Average Stopping Time Research Articles

Application of schneider m340 plc on dynamic braking of three phase induction motor

This study designs and builds a PLC application to optimize the dynamic braking process of a three-phase induction motor for safer and more efficient operation. This application monitors the motor braking system and calculates the motor braking time through a computer. The method used is experimental with the aim of designing a PLC application as a motor braking system using the dynamic braking method. The braking system utilizes PLC as the control system. To achieve dynamic braking, the stator coil of the motor receives an injection of direct current (DC) from a directed power source. In this testing, the observed variables are the injected DC current value and the duration of the injection time. The test results demonstrate that the implementation of PLC in the dynamic braking of a three-phase induction motor performs well in calculating the motor braking time and monitoring the braking process. With a DC current injection of 0,5 A in the dynamic braking test, an average stopping time of 2,63 seconds was obtained. With a DC current injection of 0,75 A in the dynamic braking test, an average stopping time of 2,13 seconds was obtained.

Sequential Joint Detection and Estimation: Optimal Average Stopping Time

Sequential Joint Detection and Estimation: Optimal Average Stopping Time

Dynamic analysis and performance improvement of a GDI engine and fuel cell under real driving conditions using machine learning technique

This study assesses the fuel consumption and emissions of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and internal combustion engines (ICEs) under real driving conditions, considering an FC component and a vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The simulation model for the internal combustion engine is based on machine learning and implements the Wiebe combustion model. The study uses weather conditions in Tehran and natural navigation routes in the city to increase the model's realism. The results show that fuel consumption depends on critical cycle parameters, such as average speed, maximum speed, and stopping time. Driving behavior and routes also significantly impact pollution levels, with HC and NOx showing no clear correlation, indicating that each particle's production pattern is independent. The study found that navigation time for fuel cell cars is directly related to hydrogen consumption and battery state of charge. Machine learning can be used to improve the performance of both types of vehicles under real driving conditions. Additionally, the study shows that driving behavior and route can reduce NOx production in engine production by 52 % and energy consumption by 38 %.

Evaluation of a pedestrian call extension and cancelation system at a signalized midblock crossing

ABSTRACT Unnecessary vehicular delay occurs at actuated signalized intersections during ‘ghost’ pedestrian intervals when a pedestrian activates the pushbutton then jaywalks. Safety issues arise when pedestrians remain in the crosswalk at the end of the Flashing Don’t Walk phase, and vehicles receive a circular green. A Pedestrian Call Extension and Cancelation System was evaluated at a signalized midblock crossing in Hillsboro, OR. Thermal sensors and controller logic were implemented to detect pedestrians and passively cancel or extend calls. A Case 1-after study was conducted to evaluate how vehicular delay and pedestrian behavior was impacted by the system. 1,649 observations Case 1 and 3,002 observations after system installation were recorded. Pedestrian delay did not change, but average vehicular stop time delay significantly decreased by 12 sec. 76 extensions occurred with 99.2% accuracy. Findings suggest that transportation agencies could improve driver waiting time and pedestrian safety by using dynamic passive pedestrian detection.

Research on Urban Road Traffic Network Pinning Control Based on Feedback Control

The development and application of pinning control methods create conditions for traffic area control, and the objective of possessing global control of the road network is achieved by controlling a small number of intersections in the road network. Based on this, an urban road network pinning control strategy is designed in this paper. Firstly, this paper establishes the state equation of the urban road traffic network according to the characteristics of traffic flow, and proposes an associated state equation for road sections and key intersections. Secondly, by adjusting the signal timing scheme of key intersections as the target of pinning control, it can restrain the road network to achieve the state with the minimum difference between the actual flow and the desired flow on each road section. At the same time, considering the dynamic nature of traffic flow and the fact that the flow rate on the road section changes continuously, a feedback control mechanism is established in order to determine the threshold value at which each road section enters the congestion state. In addition, when the flow rate of a road section exceeds its threshold value to reach the congestion state, the signal timing scheme of the key intersection needs to be adjusted again to ensure that the flow rate on the road section is always lower than the threshold value at which it enters the congestion state. The results show that the average delay time and average stopping time of the road network are reduced by 35.03s and 18.37s, respectively, compared with the original control scheme, proving that the control strategy can effectively reduce congestion and improve the operational efficiency of the road network.

EFEK PENGGUNAAN DOUBLE DAN SINGLE PISTON CALIPER TERHADAP WAKTU DAN JARAK TEMPUH PADA PENGEREMAN SEPEDA MOTOR 125 CC

This study aims to determine the distance and braking time on 125cc motorcycle vehicles by using two types of callipers, namely single-piston and double-piston callipers. The research method uses experimental methods. There this method will compare 2 variables to get the results of the study by sulking on SNI Braking. By varying the two callipers of different types and using the brake pressure gauge, stopwatch, and meter to find out the pressure, time, and distance when conducting the test, the results of the test are calculated by the formula of regularly changing straight motion force (GLBB) slowed down, braking force and braking efficiency formula in order to get more valid results. Based on the results of this research report, it was concluded that the 2-piston callipers are superior to the 1-piston callipers in terms of average mileage of 0.51 m (9.81 m – 9.30 m) in front wheel braking and average mileage of 0.42 m (4.63 m – 4.21 m) in rear wheel braking and average stopping time of 0.21 s (2.51 s – 2.30 s) with the average effect of braking efficiency value of 5% (57% - 52 %) on front wheel braking and the average time for 0.21 s (1.58 s – 1.37 s) with the average effect of efficiency value of 5 % (47 % - 42 %) on rear wheel braking. So that makes 2-piston callipers better used in 125 cc vehicles than 1-piston callipers in terms of braking aspects.

Fundamental diagrams of luggage-laden pedestrians ascending and descending stairs

In transportation terminals, a lot of passengers usually travel with luggage, which affects not only their mobility but also the ones who have no luggage, especially on stairs. As a result, congestion could be severer during rush hours. However, the impact of luggage on the movement characteristics of pedestrians ascending and descending stairs have not been systematically studied yet. Therefore, in this study, a series of single-file luggage-laden movement experiments under controlled laboratory conditions were performed. Trajectories have been extracted to analyze the movement features under different luggage-laden ratio scenarios. From the space–time diagram, it can be found the average stopping time gradually increases as the increase of the luggage-laden ratios. In the relationship between spatial headway and speed, two regimes are found, i.e., free regime and strongly constrained regime. The minimum descending headway is basically the same as the tread depth, while the minimum ascending headway is greater than the tread depth. The pedestrian adaptation time in the scenario of a high luggage-laden ratio is longer than that of none. Finally, in addition to longitudinal movement, with the increase of speed, pedestrian lateral sway amplitude decline rate in the descending process is faster than that in the ascending process. The impact of carrying luggage ascent and descent the stairs on pedestrian movement characteristics provided in this study is helpful not only for the calibration and verification of the pedestrian models but also for the design of pedestrian facilities in transportation terminals.

Percolation for the Finitary Random interlacements

In this paper, we prove a phase transition in the connectivity of Finitary Random interlacements $\mathcal{FI}^{u,T}$ in $\mathbb{Z}^d$, with respect to the average stopping time. For each $u>0$, with probability one $\mathcal{FI}^{u,T}$ has no infinite connected component for all sufficiently small $T>0$, and a unique infinite connected component for all sufficiently large $T<\infty$. This answers a question of Bowen in the special case of $\mathbb{Z}^d$.

Cooperative Optimization Model of BRT Speed and Timing Based on Dual Station at an Intersection

This paper presents a binary integer linear programming model based on a dual station at an intersection to make BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) go through the intersection without stopping. This paper first gives the setting of the BRT dual station at the intersection and compares the average BRT delay of the single and dual station at the intersection. Through comparison, it is found that dual station can optimize BRT operations, but there is still room for further optimization. Therefore, this paper establishes a 01 linear programming model based on a dual station. The model takes the shortest travel time of BRT as the optimization objective, and takes the selection of the dual station, green light time of the intersection and cycle time as optimization variables. The case analysis and results show that, compared with the current situation, the average intersection delay of signal priority method, simple dual station method and method proposed in this paper are reduced by 3.51 s (8.6%), 17.27 s (42.17%) and 35.99 s (87.89%); compared with the current situation, the average stopping times at intersection of the signal priority method, simple dual station method and the method proposed in this paper are reduced by −3 (−9.4%), 2 (6.2%) and 23 (71.8%), respectively. Under the control of the method proposed in this paper, the average intersection delay is 4.96 s, and the average stopping times at the intersection is 0.18. This shows that the optimization model proposed in this paper can greatly reduce BRT delay and parking times. The setting of dual station makes the two stations symmetrical to each other, which conforms to the name of the journal. This paper belongs to the field of Symmetry and other scientific disciplines and engineering.

Evaluation of environmental impact on the formaldehyde emission and flame-retardant performance of thermal insulation materials

Thermal insulation material, an essential building material, is used to preserve heat or block heat gains in buildings. Insulation material is currently attracting significant attention, and thermal conductivity, i.e., thermal insulation performance, is expressed at a very low value. Therefore, since the era of industrialization, several chemicals have been used to secure thermal insulation performance in each sector; therefore, the resulting hazards have increased. To date, researches have been mainly conducted to secure the low thermal conductivity of insulating material; however, the hazards remain unaddressed. Therefore, this study quantitatively evaluates 18 building construction products and the emission of pollutants and harmful gas during combustion events. Pollutant emission was conducted using the 20-L small chamber method according to the ISO 16000, and formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, and five volatile organic compounds were analyzed. Gas hazard evaluation during combustion was evaluated by KS F 2271: Fire Retardant Testing Method of Interior Finishes and Structures as the average behavioral stop time of rats under thermal insulation combustion conditions.

A-19 Utility OF ImPACT Pediatric In Patients Aged 5–9 Following Concussion

Abstract Objective Computerized neurocognitive testing has demonstrated sensitivity to the effects of concussion (Kontos et al., 2014). While there have been attempts to develop post-injury assessments for youth concussion, most lack compelling empirical support regarding psychometric properties. The purpose of this study was to expand upon preliminary support for the ImPACT Pediatric neurocognitive test battery (Newman et al., 2013) by examining the clinical utility of this measure in the evaluation of concussion in a pediatric population. Method Children, aged 5–9 years, presented to an outpatient clinic within 30 days of concussion. Participants completed ImPACT Pediatric at all clinic visits. ImPACT Pediatric is a computerized neurocognitive test battery that assesses various aspects of memory and visual processing speed. Paired t-tests were used to compare ImPACT Pediatric subtest scores at initial visit and clinical clearance. Results Participants (n = 63) were predominantly male (57.8%), aged 7.5 ± 1.0 years who presented to the clinic in 8.5 ± 5.9 days from injury and recovered in 34.1 ± 23.5 days. Design Rotation average time (−11.3%; p &amp;lt; 0.001), Stop and Go average correct time (−4.3%; p = 0.030), and Picture Touch immediate memory average time (−11.3%; p &amp;lt; 0.001) significantly improved from initial visit to clearance. Memory subtest scores did not significantly improve from initial visit to clearance. Conclusions Average time was significantly improved at the time of clinical clearance on the Design Rotation, Stop and Go, and Picture Match subtests. The findings indicate that ImPACT Pediatric timed subtests can detect changes between initial and clearance visits. Pediatric ImPACT can be a useful component of the comprehensive evaluation of concussion in younger children.

Traffic Simulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Adjacent Intersections Based on VISSIM Model

This paper mainly aims at alleviating the traffic congestion on urban roads and analyzes the traffic at adjacent intersections. First, the paper briefly introduced the VISSIM model, and then selected the traffic situation at the intersection of Weibin road and Fengcheng first road and the intersection of Weibin road and Fengcheng second road in Weiyang district of Xi’an city as research objects to simulate. Fanally, on the premise of basic meet the actual conditions, the optimization of channelization and signal timing at the intersection reduces the maximum queue length and the average stopping times of vehicles, so that the traffic of the section can run efficiently and smoothly, and provides an effective experiment for the optimization of the intersection.

Research on self-organising control method of urban intelligent traffic signal based on vehicle networking

In order to overcome the problem of poor application of traditional urban intelligent traffic signal self-organisation control, a method of urban intelligent traffic signal self-organisation control based on vehicle network is proposed. A signal self-organising control system based on on-demand distribution is constructed, in which the fixed unit module RSU receives vehicle traffic data through sensors. RDU is used to monitor vehicle data and construct signal adaptive control strategy, which can reduce vehicle waiting time and realise urban intelligent traffic signal self-organising control. Simulation results show that the average number of stops at the intersection at the same time point is less than 0.3. The average stopping time is 8.728s, which is obviously lower than other methods. The average pass rate at the intersection is 98.65%, which is obviously higher than other methods and feasible.

Research on self-organising control method of urban intelligent traffic signal based on vehicle networking

In order to overcome the problem of poor application of traditional urban intelligent traffic signal self-organisation control, a method of urban intelligent traffic signal self-organisation control based on vehicle network is proposed. A signal self-organising control system based on on-demand distribution is constructed, in which the fixed unit module RSU receives vehicle traffic data through sensors. RDU is used to monitor vehicle data and construct signal adaptive control strategy, which can reduce vehicle waiting time and realise urban intelligent traffic signal self-organising control. Simulation results show that the average number of stops at the intersection at the same time point is less than 0.3. The average stopping time is 8.728s, which is obviously lower than other methods. The average pass rate at the intersection is 98.65%, which is obviously higher than other methods and feasible.

Truncated Sequential Non-Parametric Hypothesis Testing Based on Random Distortion Testing

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for sequential non-parametric hypothesis testing based on Random Distortion Testing (RDT). The data-based approach is non-parametric in the sense that the underlying signal distributions under each hypothesis are assumed to be unknown. Our previously proposed non-truncated sequential algorithm, Seq RDT, was shown to achieve desired error probabilities under a few assumptions on the signal model. In this paper, we show that the proposed truncated sequential algorithm, T- Seq RDT, requires even fewer assumptions on the signal model, while guaranteeing the error probabilities to be below pre-specified levels and at the same time makes a decision faster compared to its optimal fixed-sample-size counterpart, Block RDT. We derive bounds on the error probabilities and the average stopping times of the algorithm. Via numerical simulations, we compare the performance of T- Seq RDT with Seq RDT, Block RDT, sequential probability ratio test, and composite sequential probability ratio tests. We also show the robustness of the proposed approach compared with the standard likelihood ratio based approaches.

Testing the Effectiveness of Objective and Subjective Predictors of Driving Behavior under Fatigue

There is growing evidence that driver fatigue is a major road safety problem, causing crashes that frequently involve fatalities and severe injuries. Professional drivers are among the road users indicated by literature to be at high risk of involvement in a fatigue-related crash. The goal of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of objective and subjective data collection and analysis in predicting driving behavior under fatigue. Toward this goal, the impact of a fatigue-training program addressing professional drivers was assessed through a naturalistic study on data collected by trip recorders (Geographical Positioning System devices). Analysis of these data was supplemented with the collection of self-reported data obtained through a questionnaire survey to investigate potential threats, deficiencies, and bias of the approaches. Findings revealed that there is some correlation between the two approaches measuring driving behavior under fatigue. Focusing on self-reported data, it was indicated that the training program affected positively the direction of change in the behavior of the professional drivers, addressed by an increase in the proportion of drivers who stop and rest when tired. The naturalistic approach and the testing of potential differences before and after the training program with reference to speed and average stop time showed that the training program encouraged drivers to reduce their speed and increase the time that they stop and rest.

A simulation system and speed guidance algorithms for intersection traffic control using connected vehicle technology

In the connected vehicle environment, real-time vehicle-state data can be obtained through vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, and the prediction accuracy of urban traffic conditions can significantly increase. This study uses the C++/Qt programming language and framework to build a simulation platform. A two-way six-lane intersection is set up on the simulation platform. In addition, two speed guidance algorithms based on optimizing the travel time of a single vehicle or multiple vehicles are proposed. The goal of optimization is to minimize the travel time, with common indicators such as average delay of vehicles, average number of stops, and average stop time chosen as indexes of traffic efficiency. When the traffic flow is not saturated, compared with the case of no speed guidance, single-vehicle speed guidance can improve the traffic efficiency by 20%, whereas multi-vehicle speed guidance can improve the traffic efficiency by 50%. When the traffic flow is saturated, the speed guidance algorithms show outstanding performance. The effect of speed guidance gradually enhances with increasing penetration rate, and the most obvious gains are obtained when the penetration rate increases from 10% to 40%. Thus, this study has shown that speed guidance in the connected vehicle environment can significantly improve the traffic efficiency of intersections, and the multi-vehicle speed guidance strategy is more effective than the single-vehicle speed guidance strategy.

Reinforcement Learning of Driver Receiving Traffic Signal Information for Passing through Signalized Intersection at Arterial Road

Abstract Real-time traffic signal information has recently become available thanks to further developments in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technology. Drivers may change their driving behavior by receiving information on the status of upcoming traffic signals. The behavior of a driver who reacts to such information with the purpose of smoothly passing through an upcoming signalized intersection is described as reinforcement learning in this study. The influence of reactive drivers on traffic flows is analyzed by a multi-agent traffic flow simulation on an arterial road composed of four signalized intersections. Furthermore, the relationship between the ratio of reactive drivers and traffic flows is clarified, under the assumption that there is a mixture of reactive and nonreactive drivers on the road. The results of the multi-agent traffic flow simulation showed that the average stop time decreased as the ratio of reactive drivers increased. Moreover, the threshold of the ratio of reactive drivers to begin to influence largely vehicle stop situations was around 50%. The average travel time was almost constant regardless of the ratio of reactive drivers. It was also demonstrated that reacting to the traffic signal information and decelerating accordingly did not cause time delays. This suggests that the provision of the traffic signal information and appropriate reaction to the provided information may help reduce the amount of CO2 emissions from a vehicle approaching a signalized intersection and probably contribute to alleviating progress of global warming.

Performance Study of University of Ado Ekiti (UNAD) Transit Shuttle Buses

Traffic engineering uses engineering methods and techniques to achieve the safe and time efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. The safe and time efficient movement of people and goods is dependent on the transit system performance, which is directly connected to the traffic characteristics. The main parameters of performance of transport shuttles are traffic volume, speed, density and revenue; and all these are evaluated in this study. In the absence of effective planning and traffic management, current road infrastructure will not be able to cater for the future needs of the University. Students, staff and vehicle volumes have increased significantly in the last decade in the Institution, yet the performance of the transport shuttle have been dismal and unable to achieve its objectives. Findings of the study show that the morning peak period (8.00am to 9.00am) has 234 vehicles/hr, evening peak period (2.00pm to 3.00pm) has 284 vehicles/hr, while the off-peak period (11.00am to 12.00pm) has 156 vehicles/hr. The journey time from the Post Office bus stop to the University campus, measured as 34.01 minutes, was too long for the distance of 15.0km road which according to the Nigeria Highway Code should not be more than 18 minutes. The average stopping time was 6.55 minutes, average interval between arrivals of motorists was 16.40 seconds, the average queue length was 14.23 people, and the average waiting time at the bus-stop 4.17 minutes. These values were obtained using the queuing theory and shows much commuters time is lost on transit queues. The financial condition of the transit unit shows that amount generated is less than the amount expended by the transit operators. This means, in effect, that the shuttle bus operators are operating in deficit.

Performance Bounds for Finite Moving Average Tests in Transient Change Detection

Due to the widespread deployment of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) for critical road or urban applications, one of the major challenges to be solved is the provision of integrity to terrestrial environments, so that GNSS may be safety used in these applications. To do so, the integrity of the received GNSS signal must be analyzed in order to detect some local effect disturbing the received signal. This is desirable because the presence of some local effect may cause large position errors, and hence compromise the signal integrity. Moreover, the detection of such disturbing effects must be done before some pre-established delay. This kind of detection lies within the field of transient change detection. In this work, a finite moving average stopping time is proposed in order to approach the signal integrity problem with a transient change detection framework. The statistical performance of this stopping time is investigated and compared, in the context of multipath detection, to other different methods available in the literature. Numerical results are presented in order to assess their performance.