Average Shannon Index Research Articles

High genetic diversity and weak population structure of Leptobotia elongata from different markers

To study genetic diversity and population structure of Leptobotia elongata in China, nine populations in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River (Lizhuang (LZ), Jiangnan (JN), Yalong (YL), Xuifeng (XF), Chengjiang (CJ), Xiqu (XQ), Chuxiong (CX), Shizhu (SZ), and Pingshan (PS)) were analogized base on D-Loop gene and nuclear gene. The results showed that 81 mutation sites and 64 haplotypes were detected in 246 D-Loop sequences, and the average haplotype diversity (Hd) and average nucleotide diversity (Pi) were 0.878 and 0.0029, respectively. For L. elongata population, the average number of Alleles per locus was 6.68, the average PIC of each locus was 0.818, the average Shannon index was 1.28, the average Ho was 0.798, and the average He was 0.844. Molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that Fst > 0.5, There were no individuals independently assigned to one group, and individuals at each sampling site showed similar patterns, with no significantly differentiated geographical groups in Structure analysis. These results can provide an important scientific basis for the protection of L. elongata and wild species with similar life histories.

Incidence and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with wheat-cropping systems in the inner part of the Aegean Region of Turkey

Summary Plant-parasitic nematodes are among the most influential soil organisms worldwide and have a detrimental impact on wheat productivity; they also play a major role in maintaining soil diversity. However, limited information is available on the biodiversity of nematodes associated with wheat cropping systems in Turkey. To address this knowledge gap, 45 wheat fields in the Afyonkarahisar Province of Turkey were sampled in 2021 in order to extract and identify nematodes. A total of 14 genera and 44 species of these nematodes were identified based on their physical traits and ITS DNA sequences examination. Shannon diversity index was used to determine the prevalence and biodiversity features of these nematodes. This study represents the first comprehensive research on plant-parasitic nematodes from wheat-growing regions in the Afyonkarahisar Province. The genera Helicotylenchus, Heterodera, Merlinius, Pratylenchoides and Pratylenchus dominated with a high relative abundance percentage >60%, and were extremely common (>90% for each). The average Shannon index of nematode species in the wheat fields was 2.20, with an evenness value of 0.81, indicating moderate diversification and good nematode evenness. This study also revealed a significant correlation between nematode genus biodiversity and edaphic, climatic and geographical factors. Finally, this research demonstrated a remarkable diversity of soil nematodes associated with wheat crops and they have the potential to be useful tools for extensive soil bio-study.

Bangkok’s existing mixed fruit orchards are tree diversity hotspots for city greening

Bangkok’s Inner Orchard (BIO), located in the west peri-urban area of the city, provides both fresh products and ecological benefits to its inhabitants. Although this unique forest-like cultivation of mixed fruit trees growing on dikes has the potential to become an urban forest, it has never been thoroughly investigated. Urban expansion is a threat to this orchard. Sustainable cities must maintain a balance between development and the environment. In this study, six orchards were surveyed by collecting data on tree species, plant height, crown width, and location and analyzed to identify the orchard areas covered by forest canopy and clarify the forest structure and tree species diversity in the orchards. Overall, 98.64% of the forest canopy within the orchard area was evaluated using cover analysis. Analysis of the forest structure of the BIO revealed that the average tree height was greater than that of common orchard trees. Tree diversity analysis showed an average Shannon index value of 2.53, indicating mid-range diversity. Older orchards showed a greater diversity of fruit tree species, whereas newer orchards, replanted after major flood and drought events, showed a lesser diversity of fruit tree species. In order to protect BIO on the long-term, it is essential to identify and apply appropriate conservation strategies. Including BIO areas in the Bangkok greening scheme would cause rapid increases in the green area per capita ratio. Both urban food forest and urban agriculture concepts could be applied to existing BIO orchards, which represent new urban green area types. BIO thus has the potential to act as an urban forest and tree diversity hotspot for Bangkok.

Exploring the Healthy Eye Microbiota Niche in a Multicenter Study.

Purpose: This study aims to explore and characterize healthy eye microbiota. Methods: Healthy subjects older than 18 years were selected for this descriptive cross-sectional study. Samples were collected with an eSwab with 1 mL of Liquid Amies Medium (Copan Brescia, Italy). Following DNA extraction, libraries preparation, and amplification, PCR products were purified and end-repaired for barcode ligation. Libraries were pooled to a final concentration of 26 pM. Template preparation was performed with Ion Chef according to Ion 510, Ion 520, and Ion 530 Kit-Chef protocol. Sequencing of the amplicon libraries was carried out on a 520 or 530 chip using the Ion Torrent S5 system (Thermo Fisher; Waltham, MA, USA). Raw reads were analyzed with GAIA (v 2.02). Results: Healthy eye microbiota is a low-diversity microbiome. The vast majority of the 137 analyzed samples were highly enriched with Staphylococcus, whereas only in a few of them, other genera such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Corynebacterium predominate. We found an average of 88 genera with an average Shannon index of 0.65. Conclusion: We identified nine different ECSTs. A better understanding of healthy eye microbiota has the potential to improve disease diagnosis and personalized regimens to promote health.

Genetic diversity analysis of intraspecific hybridization between Plumbago auriculata and Plumbago auriculata f. alba based on horticultural traits and molecular markers

Plumbago auriculata Lam. is an ornamental plant native to South Africa and widely cultivated in China, but the cultivated plants are dominated by a single variety. The development of new varieties is of great commercial interest, and genetic diversity is the foundation of breeding programs. In this study, 85 progenies were obtained by crosses between Plumbago auriculata and Plumbago auriculata f. alba. The genetic diversity of these hybrids was evaluated using horticultural traits and ISSR and SRAP markers. Of the 25 horticultural traits evaluated, the largest variation was found in the beginning of the blooming period, and sepal length was the least variable trait. Correlation analysis showed that the wider the plant, the greater the number of inflorescences and the earlier the flowering. Seven factors explained 65.171% of the total variance; the first factor was leaf morphology, and the second factor was flower morphology. The genetic diversity of the 85 progenies was analyzed using seven pairs of SRAP primers and eight ISSR primers. The average number of effective alleles for 85 hybrids was 1.638, and the average Shannon index value was 0.507. The Nei genetic similarity coefficient indicated that the similarity between WLBS and WSBL was the highest, while that between BLWS and BSWL was the lowest. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the main variation was within populations. Cluster analysis based on horticultural traits and molecular markers divided all progenies into seven and five groups, respectively, and there were obvious differences between the two clusters. In this study, we created intermediate materials for future breeding, taking the first step in the cross-breeding of P. auriculata.

Impact of Long-Term Low Dose Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Gut Microbiota in Children.

We evaluated the effect of long-term low dose antibiotic prophylaxis on children's gut microbiota. We conducted 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using stool samples from 35 patients younger than 3 years old (median age 5.2 months; male-to-female ratio 17:18) who underwent antibiotic treatment during the acute phase of febrile urinary tract infection. Samples were collected at 5 time points, ie before, during and at 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5 to 6 months after febrile urinary tract infection onset and antibiotic treatment. Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was initiated in 23 patients with grade III or higher vesicoureteral reflux and was not administered in 12 patients without reflux. Within 2 weeks after initiation of treatment for febrile urinary tract infection almost all enteric bacteria belonged to the order Lactobacillales, and gut microbiota diversity decreased compared to the pretreatment level (average Shannon index 2.9 before treatment, 1.4 during treatment). The diversity recovered within 1 to 2 months after febrile urinary tract infection onset in both groups. Diversity was maintained during the study period in both groups (p=0.43). A smaller proportion of gut microbiota component belonged to the order Enterobacteriales (p=0.002) in the antibiotic prophylaxis group. Our results revealed that patients receiving continuous antibiotic prophylaxis had normal gut microbiota diversity, indicating that the effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on gut microbiota was insignificant. Furthermore, prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole might selectively suppress the growth of bacteria belonging to the order Enterobacteriales, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, which are the main causative bacteria of febrile urinary tract infections.

Effects of Italian ryegrass residues as green manure on soil properties and bacterial communities under an Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.)-rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation

Green manure shows promise for the relief of the environmental pressure caused by successive farming and excessive applications of fertilizers. Soil microbes play an important role in the decomposition of green manure. However, few studies focused on the relationship between the release of nutrients and bacterial community diversity when different rates of green manure are applied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamic changes in soil bacterial communities and nutrient release during the decomposition of the green manure Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) residues in a new type Italian ryegrass-rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation (IRR) system in South China. Six different rates (P0–P5) of Italian ryegrass were added to rice-growing red soil (Ferralic Cambisol) and allowed to decompose for 40 d (sampled every 10 d). Nutrient release and soil properties were determined during the decomposition and Illumina reads of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons were used to analyse changes in the bacterial communities. The addition of residues increased both nutrient concentrations (e.g., total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium) and the relative abundance of microbes involved in nutrient cycling (e.g., Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes). Italian ryegrass residues had much faster rates of decomposition at 1–10 d, 11–20 d, and 21–30 d (from 183.2 to 238.1 g kg–1, on average) than that (45.6 g kg–1) at 31–40 d. Overall, the high green manure decomposition rates were accompanied by high similarities in bacterial community structures during decomposition. The nutrient cycle efficiency and bacterial community diversity were higher when the soils were treated with 40,170–44,895 kg ha–1 (P3–4) of green manure than other treatments. The average Shannon index values following the 44,895 kg ha–1 (P4) treatment were the highest among the different rates of residue application, and they were 6.42 at 10 d, 6.37 at 20 d, 6.29 at 30 d, and 6.53 at 40 d. The highest soil total nitrogen concentrations of 1.4–2.0 g kg–1 were obtained following the 40,170 kg ha–1 (P3) treatment, and seedling biomass increased the most under P3 treatment. In addition, soil total nitrogen and available potassium concentrations were significantly correlated with rice seedling biomass. This study demonstrates that the management of green manure application based on the IRR system facilitates rice growth by improving bacterial communities (composition and diversity) and soil fertility, and it provides a new perspective on the links between potential microbial community functions and organic agro-ecosystems.

Spatial Analysis of the Woody Flora of the Djoumouna Peri-urban Forest, Brazzaville (Congo)

The spatial analysis of the flora of the peri-urban forest of Djoumouna has been conducted in Brazzaville, Congo. Data collection, conducted from April to August 2017, is based on a floristic inventory of 75 plots of each 400 m2 (20 m x 20 m). The study shows 898 trees of dbh ≥ 10 cm corresponding to 106 species and 36 families. The number of individuals per plot averages 11.97 ± 0.42 feet/plot while the number of species per plot averages 7.37 ± 0.30. The land used by projecting the trunk sections is on average 0.74 ± 0.05 m2/plot. The Jaccard similarity coefficient between plots is between 0 and 75% while the average Skewness is 1.26 ± 0.11. The average Shannon index is 1.77 ± 0.05 per plot with an average maximum diversity of 1.93 ± 0.04. The average Pielou index is 0.91 ± 0.01. The absolute diversity index averages 6.54 ± 0.29 while α-Fisher averages 11.44 ± 1.39. The average value of the Green index is -0.04 ± 0.01 and finally 7.55% of taxa have a rarefaction index of species between 40 and 77% compared to 92.45% where this index varies from 81 to 99%. The upward hierarchical classification and the AFC highlight the presence of floristic subfacies resulting from taxa independence. Since most species have a density of less than 1 tree.ha-1, the floristic composition is heterogeneous, resulting in insufficient natural regeneration and low resilience of this ecosystem threatened with extinction in the very short term.

Geostatistical analysis of pedodiversity in Taihang Mountain region in North China

The protection of pedodiversity is very important for biodiversity maintenance and food production. However, where and how large should the protection focus on in a given region (especially in mountain regions with complex environment) remains unclear. In this study, geostatistical analysis was used to study pedodiversity indexes (Shannon's index, the maximum Shannon's index, Richness index and Evenness index) in Taihang Mountain region in North China. Then pedodiversity protection and buffer zones were designed. Moreover, the relationship between protection zone and human activities was determined. The results showed that average Shannon's index for the study area was 1.72, with two lower value zones appeared in the north and the south of Taihang Mountain region, respectively. This suggested that there was the need to enhance the protection of pedodiversity in the two regions. The ranges of the Richness index and the Shannon's index were respectively 57.16 km and 96.00 km, indicating that pedodiversity had spatial dependence within these distances. Therefore, protection zones with radius of 57.16 km and buffer zones with radius of 96 km was designed. For both the northern and southern protection zones, the percent area of population density lower than 1 person/km2 (35.27% for the north and 51.71% for the south) was much higher than the average value (27.91%) of Taihang Mountain region. Furthermore, the percent area of farmland (43.72% for the north and 40.48% for the south) were higher than the average value (35.92%). This demonstrated that human activity, especially farming, was a key consideration in the protection of pedodiversity in the study region. The results of the study constitute a significant contribution to the theory of pedodiversity protection and soil resources management.

Single-cell heterogeneity in ductal carcinoma in situ of breast

Heterogeneous patterns of mutations and RNA expression have been well documented in invasive cancers. However, technological challenges have limited the ability to study heterogeneity of protein expression. This is particularly true for pre-invasive lesions such as ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Cell-level heterogeneity in ductal carcinoma in situ was analyzed in a single 5 μm tissue section using a multiplexed immunofluorescence analysis of 11 disease-related markers (EGFR, HER2, HER4, S6, pmTOR, CD44v6, SLC7A5 and CD10, CD4, CD8 and CD20, plus pan-cytokeratin, pan-cadherin, DAPI, and Na+K+ATPase for cell segmentation). Expression was quantified at cell level using a single-cell segmentation algorithm. K-means clustering was used to determine co-expression patterns of epithelial cell markers and immune markers. We document for the first time the presence of epithelial cell heterogeneity within ducts, between ducts and between patients with ductal carcinoma in situ. There was moderate heterogeneity in a distribution of eight clusters within each duct (average Shannon index 0.76; range 0–1.61). Furthermore, within each patient, the average Shannon index across all ducts ranged from 0.33 to 1.02 (s.d. 0.09–0.38). As the distribution of clusters within ducts was uneven, the analysis of eight ducts might be sufficient to represent all the clusters ie within- and between-duct heterogeneity. The pattern of epithelial cell clustering was associated with the presence and type of immune infiltrates, indicating a complex interaction between the epithelial tumor and immune system for each patient. This analysis also provides the first evidence that simultaneous analysis of both the epithelial and immune/stromal components might be necessary to understand the complex milieu in ductal carcinoma in situ lesions.

The specific and exclusive microbiome of the deep-sea bone-eating snail, Rubyspira osteovora.

Rubyspira osteovora is an unusual deep-sea snail from Monterey Canyon, California. This group has only been found on decomposing whales and is thought to use bone as a novel source of nutrition. This study characterized the gut microbiome of R. osteovora, compared to the surrounding environment, as well as to other deep-sea snails with more typical diets. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that R. osteovora digestive tissues host a much lower bacterial diversity (average Shannon index of 1.9; n = 12), compared to environmental samples (average Shannon index of 4.4; n = 2) and are dominated by two bacterial genera: Mycoplasma and Psychromonas (comprising up to 56% and 42% average total recovered sequences, respectively). These two bacteria, along with Psychrilyobacter sp. (∼16% average recovered sequences), accounted for between 43% and 92% of the total recovered sequences in individual snail digestive systems, with other OTUs present at much lower proportions. The relative abundance of these three groups remained similar over 6 years of sampling (collection date was not shown to be a significant predictor of community structure), suggesting a long-term association. Furthermore, these bacterial genera were either not present (Mycoplasma and Psychromonas) or at very low abundance (<0.04% for Psychrilyobacter), in environmental samples and other deep-sea gastropods, supporting the uniqueness of the R. osteovora gut microbiome.

Genetic diversity of gliadin in Secale cereale subsp. segetale from Xinjiang, China

In order to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic status of Secale cereale L. subsp. segetale Zhuk., a weedy rye found in China, gliadin spectra of 90 S. cereale subsp. segetale populations were analyzed using the A-PAGE. The results showed a total of 34 bands were detected in all populations with eight common bands, one common band in γ-zone and seven common bands in ω-zone. The polymorphic bands taken on 76.5 %. All bands in α-, β- zone were polymorphic. The number of bands in each population ranged from 11 to 23. Each population showed unique electrophoretic pattern. The average Shannon index to four electrophoretic zones was 1.455. The highest Shannon index was found for the population 90R17, and α-, β-, γ- and ω-zone’s index detected 0.711, 1.156, 0.640 and 4.408 respectively. The lowest Shannon index was found for the population 89R55, and in α-, β-, γ- and ω-zone showed 0.000, 0.899, 0.322, and 2.709, respectively. The nearest genetic distance (0.027) was found between 90R16 and 90R35 (two Yining region’s populations), and the farthest genetic distance (0.569) was observed between 90R39 and 90R24, 90R34 (all from different regions). At Nei’s distance of 0.25, S. cereale subsp. segetale populations were clustered into five groups. AMOVA analysis indicated 14.0 % of the total genetic variation resided among populations, 86.0 % occurred within populations, and zero showed among regions. The abundant genetic diversity of implied elite genes that can be used in population diagnostics.

Role of landscape diversity in dynamics of abundance of sugar beet pests population in Poltava region

Indicators of landscape-ecological diversity of territory of the Poltava region according to remote sensing of the Earth have been established, and its role in determination of dynamics of abundance of sugar beet pests has been found. The greatest landscape-ecological diversity has been calculated to be characteristic for the east and central areas of the Poltava region. The greatest landscape diversity has been revealed for Reshetilovsky (by the average Shannon index it is equal to 1,07 bit/pixel) and Velikobagachansky (1,06 bit/pixel) districts which are in the center of the Poltava region. The least landscape diversity is characteristic for Chernuhinsky, Semenovsky, Globinsky and Kobeljansky districts. General level of the landscape-ecological diversity and its dynamics has its effect on the condition and dynamics of sugar beet pests’ abundance within the Poltava region. Landscape diversity defines the conditions where sharp growth of abundance of sugar beet pests may occur with the highest probability. Low level of landscape diversity displays ecological conditions at which risks of high infestations of sugar beet pest insects are the greatest. Level of landscape diversity in the conditions of the Poltava region, first of all, is defined by the relation of agro ecosystems to the landscape complexes of other types. Large unvaried territories which are occupied by agricultural lands create the conditions for high infestations of sugar beet pest insects.

2010年春季长江口及邻近海域砂壳纤毛虫的分布特点

于2010年春季(5月)在长江口及邻近海域进行砂壳纤毛虫丰度和生物量的调查。砂壳纤毛虫的丰度范围为0~1362 ind/L，平均丰度为226 ± 243 ind/L；砂壳纤毛虫的生物量范围为0.00~5.97 μg C/L，平均生物量为0.54 ± 0.86 μg C/L。表、中和底层砂壳纤毛虫丰度和生物量的高值区一般分布在长江口外海域的中部；砂壳纤毛虫丰度和生物量均在表层达到最高值，随水深增加明显降低。共鉴定出砂壳纤毛虫9属22种，其中拟铃虫属(Tintinnopsis)种类最多。主要优势种为百乐拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis beroidea)、黏粘筒壳虫(Tintinnidium mucicola)和白领细壳虫(Stenosemella nivalis)。砂壳纤毛虫群落Shannon指数的平均值为1.05 ± 0.59，Pielou指数的平均值为0.66 ± 0.33。砂壳纤毛虫群落水体Shannon指数和Pielou指数的高值区主要分布在长江口外海域。 We investigated the abundance and biomass of tintinnids in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent areas in spring of 2010. The average abundance of tintinnids was 226 ± 243 ind/L, ranging from 0 to 1362 ind/L. The average biomass of tintinnids was 0.54 ± 0.86 µg C/L, ranging from 0.00 to 5.97 µg C/L. High value areas of tintinnid abundance and biomass were mainly distributed in the middle area off the Changjiang Estuary. Tintinnids tended to accumulate in the surface layer. Twenty two tintinnid species were identified, 11 of which were in genus Tintinnopsis. The most dominant species were Tintinnopsis beroidea, Tintinnidium mucicola and Stenosemella nivalis. The average Shannon index and Pielou index were 1.05 ± 0.59 and 0.66 ± 0.33, respectively. The Shannon index and Pielou index were higher in the area off the Changjiang Estuary.

The study of genetic diversity of Daemonorops draco (Palmae) using ISSR markers

Asra R, Syamsuardi, Mansyurdin, Witono JR. 2014. The study of genetic diversity of Daemonorops draco (Palmae) using ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 15: 109-114. The genetic diversity in five populations of Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume (Jernang: in Bahasa Indonesia) was analyzed using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The screening results from using 15 ISSR primers showed that only 5 of ISSR primers had clear and reproducible bands. Based on the data from the matrix binary analyzed using POPGENE version 3.2, the highest genetic diversity was found in the Sepintun population at 0.0969 average heterozygosis (H) and 0.146 average Shannon Index (I). The heterozygosis calculation of the total population (HT) was 0.2571. The heterozygosis value within a population (HS=0.0704) was smaller than that between populations (DST=0.1867). Using the clustering analysis program Pastversion 32 on 43 individuals of D. draco, we found that there were three groups of D. draco. Group A consisted of 8 individuals in the Bengayoan population, group B consisted of 9 units in the Nunusan population and group C consisted of three populations; Tebo, Sepintun and Mandiangin consisted of 10, 8 and 8 individuals. The genetic similarity varied among all populations with the values between 0.07-0.93.

Genetic relationship among Camponotus rufipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests by RAPD molecular markers

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to investigate the genetic relationship among nests of the carpenter ant, Camponotus rufipes, located in the same area. Five random oligodecamers were used to amplify DNA from 108 ant workers collected from six nests. A total of 47 RAPD markers were identified, which revealed low levels of genetic differentiation among nests (Φst = 0.00218) and a low average Shannon index (0.3727) among workers within nests. These results together suggest that the C. rufipes nest may be formed by a single, once-mated queen and that nests produced by queens that are genetically related tend to keep their nests in close proximity to one other.

Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae).

• Premise of the study: Spartina alterniflora is one of the nine most notoriously invasive plants in China. Microsatellite markers were developed for this species to investigate its invasiveness and genetic diversity.• Methods and Results: Fifteen polymorphic and seven monomorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified and screened in 60 samples of S. alterniflora. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus ranged from two to eight, with an average of 3.8 alleles per polymorphic locus. The expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity based on seven disomic loci ranged from 0.27 to 0.46 and 0.21 to 0.51, respectively. The average Shannon index ranged from 0.26 to 0.94 in eight nondisomic loci.• Conclusions: The SSR markers described here may be useful for further investigation of population genetics and invasion dynamics of S. alterniflora.

Genetic Diversity Among Selected Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Lines Using RAPD Markers

Karabağ, K. and Balcioğlu, M.S. 2010. Genetic diversity among selected Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) lines using RAPD markers. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 38: 149–152. The intra and inter genetic polymorphisms and genetic relatedness of 12 generations selected 3 lines (HBW1, LBW, L); 7 generations selected 1 line (HBW2) and a control (C) line in Japanese quail were investigated by RAPD-PCR. Fourteen DNA samples (7♂-7 ♀) from each line were analyzed using 24 primers. One hundred ninety six polymorphic loci were amplified (150 to 2600 bp) and polymorphism rate was calculated as 99.49%. Genotypie polymorphism rates were calculated as 63.45%, 31.47%, 42.13%, 35.53% and 36.55% in C, LBW, HBW1, HBW2 and L, respectively. Average heterozygosis within lines (Hs), total heterozygosis (HT)and average Shannon index (I) values were 0.169, 0.354 and 0.528, respectively. The genetic variation was highest in C and lowest in LBW line. The genetic identity within line varied from 0.747 (C) to 0.875 (DCA) and between lines varied from 0.603 (C-L) to 0.813 (HBW1-LBW). It was found that genetically similar selection line to base ancestor (C) is HBW2 line (0.667) while farthest is L line (0.494). Thus genetic variation within line and the genetic relationships among lines could be estimated successfully using RAPD-PCR in selected Japanese quail lines.

Genetic diversity analysis of Hepatacodium miconioides at different altitude in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province, China and its relationship with environmental factors

The genetic diversity within and among populations of Hepatacodium miconioides collected at three different altitudes in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province and its relationships to environmental factors were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Amplification using 12 random primers of 60 plants and 122 repetitive loci were produced. The percentage of polymorphic loci of three populations ranged from 18.85% to 23.77% with an average of 21.86%, indicating the relatively low genetic diversity of H. miconioides. The average Shannon index of phenotypic diversity (0.1329) and Nei index (0.0925) within populations were relatively low. A distinct genetic differentiation existed among populations of H. miconioides in spite of the relatively small geographical distribution. The average genetic diversity within populations of H. miconioides accounted for 33.58% of the total genetic diversity while the genetic diversity among populations accounted for 66.42% as estimated by the Shannon index of phenotypic diversity, The genetic differentiation among populations of H. miconioides was 0.6546, as estimated by Nei index. The gene flow estimated from G ST was only 0.2656 and it indicated that gene flow among populations of H. miconioides was relatively low. The mean value of the genetic identity among populations of H. miconioides was 0.7126 and the average of genetic distance of H. miconioides was 0.3412. The genetic identity between populations at the elevation of 990 m and at the elevation of 780 m was the highest. The genetic identity between population at the elevation 500 m and other two populations was relatively low. The correlation analysis showed that the genetic diversity within populations was significantly related with the soil total nitrogen.