T.S.E.T.P. site in Central Taiwan. Statistical analysis of the correlated relationships among ambient air particulate concentration, dry depositions, and dry deposition velocities with respect to the meteorological conditions at T.S.E.T.P. site was also conducted. The results indicated that the average dry deposition fluxes were 377.81 µg/m2*min, the average TSP concentrations were 41.53 µg/m3, and the average dry depositions velocity (Vd ) was 15.26 cm/s. In addition, 40 μm was selected as the best ambient air particulate size for the calculated dry deposition velocities to estimate ambient air dry deposition fluxes using the Global model at this T.S.E.T.P. sampling site. Moreover, ambient air particulates concentrations were higher in the fall season than that of the summer season. Sincepollutants parcels were not easily diffused during the fall season because of the low mixed atmospheric layer in this season. Therefore, atmospheric particulates concentrations were higher from the northern side than that of southern side in this study. Furthermore, wind speed V.S. particulate dry depositions and wind V.S. dry depositions velocity displayed a moderate correlated relationship, while particulate dry depositions V.S. particulate dry depositions velocity presented the highest correlated relationship at this T.S.E.T.P. sampling site. However, particulate dry depositions and dry depositions velocity presented significant differences. Finally, particulate dry depositions and dry depositions velocity were not only highly correlation related but also displayed significant differences at the T.S.E.T.P. sampling site.

Simulation of thermal power plant source contribution to ambient air concentration in Cam Pha City, Quang Ninh province using AERMOD dispersion model

Cam Pha, the home of three major thermal power plants including Cam Pha, Mong Duong I and Mong Duong II, is one of the most important industrial cities in the North of Vietnam. Air pollution due to stacks emission is the biggest problem threatening Cam Pha City's sustainable development. In this study, the AERMOD modeling system was used to evaluate the impact of the stack emission by the thermal power plants on the ambient atmospheric environment. The maximum 1-HR, 24-HR, 99th percentile and annual average concentrations of TSP, SO2 and NO2 were simulated within the 40x40 km domain of 100x100 m grid spacing with the hourly meteorological data taken from 2018 to 2020. Air dispersion simulation is performed on the observed background gas concentration of the everyday environment. Hourly emission data of 10 primary stack sources of 3 factory groups were used as input data. The simulated spatial distribution of gases indicates the strong fluence of the mountainous topography on the dispersion of stack emission. Results also revealed that the maximum short-term stack emission at ground-level concentrations of SO2 and NO2 are much higher than the national standard, thus raising the risk of severe pollution. TSP pollution is less severe than SO2 and NO2 but still at a dangerous level. Since Cam Pha locates by the East Sea with the prevailing wind is heading northeast and east directions. The annual average concentrations of these pollutants indicate that the high terrain areas at the south and northwest of Cam Pha City, which block the flow of the stack emission, are the most affected regions by exhausted gases from industrial stacks.

Monitoring of airborne particulate matter at mountainous urban sites.

Concentrations of various size fractions (TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0) of particulate matter (PM) were measured at two mountainous sites, Buk Han (BH) and Gwan AK (GA), along with one ground reference site at Gwang Jin (GJ), located in Seoul, South Korea for the 4years from 2010 to 2013. The daily average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 at BH were 47.9±32.5, 37.0±24.6, 20.6±12.9, and 15.3±9.53μgm(-3), respectively. These values were slightly larger than those measured at GA while much lower than those measured at the reference site (GJ). Seasonal variations in PM concentrations were consistent across all locations with a relative increase in concentrations observed in spring and winter. Correlation analysis showed clear differences in PM concentrations between the mountainous sites and the reference site. Analysis of these PM concentrations indicated that the distribution of PM in the mountainous locations was affected by a number of manmade sources from nearby locations, including both traffic and industrial emissions.

Distribution of PBDEs in Atmospheric Total Suspended Particles Collected from Kunming, China

An efficient and reliable analytical method has been used for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in atmospheric total suspended particles collected from the six state controlling air sampling sites and two self-selection sampling sites in Kunming, China. The results showed that the overall average concentrations of TSP collected from Kunming were in the range of 44.36 μg/m3 to 82.22 μg/m3. This pattern was lower than the average concentrations of Guiyu, Guangzhou and similar to Hong Kong. In TSP, the penta-BDEs and octa-BDEs were the dominant PBDEs and the PBDEs concentration ranged from 12.39 pg/m3 to 71.51 pg/m3, with a mean value of 46.82 pg/m3. This level was below the city of Guiyu, Örebro in Sweden and similar to Hong Kong, Guangzhou. The average concentrations of PBDEs had the trend of descent from the urban center to the outskirts of Kunming.

Exposure and health impacts of outdoor particulate matter in two urban and industrialized area of Tabriz, Iran

Numerous studies have shown associations between air pollution and health effects on human. The aims of the present study were to provide quantitative data on variation of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentration and the impact of PM on the health of people living in Tabriz city. The approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) was applied using the AirQ 2.2.3 software developed by the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bilthoven Division. The concentration of particulate matter were measured at urban and industrial suburban sites in Tabriz, Iran, from September 2012 to June 2013. TSP and PM10 samples were collected using high volume samplers. PM2.5 and PM1 were measured by Haz-Dust EPAM-5000 particulate air monitors. The annual average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in the urban site were 142.2 ± 76.3, 85.3 ± 43.9, 39 ± 19.1, and 28.4 ± 14.9 μg/m3 (mean ± SD), respectively. Also in industrial suburban, the total average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were measured as 178.7 ± 52.7, 109.9 ± 30.2, 40.0 ± 10.9, and 31.4 ± 9.1 μg/m3, respectively. The PM10/TSP ratio for the whole study period ranged between 0.35-0.91 and 0.32-0.79 in the urban and suburban sites, respectively. Total mortalities associated with TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were 327, 363, and 360, respectively. Furthermore, the cardiovascular mortalities for TSP and PM10 were 202 and 227 individual, respectively. According to the attributable respiratory mortalities of 99 and 67 associated respectively with TSP and PM10, it is clear that cardiovascular mortality resulted from PM might attributed to total mortality. The maximum 24-hour concentration of PM was observed during winter followed by autumn and the lowest one was during spring.

Studies on Selected Metals and other Pollutants in Urban Atmosphere in Dhaka Bangladesh

The concentration of lead, iron and potassium were determined in suspended particulates matters (SPM) in the atmosphere Dhaka, Bangladesh between January and June, 2008. The sampling areas are Khandakar Mukarram Hossain Biggan Bhaban, University of Dhaka, Tejgaon, Hazaribagh, Uttara and Agargaon new colony. The average concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 were 68, 43 and 35 ?g m-3, respectively. About 82% particles were from fine fraction (PM2.5) and 18% were from coarse fraction (PM10-2.5), which indicates mechanical processes are one of the main sources for the particulate matters in air of Dhaka. The concentration of lead, iron and potassium were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) for the size fraction of PM10 with highest concentrations recorded for iron (10.8 ?g/m3) and lowest for lead (0.10 ?g/m3). The average concentration of NOx, O3 and SOx with eight hours sampling were 82.8, 22.5 and 25.5 ?g/m3 respectively. This study revealed that the concentrations of Pb, K, Fe, CO, NOx, O3 and SOx in Dhaka City were higher than the WHO (World Health Organization) guideline values. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 61(1): 41-46, 2013 (January) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v61i1.15094

SEM-EDX Characterization of Individual Coarse Particles in Agra, India

Aerosol samples were collected during winter and summer season in Agra, India. The mass concentrations of TSP ranged from 206.1–380.5 μg/m3 with the average concentration of 306.1 μg/m3. The seasonal average concentrations of TSP were 273.4 ± 85.5 μg/m3 in summer and 338.6 ± 89.1 μg/m3 in winter. The high levels of mass concentration during winter may be attributed to different emission sources and meteorological conditions at this time of year. The morphology, size and elemental composition of individual aerosol particles were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray system (EDX). The particles analyzed in the study were mostly of large size, with equivalent diameters ranging from 2 to 70 μm. Based on the results of the elemental composition and morphology, 3,500 particles were classified into three groups: biogenic aerosol, geogenic and anthropogenic particles. Different groups of particles have varied morphologies. The soil related aerosols were dominant during the sampling period, showing that crustal materials are the primary contributor to airborne particles at this site. A distinct seasonal variation in the amount of carbonaceous particles was observed. The significant increase in mineral dust particles found during summer may be attributed to the contribution of dust storms, which is also supported by a trajectory cluster analysis.

Size-fractionated water-soluble ions, situ pH and water content in aerosol on hazy days and the influences on visibility impairment in Jinan, China

To study the size-fractionated characteristics of aerosol chemical compounds including major water-soluble inorganic and organic ions, situ pH and water content as well as their influences on visibility, field sample collections using a Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) combined with simulations by Aerosol Inorganic Model (AIM) were conducted on hazy and clear days in Jinan, China from April, 2006 to January, 2007. Average concentrations of TSP, PM 10 and PM 1.8 on hazy days were found to be 1.49–5.13, 1.54–5.48 and 1.30–5.48 times those on clear days during the sampling periods, indicating that particulate pollution was very serious on hazy days. Size distributions of mass, SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , formate and acetate were all bimodal with fine mode predominant on hazy days, demonstrating that fine particles and secondary pollutants were more easily formed on hazy days. The average total aerosol concentration of H + ([H + ] total ), of which free H + concentration ([H + ] ins ) inside aerosol accounted for 30%, was 2.36–4.21 times that in other cities in China and US. The [H + ] ins on hazy days was 2.43–13.11 times that on clear days and the estimated situ pH was mainly influenced by RH and mole ratios of [NH 4 + ]/[SO 4 2− ]. Size distributions of situ pH were unimodal peaked at 0.56 μm on clear days in spring and autumn as well as on hazy days in autumn, while a trend of increasing was shown on hazy days in spring and summer. The normalized water content (NWC) was higher on hazy days in autumn and winter because of the easier uptake of water by aerosol. It was found that when NWC < 2, if [NH 4 + ]/[SO 4 2− ] < 2.0, aerosol chemical components were more sensitive to water content, while if [NH 4 + ]/[SO 4 2− ] > 2.0, relative humidity (RH) was more important. Size distributions of water content showed a trend of sharp increasing on hazy days in spring and autumn. Correlation and regression analysis indicated that visibility was significantly influenced by the concentrations of SO 4 2− and water content in the range of 1.0–1.8 μm. ► Influences of size fractionated aerosol chemical compounds on visiblity were studied. ► Secondary ions and fine particles were more easily formed on hazy days. ► Aerosol acidity on hazy days was stronger than that on clear days. ► Aerosol absorbed water more easily on hazy days. ► SO 4 2− and water content in 1–1.8 μm were the major factors to reduce visibility.

2006~2007년 천안시 대기 에어로졸의 입경별 농도 및 이온성분 특성

충청남도, 천안시 대기 에어로졸의 입경별 농도 및 이온성분 특성을 분석하고자, 2006년 3월부터 2007년 4월까지 천안시 상명대학교에서 Cascade Impactor를 장착한 High Volume Air Sampler를 이용하여 대기 시료를 채취 분석하였다. 입경별 에어로졸의 일평균농도는 TSP, PM10, PM2.5, PM1이 각각 61.7, 55.2, 43.7, <TEX>$33.2{\mu}g/m^3$</TEX>였으며, 직경이 <TEX>$1{\sim}3{\mu}m$</TEX>인 영역을 경계로 조대영역과 미세영역으로 나누어지는 전형적인 도심지 특성을 나타냈다. 이 중 미세영역입자인 PM2.5이 전체 에어로졸의 70.8%를 차지하였다. 이들 에어로졸 입자의 성분 분석 결과 양이온은 <TEX>${NH_{4}}^+$</TEX>, <TEX>$Na^+$</TEX>, <TEX>$K^+$</TEX>, <TEX>$Ca^{2+}$</TEX>, <TEX>$Mg^{2+}$</TEX>이, 음이온은 <TEX>${SO_{4}}^{2-}$</TEX>, <TEX>${NO_{3}}^-$</TEX>, <TEX>$Cl^-$</TEX>가 주요 성분이었으며, 이들 수용성 이온이 차지하는 비율은 조대입자에서 37.4%, 미세입자에서 46.2%였다. Size-segregated mass and ion concentrations of atmospheric aerosols in Cheonan City were measured using a high volume air sampler equipped with a 5-stage cascade impactor and a ion chromatography between March 2006 and April 2007. The mean values of 24-hr average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 61.7, 55.2, 43.7, <TEX>$33.2{\mu}g/m^3$</TEX>, respectively. Mass size distributions of atmospheric aerosols were bimodal distributions with a saddle point in <TEX>$1.5\;{\sim}\;3.0{\mu}m$</TEX> range in diameter separating coarse and fine particle modes. Fine particles, PM2.5 were 70.8% of the total mass of aerosols. Major ion components in aerosols were <TEX>${NH_{4}}^+$</TEX>, <TEX>$Na^+$</TEX>, <TEX>$K^+$</TEX>, <TEX>$Ca^{2+}$</TEX>, <TEX>$Mg^{2+}$</TEX> for cations, and <TEX>${SO_{4}}^{2-}$</TEX>, <TEX>${NO_{3}}^-$</TEX>, <TEX>$Cl^-$</TEX> for anions. ion components occupied 37.4% of coarse particles and 46.2% of fine particles in mass.

Distribution of PBDEs in air particles from an electronic waste recycling site compared with Guangzhou and Hong Kong, South China

Air samples of total suspended particles (TSP, particles less than 30–60 μm), and particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were collected simultaneously at Guiyu (an electronic waste recycling site), three urban sites in Hong Kong and two urban sites in Guangzhou, South China from 16 August to 17 September 2004. Twenty-two PBDE congeners (BDE-3, -7, -15, -17, -28, -49, -71, -47, -66, -77, -100, -119, -99, -85, -126, -154, -153, -138, -156, -184, -183, -191) in TSP and PM2.5 were measured. The results showed that the overall average concentrations of TSP and PM2.5 collected at Guiyu were 124 and 62.1 μg m−3, respectively. The monthly concentrations of the sum of 22 BDE congeners contained in TSP and PM2.5 at Guiyu were 21.5 and 16.6 ng m−3, with 74.5 and 84.3%, contributed by nine congeners (BDE-28, -47, -66, -100, -99, -154, -153, -183 and -191 respectively). This pattern was similar to Tsuen Wan site of Hong Kong. Two urban sites of Guangzhou had the same congener pattern, but were different from Yuen Long and Hok Tsui sites of Hong Kong. The results also showed that the amount of mono to penta brominated congeners, which are more toxic, accounted for 79.4–95.6% of Σ22PBDEs from all sites. All congeners tested in Guiyu were up to 58–691 times higher than the other urban sites and more than 100 times higher than other studies reported elsewhere. The higher concentration in the air was due to heating or opening burning of electronic waste since PBDEs are formed when plastics containing brominated flame retardants are heated.

A study of metallic elements at suburban and industrial regions in central Taiwan during 2002–2003

Aerosol samples for total suspended particulate matter were collected by two PS-1 samplers from October 2002 to April 2003 at Tunghai University and Taichung Industrial Park in central Taiwan. The average concentrations of TSP at the industrial sampling site were higher than at the suburban sampling site during the sampling period. The samples collected were analyzed by a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer for the elemental analysis. Statistical methods such as correlation coefficient and principal component analysis were also used to identify the possible pollutant source.

Ambient air quality of two metropolitan cities of Pakistan and its health implications

The present study reports findings on TSP loading in the ambient air of two major cities in Pakistan – Karachi and Islamabad. Data for TSP were collected at one site in Karachi and two in Islamabad between 10 December 1998 and 08 January 1999. This article reports one of the highest TSP loadings recorded so far in any megacity of the world. During the study period, average daily TSP concentrations at the Karachi site ranged from 627 to 938 μg m −3 with a mean of 668 μg m −3. On four occasions TSP concentrations were >1000 μg m −3 (range 1031–1736 μg m −3). At the Islamabad sampling site in close proximity to the city's industrial sector, daily TSP concentrations varied in the range of 428–998 μg m −3 (mean 691 μg m −3). Even at a relatively remote site of the city (Saidpur), TSP loading was high (range 145–448 μg m −3; mean 275 μg m −3). By virtue of the WHO definition, the 24-h average TSP concentrations in a busy commercial site in Karachi and in the vicinity of an industrial sector in Islamabad were in “exceedance” by a factor of 4–8. At Saidpur, the remote site, the 24-h average TSP loading exceeded the WHO guideline of 120 μg m −3 by a factor of 1.2–3.7.

The study of Central Taiwan particles concentration variations during earthquake period

Ambient particle concentration was taken on the traffic sampling site over the Chung-Chi Road over the bridge (CCROB) in front of Hungkuang Institute of Technology (HKIT). The sampling time was from August 1999 to December 1999. During the sampling period, Taiwan's biggest earthquake in more than a century registered 7.3 on the Richter scale (Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake). Besides, there are more than 20,000 aftershocks following the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake within 3 months. Thus, the mass concentration of particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5) and PM 2.5–10 was also collected then compared with the total mass concentration of suspended particles (TSP) in this study. The average TSP, PM 2.5–10, and PM 2.5 concentrations are 106, 24.6, and 58.0 μg/m 3, respectively, after the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake. The average TSP concentrations before and after Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake were 69.6 and 127 μg/m 3, respectively. In addition, statistical analysis of the PM 10 data from this study and EPA in 1999 yielded a T statistic of 0.147, which is smaller than t (0.975,18)=2.101. It is indicated that there was no significant difference. So, the PM 10 concentrations measured after Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake in this study were also greater than those data previously obtained from Taiwan EPA in the same region of this area. The relationships between TSP, PM 10, PM 2.5–10, and PM 2.5 particle concentrations and wind speed ( R 2) are .77, .59, .58, .58, respectively. And the ratios of PM 2.5/PM 2.5–10, PM 2.5/PM 10, and PM 10/TSP are 221%, 67.2%, 58.0%, respectively. The average ratios of PM 2.5/PM 2.5–10 and PM 2.5/PM 10 increase by about 120% and 17%. It indicated that the fine-particles concentration increases compared to the coarse-particles concentration after 921 Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake. And the proposed reasons are that local motor vehicle emissions combined the fine particles transported from the Chi-Chi epicenter. More importantly, the wind direction was mainly blown from southeastern part. These two main factors enhance the fine-particles concentration in this area.