Average Stem Height Research Articles

Layered double hydroxide for slowing selenium fertilizer release and improving selenium utilization efficiency in vegetables

Selenium (Se) is a beneficial plant micronutrient, and the application of Se fertilizers can promote plant growth and enhance the Se content in crops. However, traditional soluble Se fertilizers have low utilization efficiency of Se due to adsorption or leaching. Here, selenite (SeO32−) -intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (Se-Mg/Al) for SeO32− slow-release was synthesized by co-precipitation and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Se-Mg/Al possessed a typical lamellar structure, combining with selenite by electrostatic interaction in interlayer and chemisorption on the surface. The release mechanism of selenite in distilled water from Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (Mg/Al LDH) was Fickian diffusion with gradually released 97.86% after 20 h (Over 90% within 2 h for sodium selenite). At pH range 4.0–8.0, Se-Mg/Al had a stable slow-release ability. And, the sulfate and phosphate anions could effectively trigger the release of selenite through anions exchange. The pot experiments showed that Se-Mg/Al increased Se content of vegetables, more than twice that of directly using sodium selenite. Compared with control treatment, the average stem height and fresh weight per 10 plants with Se-Mg/Al treatment improved approximately 1.48 times and 2.34 times, respectively. This work provides a feasible way for achieving crops selenium supplementation and improving selenium utilization efficiency.

Influence of light, nutrients, and soil moisture on the growth and resource allocation of Arundo donax

AbstractUnderstanding how invasive species respond to changes in abiotic factors and what influences their ability to colonise newly disturbed areas is necessary to predict species expansion, prioritise management efforts, and develop ecological models. We conducted a fully factorial greenhouse experiment using rhizome fragments to examine the effects of four nutrients levels, three soil moisture levels, and two light levels (with five replicates, n = 120) on the growth and resource allocation patterns of Arundo donax, a large‐statured invasive wetland species. We predicted that A. donax's performance‐related traits—traits that directly influence the functionality and fitness of an individual—such as aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), net photosynthesis, and average stem height, would be highest under high light, high soil moisture and high nutrient conditions due to the ability of aggressive invasive species to capitalise on greater resource availability. Analyses using general linear mixed‐effects models revealed significant interactions between soil moisture and light. Plants grown in saturated, high light conditions exhibited the highest values for performance‐related traits. However, contrary to predictions, nutrients did not significantly influence these traits. Multivariate analysis of variance demonstrated that nutrients did influence biomass allocation patterns, with plants grown with added nitrogen and phosphorus displaying higher AGB:BGB and stem:leaf ratios. This research highlights A. donax's unique response to nutrient addition and the plasticity of biomass allocation patterns. By understanding how invasive species respond to common abiotic factors, we can better predict their expansion and prioritise management efforts, such as focusing on areas of low overstory shading, while also providing crucial information for ecological model development.

PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN KEDELAI (GLYCINE MAX L.) HASIL RADIASI SINAR GAMMA CESIUM-137

The study of the Effect of Cesium-137 Gamma Ray Radiation on the Growth of Soybean Plants (Glycine max L.) aims to determine the quality of growth of soybean plants (Glycine max L.). The Cesium-137 source was used as a source of irradiation in the study, with a constant distance (x) of irradiation of 100 cm from the wall, with dose variations of 0 Control, 25 mGy, 50 mGy, 75 mGy, 100 mGy and 120 mGy. The method used in this research is descriptive statistical analysis. The samples used in this research are soybean seeds from the Langkowa Soybean plantation, Tonasa Village, Tombolopao Subdistrict and packaged soybeans taken from the packaging seeds of Flower Seed Shop Jl. Veteran Selatan No.395. The results of this study showed that the sprout growth time with a dose treatment of B5 (75 mGy) took 9 days to grow, the percentage of stem height (cm) at a dose of B5 (75 mGy) the average stem height was 3.7 cm, the percentage of leaf width (cm) at a dose of B4 (100 mGy) the average leaf width was 2.9 cm, the percentage of the number of leaves (sheets) at a dose of B3 (75 mGy) the average number of leaves was 4 sheets. The use of Cesium-137 and Cobalt-60 Gamma radiation in plant breeding can be utilised on various types of plants to increase plant cultivation and better production results.

生物质发酵产热-小型温室棚联用对春冬季烟苗生长温度调控的数值研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 生物质发酵产热-小型温室棚联用对春冬季烟苗生长温度调控的数值研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202106211652 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国烟草总公司重庆市公司科技项目（NY20190401070012） Numerical study on temperature control of tobacco seedlings in spring and winter using a biomass fermentation heat production-small greenhouse combination Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:小型温室棚作为农业生产的重要设施，可为农作物创造一个温度适宜的、受保护的生长空间，保证作物正常生长、促进作物早熟。以确保重庆地区春冬季烟苗正常发育、维持温室内适宜的土壤温度为导向，对温室棚内温度进行了试验和数值模拟，探究了温室棚内温度分布规律，并在此基础上分析生物质发酵产热对温室棚内土壤温度场的影响。结果表明：试验中埋设稻壳的温室棚内土壤温度平均提高3.5℃且温室棚中平均温度低于10℃的天数明显减少。埋设稻壳的温室棚中烟苗茎高和叶片数增长值最大，平均茎高从移栽时的7.8 cm增长到了12 cm，叶片数从平均5片增长到了11片，均大于未埋设稻壳试验组，这表明土壤中埋设稻壳有助于烟草的生长发育。数值研究表明温室棚内不同深度的土壤层温度变化状况一致，均呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势。地温随土壤深度的增加而降低，地表下10 cm、20 cm的土壤层区域温度高于10.6℃、8℃，有利于烟苗在低温环境下正常生长。且土壤温度存在一定的昼夜温差，更利于烟苗发育。埋设稻壳的温室土壤层温度变化趋势与未埋设稻壳的温室一致，但其土壤层平均温度、最低温度至最高温度以及昼夜温差分别升高了2.3℃、1.1-5.5℃、4.8℃。试验和数值研究结果表明稻壳发酵产生的热量可以提高和维持温室内土壤温度，对土壤具有保温和热量补给的作用。 Abstract:As an important facility for agricultural production, small greenhouses can create a protected growing space with suitable temperatures for crops to ensure normal growth and promote early crop maturity. In this study, the aim is to ensure the normal development of tobacco seedlings in spring and winter in Chongqing and to maintain a suitable soil temperature in the greenhouse. Experiments and numerical simulations of greenhouse shed temperatures were carried out to investigate the temperature distribution pattern inside the greenhouse. On this basis, the effect of heat production from biomass fermentation on the soil temperature field in the greenhouse was also analyzed. The results showed that the soil temperature in the greenhouses with buried rice hulls increased by an average of 3.5℃ and the number of days when the average temperature in the greenhouses below 10℃ was significantly reduced. The largest increases in stem height and leaf number of tobacco seedlings were observed in the greenhouses with rice hulls. The average stem height increased from 7.8 cm at transplanting to 12 cm and the average number of leaves increased from 5 to 11, both of which were greater than in the experimental group without rice hulls. This indicates that the burial of rice hulls in the soil was beneficial to the growth and development of tobacco seedlings. The numerical study showed that the temperature of the soil layers at different depths in the greenhouse shed varied consistently, all showing a trend of decreasing, then increasing, and finally decreasing. The ground temperature decreased with the increasing soil depth. The temperature of the soil layer 10 cm and 20 cm below the surface was higher than 10.6℃ and 8℃, which was conducive to the growth of tobacco seedlings. And there existed a certain diurnal temperature difference in soil temperature, which was more beneficial to the development of tobacco seedlings in low temperature environment. The trend of soil temperature in the greenhouse with buried rice hulls was same as that in the greenhouse without buried rice hulls, but the average temperature, the minimum to the maximum temperature, and diurnal temperature differences in the soil layer increased by 2.3℃, 1.1-5.5℃, and 4.8℃, respectively. The results of experimental and numerical studies showed that the heat generated by the fermentation of rice hulls could raise and maintain the soil temperature in the greenhouse, providing insulation and heat recharge to the soil. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Variation in morphological and wood cell traits in coppice stems of Populus nigra L. and Salix alba L.

Coppice management is an ecologically important silvicultural practice to provide the quicker and higher potential of wood biomass production for industrial demands. Understanding morphological and anatomical responses of coppiced trees could help to determine the quantity and quality of wood and thus provide better management of coppiced tree plantations for short-time biomass production. However, there is a little investigation in morphological and anatomical adaptation in different fast-growing tree species. The present study, therefore, studied how morphology and anatomy vary between two fast-growing coppices of Populus nigra L. (black poplar) and Salix alba L. (white willow). Each coppiced tree was grown in a similar habitat and was at a similar age. However, each coppiced tree showed different morphological and anatomical plasticity in their stems in response to environmental factors. Poplar coppices showed better anatomical properties due to greater vessel diameter, fibre length, fibre width, fibre wall thickness, and ray height; however willow coppices had better morphological plasticity which had higher average stem height and ring width. The results suggest that willow coppices had the greater height growth potential even at 2 years of age than poplar coppices.

Meteorological factors responsible for the growth and development of sugarcane at two locations in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

ABSTRACT: This study determined the meteorological variable that most contribute to the productivity of sugarcane stalks in the northwest and central regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The following sugarcane genotypes were used: UFSM XIKA FW, UFSM LUCI FW, UFSM PRETA FW, UFSM DINA FW, UFSM MARI FW, and IAC87-3396. The UFSM cultivars originate from a mutation process in the breeding program conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen campus, and have low temperature tolerance. The productivity-associated morphological characters included in the models were average stem diameter, average stem number per meter of furrow, and average stem height. The following meteorological variables were used: minimum air temperature, precipitation, incident solar radiation, and accumulated thermal sum. Pearson’s correlation, canonical correlations, and Stepwise regression were performed between morphological characters and meteorological variables: minimum air temperature had the greatest influence on sugarcane productivity in the studied regions, and accumulated thermal sum showed the highest correlation and contributed most to stem diameter and average stem height. Thus, the models indicated that the growth of sugarcane is positively associated with the accumulated thermal sum, and sugarcane can be cultivated at the studied regions.

Grain yield potential of spring dry pea varieties

Field peas are mostly used for animal nutrition in the Balkan region and in the countries of the former USSR, while in the countries of Western Europe, Canada, the USA and the Middle East they are mostly used for human nutrition. Over three years (2010-2012), the yield and grain yield components of the most widespread field pea varieties were examined. The lowest number of plants was determined in 'NS Junior' intended for combined use (65 plants/m2), while 'Dukat' and 'Partner' had 88 and 85 plants/m2 on average, respectively. The average stem height was 158 cm for 'NS Junior', and 65 and 70 cm for 'Dukat' and 'Partner', respectively. 'Dukat' (4846 kg/ha) and 'Partner' (4521 kg/ha) had significantly higher grain yields compared with 'NS Junior' (2717 kg/ha). The content of crude protein in the grain was highest in 'NS Junior' (27.6%), while 'Dukat' and 'Partner' had lower contents (23-25%).

Physicochemical Characteristics Analysis of Biomass and Calorie Values of Several Types of Bamboo in Typologies of Altitude in Different Growing Sites

Bamboo plants in West Sumatra spread from the lowlands to the highlands elevation with the varieties that are very diverse and their usefulness to the community is also very diverse. Some varieties of bamboo plants in the highlands of West Sumatra are currently used by the community as a source of energy (fuel) in the agricultural processing industry. The type of bamboo that is often used as fuel is betung and buluh. There are differences in the characteristics of biomass in the three types of bamboo plants that are important to be considered as a source of biomass. Type of Betung which is grown in the highlands has an average stem height of 15 meters with the number of stems per ha approximately between 60.968 – 76,800 stems. The aim of the study was to see the physiochemical characteristics of different types of bamboo in various typologies of elevation of growing site. There are variations in the physicochemical properties of bamboo at different varieties and at different elevations of growing sites.

Growth and yield of mahogany wood in cocoa-based agroforestry systems of two soil types in the Brazilian Amazon

The mahogany tree (Swietenia macrophylla King) is a species of conservation concern, mostly due to illegal and destructive harvesting practices. It has been planted in several agroforestry systems in the Brazilian Amazon to preserve the species and provide a sustainable source of this valuable timber. This study analyzed the growth and yield of the mahogany wood from plants used as shading in cocoa-based agroforestry systems with nitisols and red–yellow acrisols, located in the State of Para, in the Brazilian Amazon, because these two types of soils are the most recommended for implanting cocoa-based agroforestry systems in the region due to their natural fertility. The installed experiment was a randomized 2 × 6 factorial experiment, with two types of soil and six different tree ages. The results indicate that soil type and plant age both affected the increments in diameter at breast height. Trees from the red–yellow acrisol had statistically higher diameter at breast height values (P < 0.05) than trees from the nitisol (40.05 and 33.57 cm, respectively). There was also a significant interaction between soil type and tree age (P < 0.01). The average stem height differed markedly between the soil types from plants aged 19 and 22 years (P < 0.05), whereas average stem height differed significantly among the 16-, 19-, and 22-year-old plants (P < 0.05). The average wood volume was 1.41 m3 tree−1, and the highest yield (1.75 m3 tree−1) was achieved in the red–yellow acrisol site, for 33-year-old trees. These results demonstrate how the cocoa and mahogany-based agroforestry systems can produce these products in a sustainable manner in the Brazilian Amazon.

PROPOSAL FOR A SYSTEM OF TREES FALL POTENTIAL RISK ASSESSMENT IN URBAN PARKS1

ABSTRACT This study aimed to create a system to assess the potential tree fall risk (SARPQA) and to assess all the trees in the Museum Paraense Emílio Goeldi Zoo (PZB/MPEG) and in the Rodrigues Alves Park/Botanical Garden of Amazônia (BRA/JBA). We analyzed aspects, such as diameter at breast height (DBH), tree total heigh, surface biomass, apparent phytosanitary, stem inclination, canopy balance and presence of lianas. We assessed 1074 trees (DBH e” 20 cm) distributed in 229 species and 40 families. The average stem height, the total height and diameter at breast height were 10.9 m, 18.7 m and 41.9 cm respectively. The SARPQA showed that 23 trees had very high risk of fall, 142 had high risk, 750 individuals had medium and low risk and 159 had very low risk. Both parks have hundreds of large trees, which associated with the amount of people using these spaces, can increase the risk of accidents by tree fall. Trees with high risk of fall need immediate attention because they present risks to human life and/or property. The system proposed in this study proved to be practical and can be an effective tool for decision makers in the management of urban parks.

Effect of sugarcane scum and ashes of &lt;i&gt;Chromolena odorata&lt;/i&gt; L. on the aptitude of &lt;i&gt;Hibiscus sabdariffa&lt;/i&gt; L. production

The main objective of this study was to develop an intensive cropping system for the Hibiscus sabdariffa L, reachable to all farmers in rural and peri-urban areas in Gabon. The ashes of Chromolaena odorata used alone or in combination with the sugarcane scums amended to ferralitic soil from Imperata cylindrica rich savannahs to evaluate their effects on H. Sabdariffa growth performance and leaf yields. Soils were mixed with different amounts of ash of Chromolaena odorata (30, 40 and 50 g/m²) and sugarcane scum (1.5; 2.0 and 2.5 kg/m²) and transferred to polythene pots. Our results showed that the fertilization significantly influences the growth in diameter and height of the stem and the leaf yields of H. sabdariffa. The best growth were obtained with the of 50 kg/m² of ash of Chromolaena odorata and 2.5 kg/m² of sugar cane scum, where the average stem diameter and average stem height were respectively 6.50 ± 0.40 mm and 42.07 ± 3.12 cm. The optimum leaf yield (9.87 ± 0.41 t/ha) was also obtained with this combination. Use of these fertilizers could improve the yields of Hibiscus sabdariffa, to obtain surplus production for salet o obtain surplus production for sale© 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Hibiscus sabdariffa L., ash Chromolaeana odorata, sugarcane scum, ferralitic soil

Use of Eichhornia crassipes dry matter as organic substrate for germination and initial growth of corn

The objective was to evaluate the potential use of the dry matter of the aquatic macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes) as a substrate for germination and initial growth of corn (Zea mays L.). The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and ve replicates. The treatments consisted of testing substrates with different levels of E. crassipes dry matter and agricultural soil mixtures, with 100 % E. crassipes dry matter, 50% E. crassipes dry matter and 50 % agricultural soil, 25 % E. crassipes dry matter and 75% agricultural soil, and 100% commercial agricultural substrate. Average stem height and diameter, and shoot and root fresh and dry mass were compared by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p &lt; 0.05). The results showed that E. crassipes dry matter could be used as a substrate for the germination and initial growth of corn, although the commercial agriculture substrate alone has resulted in higher initial corn growth.

Explaining First-Year Seedling Survival from Quality Distributions of Bare-Root Seedlings and Microsites in Industrial Plantations

First-year seedling survival impacts all subsequent management planning in plantation forestry. Descriptive statistics of first-year seedling survival data from the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry (LDAF) indicated that survival success reaches a plateau at between 79% - 85% under normal weather conditions. We provide an explanation for this plateau based on an analysis of seedling and microsite qualities involved in operational pine plantations by: 1) using a conceptual model demonstrating how variation in seedling quality and microsite quality interact to determine plantation survival, 2) presenting an example to characterize quality distributions of seedling and microsite qualities, and 3) comparing model outcomes based on measured distributions to realistic values of first-year survival. Simulation results indicated that consistent survival could result from random pairings of initial seedling and site quality distributions. LDAF data analysis indicated that 72% of seedlings were associated with the most frequent quality class that comprised seedlings with stem caliper between 3.2 to 4.7 mm and average stem height and volume of 25.75 cm and 3.43 cm3, respectively. Similarly, assessment of microsites at planting sites in Southeast Louisiana indicated that 48% of planted seedlings were associated with the most frequent microsite quality class which supported first-year height increment between 9 to 29 cm. Modelling of current operational practice indicated that using seedlings with larger caliper size would increase first year survival, but would result in higher establishment costs. The conceptual model could be modified to for use in other regions regardless of species types involved.

Measuring urban tree loss dynamics across residential landscapes

The spatial arrangement of urban vegetation depends on urban morphology and socio-economic settings. Urban vegetation changes over time because of human management. Urban trees are removed due to hazard prevention or aesthetic preferences. Previous research attributed tree loss to decreases in canopy cover. However, this provides little information about location and structural characteristics of trees lost, as well as environmental and social factors affecting tree loss dynamics. This is particularly relevant in residential landscapes where access to residential parcels for field surveys is limited. We tested whether multi-temporal airborne LiDAR and multi-spectral imagery collected at a 5-year interval can be used to investigate urban tree loss dynamics across residential landscapes in Denver, CO and Milwaukee, WI, covering 400,705 residential parcels in 444 census tracts. Position and stem height of trees lost were extracted from canopy height models calculated as the difference between final (year 5) and initial (year 0) vegetation height derived from LiDAR. Multivariate regression models were used to predict number and height of tree stems lost in residential parcels in each census tract based on urban morphological and socio-economic variables. A total of 28,427 stems were lost from residential parcels in Denver and Milwaukee over 5years. Overall, 7% of residential parcels lost one stem, averaging 90.87 stems per km2. Average stem height was 10.16m, though trees lost in Denver were taller compared to Milwaukee. The number of stems lost was higher in neighborhoods with higher canopy cover and developed before the 1970s. However, socio-economic characteristics had little effect on tree loss dynamics. The study provides a simple method for measuring urban tree loss dynamics within and across entire cities, and represents a further step toward high resolution assessments of the three-dimensional change of urban vegetation at large spatial scales.

Understanding \u2018saturation\u2019 of radar signals over forests

There is an urgent need to quantify anthropogenic influence on forest carbon stocks. Using satellite-based radar imagery for such purposes has been challenged by the apparent loss of signal sensitivity to changes in forest aboveground volume (AGV) above a certain ‘saturation’ point. The causes of saturation are debated and often inadequately addressed, posing a major limitation to mapping AGV with the latest radar satellites. Using ground- and lidar-measurements across La Rioja province (Spain) and Denmark, we investigate how various properties of forest structure (average stem height, size and number density; proportion of canopy and understory cover) simultaneously influence radar backscatter. It is found that increases in backscatter due to changes in some properties (e.g. increasing stem sizes) are often compensated by equal magnitude decreases caused by other properties (e.g. decreasing stem numbers and increasing heights), contributing to the apparent saturation of the AGV-backscatter trend. Thus, knowledge of the impact of management practices and disturbances on forest structure may allow the use of radar imagery for forest biomass estimates beyond commonly reported saturation points.

Influence of season and method of topkill on resprouting characteristics and biomass of Quercus nigra saplings from a southeastern U.S. pine-grassland ecosystem

The resprouting ability of woody plants in frequently burned ecosystems may be influenced by the season and method of topkill. We conducted an experiment to test for the effects of season and method of topkill on aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, and mortality of hardwoods found in a southeastern U.S. pine-grassland. We predicted that topkill occurring during the growing season and topkill by fire would have greater negative impacts on resprouting and root growth and result in greater mortality. We conducted a shadehouse experiment in north Florida in which we applied topkill treatments (burn, clip, and no-topkill) in three seasons (dormant, early growing, and mid growing) to Quercus nigra (water oak) saplings. Plants were destructively sampled 12 months post-treatment to measure aboveground and belowground biomass. Saplings topkilled in the early and mid growing seasons had reduced growth and greater mortality one-year post-treatment compared to plants topkilled in the dormant season. While there was no difference in one-year post-treatment biomass or mortality of saplings between the two methods of topkill, clipped plants had more stems and shorter average stem height than plants topkilled by fire. Root growth continued despite topkilling for all seasons and was greatest for no-topkill plants. These results suggest that while topkill reduces biomass, hardwoods have evolved to maintain belowground biomass reserves, enabling genets to resprout following subsequent topkilling and to persist through frequent disturbances.

INVESTIGATION AND CULTIVATION OF LILIUM CERNUUM FROM NORTHEAST CHINA

In order to understand the resource status and utilize the resources of Lilium cernuum, we have investigated the habitat, associated plants, populations and morphological characters of L. cernuum in Linjiang City, Baishan Prefecture, Jilin Province and Kuandian County, Dandong Prefecture, Liaoning Province of China. Wild bulbs of L. cernuum from Wohu Mountain, Linjiang City were introduced and cultivated in Beijing. The results indicated that the L. cernuum is distributed in all the investigated sites including Dianshita Mountain, Dahu Mountain and Zhenzhu Villa in Linjiang, and Dapushi River, Huabo Mountain and Xiaohu River in Kuandian. L. cernuum had strong adaptability and diversified habitats such as glade, forest understory, roadside shrub, ridge and cliff. There were rich associated plants including Quercus mongolica, Lespedeza bicolor, Atractylodes japonica and Fraxinus chinensis in both Linjiang and Kuandian. The native Linjiang population was stable while that of Kuandian was increasing type. There are some morphological differences between populations in Linjiang and Kuandian. Plants in the Linjiang population had higher stem of 44-70 cm and 34-53 leaves with 10-12 cm length and 1.80-1.82 mm wide. In the Kuandian population, plants had lower stem of 32-65 cm, 33-66 leaves with 10-13 cm length and 1.79-1.84 mm wide. There were 1-3 flowers in the raceme inflorescences which first flowering on July 10th 2012 in Linjiang, and 1-2 flowers in the raceme or umbel inflorescences that first opened on July 3rd 2013 in Kuandian. Fifty-nine plants emerged from 170 wild bulbs planted in Lvgezhuang Village, Changping District, Beijing on May 23, 2012 with the survival rate 34.7%. Under introduction conditions, the average stem height was 52 cm, leaves number is 48, with average 8 cm length and 2.08 mm wide. Although the stem height was not changed, leaf was 4 cm shorter and 0.2 mm wider than that in the original site. Nineteen flowers opened on June 16, 2013, 15 days earlier than the flowering in natural population with the flowering rate 11.2%. The individual flower bloomed for 3-4 days, and the whole population was flowering 21 days. We assume that temperature might be the key factor affecting the flowering, which contributes to an excellent prospect of commercialization of flower industry. This research provided the germplasm basis for the industrialization of wild lilies in China.

English

Anchusa italica&nbsp;Rezet. is an important medicinal plant belonging to the Boraginaceae Family. It is an herbaceous, perennial and monocarp plant. Flowers appear only once during the life cycle of the plant. Over ground is of medicinal properties. This plant and its products are used in heart strengthening, and eliminating headache and cold. In the research,&nbsp;Anchusa italica&nbsp;biomass was studied in under-over ground plant biomass; vegetal sample was collected from the study area with random plot 1 m*m statistical plant during one of the vegetative seasons in this research. Results of this research showed that plant average root dept is about 13.50 cm, average stem height is about 33 cm and average over ground of plant biomass is about 0.76 g/m2&nbsp;and average over ground of plant biomass is about 3.24 g/m2. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;&nbsp;Anchusa italica, over ground biomass, medicinal, soil.

Induced Variation in Tetraploid Rudbeckia subtomentosa ‘Henry Eilers’ Regenerated from Gamma-irradiated Callus

Rudbeckia subtomentosa ‘Henry Eilers’ is an adaptable and popular garden plant; however, reduction in height and increased novelty in flower color would be desirable. The effect of gamma radiation dose on in vitro survival and development, and ex vitro fertility, phenology, and morphology of tetraploid Rudbeckia subtomentosa ‘Henry Eilers’ was investigated. In vitro embryogenic callus was treated with gamma radiation (0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 Gy). Rooted microshoots were established ex vitro and evaluated for morphology (plant height, number of flowers, diameter of the terminal flowers, diameter of the secondary flowers, number of stems, number of nodes, and internode length), date of first anthesis, winter survival, and pollen fertility on mature, second-year plants. Callus survival had no response to dose 2 months after treatment; however, microshoot number was significantly reduced with increasing dose. In vitro microshoot survival continued to decline at higher doses up to 4 months after treatment. Plant height, average stem height, number of flowers, flower diameter, percent winter survival, and pollen viability were all reduced with increasing radiation dose. Date of first anthesis was also delayed with increased radiation dose. Several off phenotypes were recorded including increased apical splitting of the ray florets in several plants. Gamma radiation was somewhat effective for reducing the height of R. subtomentosa ‘Henry Eilers,’ but flower morphology, flower number, and plant overwintering survival were often negatively affected with increasing radiation dose. Treating callus with low levels of gamma radiation (5–10 Gy) resulted in relatively high in vitro and field survival while inducing a range of other mutations that could be selected.

Análise fatorial multivariada aplicada a caracterização de áreas de ocorrência de babaçu (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng) na bacia do Rio Cocal

O presente artigo possui como objetivo avaliar a distribuição espacial do babaçu na bacia do rio Cocal, estado de Tocantins. Os dados foram obtidos em levantamento de campo considerando 80 parcelas, considerando os diferentes ambientes presentes na área de estudo. O estudo considerou 16 variáveis referentes às características do babaçu (quantidade de indivíduos, quantidade de cachos, altura máxima do fuste e altura média do fuste) e do meio ambiente (altitude, declividade, área de contribuição, índice topográfico, relevo, distância do rio, distância das casas, distância da estrada, declividade do relevo no campo, solo, uso do solo e vegetação). A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando técnicas de sistema de informações geográficas e análise multivariada. O emprego da análise fatorial múltipla permitiu classificar as variáveis ambientais de maior significância para a ocorrência do babaçu e da quantidade de cachos. O principal fator que controla a distribuição do babaçu é o manejo adotado pelos fazendeiros.