Average Movement Speed Research Articles

Exploring and Modeling Directional Effects on Steering Behavior in Virtual Reality.

Steering is a fundamental task in interactive Virtual Reality (VR) systems. Prior work has demonstrated that movement direction can significantly influence user behavior in the steering task, and different interactive environments (VEs) can lead to various behavioral patterns, such as tablets and PCs. However, its impact on VR environments remains unexplored. Given the widespread use of steering tasks in VEs, including menu adjustment and object manipulation, this work seeks to understand and model the directional effect with a focus on barehand interaction, which is typical in VEs. This paper presents the results of two studies. The first study was conducted to collect behavioral data with four categories: movement time, average movement speed, success rate, and reenter times. According to the results, we examined the effect of movement direction and built the SθModel. We then empirically evaluated the model through the data collected from the first study. The results proved that our proposed model achieved the best performance across all the metrics (r2 > 0.95), with more than 15% improvement over the original Steering Law in terms of prediction accuracy. Next, we further validated the SθModel by another study with the change of device and steering direction. Consistent with previous assessments, the model continues to exhibit optimal performance in both predicting movement time and speed. Finally, based on the results, we formulated design recommendations for steering tasks in VEs to enhance user experience and interaction efficiency.

Analysis of air consumption and moving speed by firefighters during full-scale search & rescue experiments in a tunnel

Experiments were carried out in a 420 m long dead-end tunnel to assess air consumption and movement speed. The operation consisted of a 417 m walk to locate and rescue a victim. Seven teams of 5 blindfolded firefighters were sent into the tunnel with a single-bottle SCBA, a stretcher and a mobility cane. 14 firefighters (i.e., 44%) had to use ‘reserve air’. Hence it is not considered safe to carry out such an operation. However, all the crews noticed the sign that they used half of the available air in their bottle, so it is possible to start the S&R operation in a tunnel and safely return at the 175 bar mark. The average time to completion was 35.2 minutes. All crews became better at using the cane, leading to a higher average movement speed (0.50 m/s) out of the tunnel than into the tunnel (0.39 m/s). The average air consumption per walking meter was 2.20 L/m going in and 1.33 L/m going out. The average air consumption rate was 49.9L/min going into the tunnel and 38.9 L/min going out of the tunnel. It is shown that speed plays an important role. Faster firefighters have a lower total air consumption.

Dopaminergic manipulations affect the modulation and meta-modulation of movement speed: Evidence from two pharmacological interventions

A body of research implicates dopamine in the average speed of simple movements. However, naturalistic movements span a range of different shaped trajectories and rarely proceed at a single constant speed. Instead, speed is reduced when drawing “corners” compared to “straights” (i.e., speed modulation), and the extent of this slowing down is dependent upon the global shape of the movement trajectory (i.e., speed meta-modulation) – for example whether the shape is an ellipse or a rounded square. At present, it is not known how (or whether) dopaminergic function controls continuous changes in speed during movement execution. The current paper reports effects on these kinematic features of movement following two forms of dopamine manipulation: Study One highlights movement differences in individuals with PD both ON and OFF their dopaminergic medication (N = 32); Study Two highlights movement differences in individuals from the general population on haloperidol (a dopamine receptor blocker, or “antagonist”) and placebo (N = 43). Evidence is presented implicating dopamine in speed, speed modulation and speed meta-modulation, whereby low dopamine conditions are associated with reductions in these variables. These findings move beyond vigour models implicating dopamine in average movement speed, and towards a conceptualisation that involves the modulation of speed as a function of contextual information.

МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ СПЕРМАТОЗОИДОВ БЫКОВ ПРИ КРИОКОНСЕРВАЦИИ

The purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of the freezing and thawing cycle on the morphofunctional parameters of bull sperm. The study was conducted at Nizhegorodskoe LLC on breeding work in the Kstov municipal District of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, on the basis of the Department of Physiology and Anatomy of the Institute of Biology and Biomedicine of the Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N.I. Lobachevsky and the Department of Physiology, Animal Biochemistry and Obstetrics of Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University. The object of the study is the sperm production of black-and-white bulls. Semen was diluted with sterile BioXcell medium. Native diluted sperm and sperm after deep freezing were studied. Motility and the average speed of sperm movement were analyzed on a sperm analyzer SA-500 from Biola (Russia). To assess the ultrastructure of spermatozoa, a Hitachi SU8220 electron microscope (Japan) was used. Using a laser interference microscope MIM-340 (Russia, Yekaterinburg), the morphology of spermatozoa was studied in real time without fixation or staining. After cryopreservation of the sperm, there was a decrease in the biological usefulness of sperm, which is confirmed by a decrease in motility by 13.77% (p ≤ 0.05) and the average speed of sperm movement by 12.95% (p ≤ 0.05). Using electron and laser interference microscopy, it was shown that the chromatin of thawed spermatozoa was insufficiently condensed and contained fibrils. After cryopreservation, the position of the acrosome was changed in 6.23% (p ≤ 0.05) of sperm, and the shape of the acrosome was changed in 18.64% (p ≤ 0.05) of cells. After freezing and thawing, 7.01% of sperm showed a decrease in head length, 17.90% - a decrease in body length, and 9.53% - a decrease in sperm tail length. The use of modern methods for assessing sperm viability is of great importance for understanding the processes occurring during sperm cryopreservation and allows us to develop ways to improve the quality of sperm du¬ring freezing and thawing.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ДВИЖЕНИЯ ПРИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ МАКРОМОДЕЛЕЙ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ПОТОКА

The article provides an overview of existing macro models of traffic flow, which make it possible to determine such parameters as intensity, density and average speed of movement. Using a numerical example, a comparative analysis of the Greenberg, Drew and Greenshields macro models was performed

Correction of metabolic and structural disorders in bull spermatozoids during cryopreservation using molecular hydrogen

The influence of molecular hydrogen on the fertility parameters and energy metabolism of spermatozoids of black-and-white Holstein bulls was studied. Sperm was diluted with sterile BioXcell medium (France), diluted in hydrogen water. We studied native sperm diluted with BioXcell and BioXcell with molecular hydrogen, as well as after deep freezing with and without pre-treatment with molecular hydrogen. The addition of molecular hydrogen to the medium for diluting sperm and subsequent freezing changed the functional status of cells after thawing, leading to an increase in their motility, an increase in the number of motile and fast sperm, and a decrease in the number of slow cells relative to the analyzed indicators of regenerative cells after cryopreservation that were not exposed to molecular hydrogen. Sperm motility after thawing was 12% higher (p ≤ 0.05), the average movement speed was 9% (p≤0.05), and the ATP content was two times higher than in sperm samples not treated with molecular hydrogen. The results of the experiment showed that the addition of molecular hydrogen to the semen extender improves the biological indicators of the quality of bull sperm, its fertility, and increases the energy metabolism of spermatozoids.

INVESTIGATION OF TRAFFIC EFFICIENCY ON KARBALA ROADS

In this article, we analyze the operation of the road network of the city of Karbala in Iraq, which is characterized by its religious and tourist character, and evaluate the effectiveness of the urban street network in it in order to identify the main steps that need to be taken to take measures to improve traffic efficiency and reduce delays. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that it is the first of its kind, as far as we know, which addresses the problem of traffic efficiency in the city of Karbala as a whole, since the traffic density on the main transport axes in this city varies greatly during normal times and peak hours (morning and evening). The results of the analysis showed that some sectors operate in conditions of congested (stable) traffic (LOS F) in the morning and evening hours, and such sectors require immediate traffic management strategies. While the rest of the sectors are operating at or close to the same capacity (LOSE). Purpose - Analyzed the operation of the Karbala city road network in Iraq and evaluate its effectiveness to identify the main steps that need to be taken to improve traffic efficiency and reduce delays. Methodology. In this work, an experimental analytical methodology was used, in which data were collected, analyzed and compared with relevant information sources. Results. The categories of urban roads were determined based on the speed of free movement (FFS), and the level of service (LOS) is calculated for selected urban streets taking into account the average speed of traffic (ATS). Measurements of speed and travel time showed that traffic jams occurred on Fatima Al-Zahra Street, the second part of Ramadan Street and some sections of Al-Abbas Street in the morning. These areas require immediate traffic management strategies. In the evening, traffic jams were also observed on sections of Fatima Al-Zahra Street, part 2 of Al-Iskan Street and the first section of Ramadan Street. The decrease in traffic speed led to traffic jams on Al-Abbas, Al-Iskan Streets and some sections of Fatima Al-Zahra Street. Low FPS values indicate that the average speed of movement in these areas is low even with a small flow. Practical implications. It is recommended to apply the results obtained to the Traffic Management Department of the city of Karbala.

Differences in the indicators of speed and agility of students of the Faculty of physical education of the 3rd year of study in different years of entering the university

Background and purpose. Coordinated movement takes place under the great influence of the CNS and its highest centers, whose numerous functions are still not sufficiently explored. Agility is the ability to maintain body position in a controlled manner with a rapid change of direction during successive movements. The research aim the study was is to determine the speed and changing the direction of movement as well as existing differences between students using the Illinois Agility Test (IAT). 
 Material and method. The research included 114 students divided into 4 groups: I group (2011/12y) =28; II group (2012/13) =30; III group (2015/16) =29; IV group (2016/17) =27., who at the time of measurement corresponded to the 3rd year of study (20-21 years old). The IAT was used to assess motor agility and the averege test results (sec.) and the average movement speed during the test (m/s) were determined.
 Results. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, which detected statistically significant differences at the multivariate level (Wilks=0.717; F=16312; p<0.002). At the univariate level, there are differences between the IAT results (F=5.827; p<0.001), where the Tukey HSD test confirmed statistically significant result (sec.) differences between the I group of students (Result=16.97sec) with the II group (Result=18.00sec.), with III group (Result=17.71sec.), and with IV group (Result=18.04sec.) for (p<0.05). Using the same methodology, statistically significant intergroup differences in IAT speed (m/s) were recorded (F=6.743; p<0.001), which was confirmed by the Tukey HSD test, only between the I group of students (Speed=3.84m/s) with the II group (Speed=3.61m/s), III group (Speed=3.69m,/s) and for IV group (Speed=3.61m/s) for (p<0.05). 
 Conclusion. Differences between the groups are evident for results (sec.) and speed (m/s) and statistically significant were achieved only between the I group with the II, III and IV group. The best results of the Illinois Agility Test (sec.) and Speed (m/s) were achieved by the students of group I and the weakest students of group IV. Statistically significant differences were not recorded between II, III and IV groups.

Connections between different characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau vortices

AbstractTibetan Plateau vortices (TPVs) are major rainfall triggers over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which often cause heavy rainfalls in eastern China when moving off the TP. Although previous studies have revealed the climatic characteristics of TPVs at different timescales, the relationships between the different activity characteristics of TPVs are unclear. In this study, TPVs during May to August during 1998–2020 are objectively identified based on ERA5 reanalysis data, and connections between the initial states of TPVs and their subsequent activities, as well as the connections between the states of TPVs before moving off the TP and those after moving off are investigated. It is reported that the TPVs generated over the central and western TP north of 32° N, particularly near 84° E, 35° N, are always stronger, maintain longer and move further in their subsequent life, and the TPVs generated near 95° E over the eastern TP move eastwards the fastest. The initial intensity of most TPVs is smaller than 1.1 × 10−4 s−1; regarding these TPVs, their average duration, movement distance and movement speed exhibit an initial decrease followed by an increase as the initial intensity rises. The stronger the TPVs initially are, the stronger they are in their entire lifetime. The majority of the moving‐off TPVs are generated over the eastern TP; generally, TPVs generated further east with a large initial intensity are more likely to move off the TP. After moving off the TP, most TPVs remain in the same movement direction as before; if the TPVs are strong when they are over the TP, they tend to be strong, last long and move eastwards further after moving off the TP, and vice versa.

Method of synthesis of patterns of power distribution between the driving wheels of all-wheel drive agricultural vehicles

Justification: For the development of agriculture, which plays an important role in the country's economy, four-wheel drive trucks are needed, capable of interacting with various machines and aggregates, performing operations on off-road and public roads. The experience of their operation at agricultural enterprises shows an insufficient degree of realization of traction and speed properties, fuel efficiency and supporting cross-country ability. Serial power distribution systems in transmissions do not take into account the full range of factors affecting the movement of cars, which reduces the efficiency of their use.
 Objective: Scientific substantiation of the regularities of changes in the blocking properties of differentials depending on road, climatic and operational factors, as well as the development of methods for their implementation in the transmissions of four-wheel drive trucks.
 Methods: The research is based on the basic patterns of power distribution adapted to the operating conditions of a four-wheel drive truck. A step-by-step method for synthesizing the basic patterns of power distribution between the driving wheels of an all-wheel drive car and their adaptation to real driving conditions is proposed.
 Results: The method of synthesis of power distribution patterns is considered step-by-step, based on multi-criteria optimization. The design and operational factors that set the parameters of traffic on roads of all types and terrain have been established. The basic patterns of power distribution that ensure the efficiency, reliability and safety of the car are revealed. Depending on the functions, four-wheel drive trucks are conditionally divided into 4 groups with their own indicators and performance criteria. Based on the conducted research, 4 optimization problems are formulated.
 Conclusion: The authors have developed a methodology for determining the patterns of power distribution between the driving wheels of four-wheel drive trucks and their adaptation to traffic conditions. The main stages of the methodology are: formulation of the optimization problem; computational procedure and determination of basic patterns of power distribution; adaptation of basic patterns and evaluation of the effectiveness of solutions. Depending on the functionality, agricultural vehicles are divided into 4 groups, each of which has its own performance indicators: the weight of the transported cargo, the average speed of movement and energy costs. It is established that when modeling the movement of four-wheel drive trucks along the route, it is sufficient to use the differential equations of rectilinear motion.

Effect of electroacupuncture on oxidative stress and cell apoptosis induced by ferroptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease.

To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on ferroptosis and apoptosis-related proteins in the substantia nigra of midbrain in mice with Parkinson's disease (PD), so as to explore its possible mechanisms in the treatment of PD. Twenty-four C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into blank, model and EA groups, with 8 mice in each group. The PD model was established by continuous gavage of rotenone for 4 weeks. EA was applied at "Baihui" (GV20), "Quchi" (LI11) and "Zusanli" (ST36) for 20 min, once a day for 14 days, with 2-day rest after every 5-day treatment. The open field test was used to evaluate the residence time in the central area, ave-rage movement speed, and total distance of the open field. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression le-vels of divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1), membrane ferroportin 1 (FPN1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), proapoptotic protein Bax, and anti apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in the substantia nigra. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the morphological changes of neurons and the positive expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra of mice. After 4 weeks of modeling, compared with the blank group, the residence time in the central area, average speed and total distance of open field were significantly lower (P<0.000 1, P<0.01, P<0.001)；the protein expression levels of DMT1 and Bax in the substantia nigra were increased (P<0.001, P<0.000 1), while the protein expression levels of FPN1, GPX4 and Bcl-2, and the optical density of TH+ cells in the substantia nigra were decreased (P<0.000 1, P<0.001) in the model group. In comparison with the model group, the residence time in the central area, average speed, and total distance of the EA group were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05)；the protein expression levels of DMT1 and Bax in the substantia nigra were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.001), while the protein expression levels of FPN1, GPX4, and Bcl-2, and the optical density of TH+ cells in the substantia nigra were increased (P<0.000 1, P<0.01, P<0.001, P<0.05). EA has a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of midbrain in PD model mice, which may be related with its effect in regulating oxidative stress and cell apoptosis induced by ferroptosis.

Evaluation of the technical and economic efficiency of controlled power distribution in transmissions of all-wheel drive trucks

BACKGROUD: Operating conditions of all-wheel drive trucks determine the probability of motion in conditions of uneven distribution of grip and rolling resistance for driven wheels of various axles and sides, which actualizes torque redistribution from an engine to the driven wheels. Reasonable power distribution between driven axles and wheels is important in order to improve the efficiency of all-wheel drive vehicles. AIMS: Evaluation of technical and economic efficiency of controlled power distribution in transmissions of all-wheel drive trucks with hydraulically controlled friction clutches. METHODS: A series of experiments was carried out on the basis of the KAMAZ-65222 with a differential lock control system with hydraulically driven friction clutches and a measuring and recording facility. The technical efficiency of control on differentials when driving in various road conditions was evaluated by the acceleration duration of the vehicle, the average speed of straight-line movement and when performing a maneuver, the parameters of the ground clearance, fuel efficiency and comparative loading of the wheels drive. RESULTS: The experiment confirmed the effectiveness of the algorithm for automatic control of the differential lock in the vehicle transmission in terms of cross-country abilities, workload and fuel efficiency. An increase up to 16.7% of the average speed in difficult road conditions, a decrease of the specific work of rolling resistance overcoming and a decrease in fuel consumption by 7–8% were recorded. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of efficiency of solutions for control on differentials in transmission of an all-wheel drive truck showed a significant increase in dynamic properties, cross-country abilities and fuel efficiency. Automatic change of the lock degree of differentials in the transmission when driving on a curved path and on uneven surface has a positive effect on transmission reliability and fuel efficiency, ensuring stability and maneuverability to remain stable. The expected economic effect is more than 206.3 thousand rubles. per year for one vehicle.

Study of the nature of the movement of the crushed mass on the surface of the sieves of the vegetable and melon seed separator

Improvement of equipment for processing vegetable and melon crops requires research on the nature of the movement of the crushed mass to reduce material damage and obtain high-quality seeds, which will bring the vegetable and melon industry to a new level of development. The aim of the study is to analyse the movement of the crushed mass on the surface of the sieves of the vegetable and melon seed separator. The nature of the movement of the crushed mass on the surface of the sieves of the proposed design solution was substantiated on the basis of the use of methods of physics, theoretical mechanics and analysis and study of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the technological mass. As a basic design for the study, a vegetable and melon separator were used, the feature of which is the use of a two-screen system of sieves. In this system, the upper sieve separates the peel, and the lower sieve separates the seeds and pulp; the pulp and juice are the final product of the second sieve. The sieve, which performs inertial motion, helps to remove the seeds associated with the peel. As a result of the research, the functional dependence of the amplitude of oscillations on the frequency of oscillations for different operating modes of the separator is presented. To determine the average speed of material movement in the technological zone of the separator, formulas are provided for the upper screen operating in the inertial separator mode and for the lower screen operating in the vibration separator mode. In the context of the above-mentioned features of the proposed design solution, the nature of the movement of the crushed mass along the surface of the inertial and vibrating screens was studied. In the course of theoretical calculations, dependencies were obtained to determine the average particle velocity in the working area of these sieves. On the basis of the theoretical analysis, a methodology for calculating the main parameters of a double-screen separator was developed. The mechanical and technological properties of vegetable and melon seeds separated by the proposed design solution were determined. In laboratory conditions, the composition of the components of the separated seed mass was studied and analysed, which indicates the feasibility of using the proposed design solution for the separator of vegetable and melon crops and the practical application of the obtained theoretical dependencies for regulating its technological parameters

Effects of trunk training using motor imagery on trunk control ability and balance function in patients with stroke

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of trunk training using motor imagery on trunk control and balance function in patients with stroke.MethodsOne hundred eligible stroke patients were randomly divided into a control group and trial group. The control group was given routine rehabilitation therapy, while the trial group was given routine rehabilitation therapy and trunk training using motor imagery.ResultsPrior to treatment, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05) in Sheikh’s trunk control ability, Berg rating scale (BBS), Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA), movement length, movement area, average front-rear movement speed, average left-right movement speed, and surface electromyography (sEMG) signal of the bilateral erector spinae and rectus abdominis. After treatment, Sheikh’s trunk control ability, FMA, and BBS in the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment (P < 0.05). The movement length, movement area, the average front-rear movement speed, and the average left-right movement speed in the two groups decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The differences of these indicators between the two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). After treatment, the rectus abdominis and erector spinae on the affected side of the two groups improved when compared with those before treatment (P < 0.05). The rectus abdominis and erector spinae on the healthy side of the trial group descended after treatment (P < 0.05), while little changes were observed on the healthy side of the control group after treatment (P > 0.05). The rectus abdominis and erector spinae on the affected side of the trial group improved when compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the decline of abdominalis rectus and erector spinal muscle on the healthy side.ConclusionTrunk training using motor imagery can significantly improve the trunk control ability and balance function of stroke patients and is conducive to promoting the recovery of motor function.

Reconstruction of the South Ural Stage of the Punitive Campaign of Tamerlane's Troops Against the Golden Horde in 1391

Relevance. The enormous scientific significance of this topic is due to Russia's belonging to the world of Eurasian civilizations, whose role has been belittled against the background of historical events in Europe. Meanwhile, large-scale processes took place in the Southern Urals in the XIV century, about which there is too little information not only in the educational literature, but also in specialized publications. These include the campaign of the Timurid troops against the Golden Horde in 1391 and its culmination – the Battle of Kondurcha. It was these events that laid the prerequisites for the final collapse of the Jochi Ulus, which in turn accelerated the process of liberating Russian lands from the Horde dependence. The key part of this military campaign is directly connected with the Southern Urals, but the main events of this stage of the campaign (first of all, a major vanguard battle in the west of Orenburg region) still remain unexplored.The purpose: to reconstruct the South Ural stage of the punitive campaign of Tamerlane's troops against the Golden Horde in 1391.Objectives: to make a periodization of the campaign; to determine the affiliation of the hydronyms "Samur" and "Iik" to determine the key points of the campaign; to calculate the average possible speed of movement of Tamerlane's army to identify the possible length of the route of his troops; to find out the approximate localization of the vanguard battle of the opposing sides; to calculate the approximate size of Tamerlane's army.Methodology. The work used a set of general scientific and special methods and principles: the principle of objectivity, the analysis of topographic elements of the terrain, historicism, historical-comparative, chronological, historical analogies and other methods.Results. It was established that the main events of the investigated campaign took place on the territory of the modern Orenburg region, and not Bashkortostan, as indicated in a number of studies. A periodization of the campaign has been compiled, within which two stages of the South Ural stage of this military campaign have been identified. Thanks to the determination of the average speed of movement of troops, it was possible to interpret such hydronyms as "Samur" and "Iik" and establish the approximate location of a major vanguard battle of the opposing armies. With the help of a set of methods, the approximate number of Tamerlane's army was determined.Conclusion. The total length of the South Ural route of the punitive campaign of the Timurid troops in 1391 to the Golden Horde is 700 km, overcome in 21 days. This means that the average speed of movement of troops did not exceed 33 km, which fully fits into the calculations we have given and corresponds to the real capabilities of medieval armies. The presented route is confirmed by archaeological sources, including a unique metal helmet found in the Orenburg region, in the paradise of the Kargalki river. The largest vanguard battle of the considered military campaign took place in the west of Orenburg, on the border of modern Asekeyevsky, Grachevsky, Matveevsky and Krasnogvardeysky districts. The number of troops involved in the campaign is in the range of 50-80 thousand.

Semen quality of rams fed a liposomal vitamin-mineral supplement during the period of sexual rest

To increase the sexual activity and sperm quality of rams during the period of sexual rest, it is necessary to increase the consumption rates of vitamins and microelements to the level of the mating season. The aim of the work was to find out the effect of feeding a liposomal vitamin-mineral supplement on the quality parameters of ram sperm during the period of sexual rest. The experiment was conducted on 12 clinically healthy Texel rams, aged 2–4 years, during the period of sexual rest (March–May). Animals were divided into two groups: control and experimental, 6 heads each. The control rams received the basic diet, the animals of the experimental group were individually added to the combined feed for 45 days with a feed additive in the form of a liposomal emulsion, which included: vitamins A, D3, E, C and zinc gluconate. After the end of supplement feeding, ejaculates were collected from the rams for research. The motility, kinetic indicators of sperm, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome oxidase (CO) in sperm, as well as the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPO) and catalase (CAT) were determined. It was established that feeding liposomal vitamin-mineral supplement to rams during the period of sexual rest significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increases sperm activity, their kinetic indicators: curvilinear (VCL), straight-line (VSL) and average speed (VAP) of sperm movement (P &lt; 0.05–0.001), the activity of enzymes – markers of the fertilizing capacity of SDH and CO sperm (P &lt; 0.05–0.001). At the same time, there was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease in the activity of SOD with a simultaneous significant (by 23.3–25.0 %) increase in the activity of GPO and CAT (P &lt; 0.01). Higher indicators of the quality of ejaculates of rams under the influence of vitamins A, D3, E, C and zinc gluconate indicate the possibility of obtaining high-quality sperm from breeding rams during the period of sexual rest.

Research of the speed limit on the federal roads of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The article considers a method for determining the speed limit based on video recording, and analyzes the speed limit in 20 different sections of the federal roads of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Obtaining a high dependence on the average speed of movement from the permitted speed of movement Proposals of the results of the analysis of the distance between the vehicle, proposals for traffic safety measures. Keywords: movement speed, variation range, road safety, composition of the traffic flow

Influence of a COVID-19 induced reduction in game time on the match activity profiles of elite Australian Rules Football players

Assess the influence of a 20% reduction in game time on the volume and intensity of elite AF players’ match activity profiles. GPS technology was used to analyse the movement demands of 45 AF players from the same AFL club during 43 matches across the 2019 and 2020 seasons. GPS data were categorised into measures of volume (total match time [TMT] and total distance [TD]) and intensity (metres per minute [m.min-1], high-intensity running [HIR] distance and m.min-1 [&gt;17 km·h-1], and very-high intensity running [VHIR] distance and m.min-1 [&gt;23 km·h-1]). Volume decreased in 2020 with reductions in TMT (effect size [ES] ± 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.8 ± 0.2; p &lt; .001) and TD (ES = -1.8 ± 0.2; p &lt; .001) overall, across all positional groups, and quarters. Intensity increased, evidenced by increases in HIR m.min-1 (ES = 0.3 ± 0.1; p &lt; .001), and VHIR m.min-1 (ES = 0.3 ± 0.2; p = .006). HIR m.min-1 increased for midfielders (ES = 0.6 ± 0.3; p = .017). Defenders exhibited increases in HIR m.min-1 (ES = 0.2 ± 0.2; p = .007), and VHIR m.min-1 (ES = 0.4 ± 0.2; p = .010). Intensity of third quarters decreased at a greater rate in 2020 with reductions in m.min-1 (ES = -0.2 ± 0.1; p = .004) and HIR m.min-1 (ES = -0.2 ± 0.1; p = .037) compared to Q1. Systematic reductions in volume were found overall, across positional groups, and quarters. Average movement speed remained relatively stable overall, across quarters and positional groups. Increases in intensity were defined predominately by increases at high and very-high intensity speeds per minute, with defenders exhibiting the greatest increase in intensity and change to their match activity profiles. Longer quarter and three-quarter time breaks, and time between goals preserved intensity.

Predicting movement speed of beetles from body size and temperature

Movement facilitates and alters species interactions, the resulting food web structures, species distribution patterns, community structures and survival of populations and communities. In the light of global change, it is crucial to gain a general understanding of how movement depends on traits and environmental conditions. Although insects and notably Coleoptera represent the largest and a functionally important taxonomic group, we still know little about their general movement capacities and how they respond to warming. Here, we measured the exploratory speed of 125 individuals of eight carabid beetle species across different temperatures and body masses using automated image-based tracking. The resulting data revealed a power-law scaling relationship of average movement speed with body mass. By additionally fitting a thermal performance curve to the data, we accounted for the unimodal temperature response of movement speed. Thereby, we yielded a general allometric and thermodynamic equation to predict exploratory speed from temperature and body mass. This equation predicting temperature-dependent movement speed can be incorporated into modeling approaches to predict trophic interactions or spatial movement patterns. Overall, these findings will help improve our understanding of how temperature effects on movement cascade from small to large spatial scales as well as from individual to population fitness and survival across communities.

About the optimization in calculations of internal cold and hot water supply systems

In Ukraine, two methods are used to calculate building utilities: the standard one (DBN 2013) and the "optimal diameter" method. In the EU, there is a standard with a simplified method for calculating building utilities. It also states: "National regulations may require a lower flow rate to avoid water hammer and noise." A small number of European countries have their own national calculation methods, but the standard states that national methods "may be used as an alternative to the European standard in cases where there are reasons for differentiated selection of pipe sizes, e.g. for large buildings, industrial and commercial enterprises, etc.". It is hard to imagine a European country that does not have, for example, "large buildings" and Ukraine is no exception. The "optimal diameter" calculation methodology determines the optimal average speed of water movement in the system, taking into account two criteria: the quality and quantity of water supplied to the consumer. The obtained average velocities are always in the range of "quiet pipes", i.e. less than 1 m/s. Since a simple algorithm exists to solve the problem of finding the best diameters in individual sections, the result is not affected by the designer's experience. As an example, four comparative calculations were performed for an eleven-story building with a total of 192 sanitary facilities and a design section length of 50.5 m. The calculations were performed by two methods for networks made of steel and polyethylene pipes and. It was found that networks calculated according to the DBN method require more electricity for both steel and polyethylene pipes (from 10 to 30% in the hour of maximum consumption). That is why, the use of an alternative methodology for calculating internal networks developed at the Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment of KNUBA not only meets European standards, but also allows to choose more energy-efficient pipe diameters in comparison with those that can be obtained using the DBN.