Average Self-rating Depression Scale Research Articles

Analysis of influencing factors of anxiety and depression in patients with periodontitis.

Periodontitis is a chronic oral disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms that corrode tooth tissue, form periodontal pockets, absorb alveolar bone, and finally lead to tooth loss. During treatment, patients are prone to anxiety, tension, and other negative emotions, which affect their ability to face the disease and may also lead to aggravation of the original condition and affect oral health. Therefore, it is important to improve the negative psychology of patients with periodontitis to clarify the factors that may lead to negative psychological emotions. To investigate the risk factors that may lead to anxiety and depression in patients with periodontitis. One hundred patients with periodontitis were selected between March 2022 and March 2023 at our hospital. All patients were assessed with the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) (≥ 53 points indicate a depressive state) and Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) (≥ 50 points indicates an anxious state). In this study, patients who experienced anxiety or depression were included in the occurrence group and those without anxiety or depression were included in the non-occurrence group. The baseline data of the two groups were compared to explore the risk factors for anxiety and depression in patients with periodontitis. A total of 100 patients with periodontitis were included in this study. According to the SDS, 38 patients (38.00%) developed depression, with an average SDS score of (68.52 ± 5.85) points. According to the SAS, 40 patients (40.00%) developed anxiety, and the average SAS score was (72.15 ± 4.15) points. In this study, 56 patients with anxiety or depression were included. Compared with the non-occurrence group, the occurrence group had higher ages (≥ 60 years), lower level of hope (low level), educational level (high school or below), disease perception (poor), and sleep disorder (yes). The negative coping dimension scores of the simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ) and Dental Fear Scale (DFS) in the occurrence group were higher, whereas the score of the positive coping dimension of the SCSQ was significantly lower (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the other data between the groups (P > 0.05). The results of multiple logistics regression analysis showed that age (≥ 60 years), level of hope (low level), educational level (high school or below), disease perception (poor), sleep disorder (yes), high negative coping dimension scores of SCSQ, high score of DFS, and low positive coping dimension scores of SCSQ were all factors contributing to the anxiety and depression in patients with periodontitis (odds ratio > 1, P < 0.05). Age, hope level, educational level, disease perception, sleep disorders, coping style, and dental fear were all associated with anxiety and depression in patients with periodontitis.

Psychological distress and sleep quality of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, a lockdown city as the epicenter of COVID-19

The major Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused tens of thousands of diagnosed patients quarantined and treated in designated hospitals in Wuhan, the epicenter of the disease in China. Evidence for the psychological problems of COVID-19 patients was limited. Here we report a cross-sectional study of the mental distress and sleep quality of patients in a single center in Wuhan. The study was based on a combined questionnaire of basic questions designed by the study group, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). On Feb 17th and Mar 14th, two groups of patients were recruited respectively in a designated hospital for COVID-19. Univariate analysis and regression models were used to identify predictors for patients' psychological distress and sleep quality. In total, there were 202 participants in our combined sample. The average SAS, SDS, and PSQI score of participants were 44.2, 51.7, and 9.3 respectively. Factors associated with SAS score include gender, subjective evaluation of disease symptoms, and evaluation of medical staffs' attitude. Gender, age, education level, frequency of contacting with family, subjective knowledge level of COVID 19, and evaluation of medical staffs’ attitude are associated with participants SDS score. Factors associated with PSQI score are age and subjective evaluation of disease symptoms.

Effect of daily tadalafil on reported outcomes in patients with erectile dysfunction and depressive symptoms: STROBE, a case-control study.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and depression are closely related. We sought to determine ED and depression were improved by tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, at 5 mg daily, in this case–control study.Participants were men aged 20 to 65 years with ED for >3 months, International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF) score <21 points, and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) survey result >50 points who were willing to participate.On first visit (V1) and after 1 (V2) and 2 months (V3), clinical features were examined using IIEF-5 for diagnosing and evaluating ED, SDS for evaluating depression, and International Prostate Symptom Score and Quality of Life (IPSS/QoL) survey for examining lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Tadalafil 5 mg was administered daily for 2 months.A total of 60 participants were an average age of 58.68 ± 6.71 years. Patient overall average IIEF was 8.76 ± 5.98, showing mild ED symptoms, and total average IPSS 13.74 ± 7.55 showed moderate LUTS. Average overall SDS index was 58.93 ± 9.21, indicating moderate-to-severe findings. Average change in IIEF among all patients revealed significant improvement from V1 to V2 (−2.69 ± 1.22, P = .03) and V1 to V3 (−4.38 ± 1.20, P < 0.01). IPSS also significantly improved from V1 to V3 (3.48 ± 1.37, P = .01), as did SDS index (V1, V2: 4.69 ± 1.89, P = 0.02), (V1, V3: 5.43 ± 1.89, P < .01). Patients with severe IIEF scores (group 1, n = 27) experienced significantly greater improvement in IIEF from V1 to V2 and V1 and V3, compared to those with mild-to-moderate IIEF scores. Both groups improved in SDS index from V1 to V2 and V1 to V3, with the greatest improvement between V1 and V3 for group 1 and V1 and V2 for group 2.Daily tadalafil 5 mg could be helpful for ED patients with depressive symptoms and improved LUTS and quality of life.

Efficacy of ginkgo biloba extract as augmentation of venlafaxine in treating post-stroke depression.

BackgroundPost-stroke depression (PSD) is one of the most common psychiatric diseases afflicting stroke survivors. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of ginkgo biloba extract as augmentation of venlafaxine in treating PSD.MethodsThe included PSD patients were randomly assigned into the experiment group (receiving ginkgo biloba extract plus venlafaxine) and control group (receiving venlafaxine alone). The treatment was continued for eight weeks. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to assess the depressive symptoms. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess the neurological defect, and the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) was used to assess recovery of abilities of patients after stroke. Meanwhile, the levels of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured before and after treatment. The dose of venlafaxine used and adverse events were also recorded.ResultsEach group had 40 PSD patients. After treatment, the depressive symptoms, neurological defect and living function were significantly improved in both groups. But the patients receiving ginkgo biloba extract plus venlafaxine had the significantly lower average HDRS score (p=0.0008), SDS score (p<0.00001), NIHSS score (p=0.00001), and higher average ADL score (p=0.0005). Meanwhile, compared to the control group, patients in the experiment group had the significantly higher 5-HT (p<0.00001) level and BDNF level (p<0.00001), needed lower dose of venlafaxine (p=0.007), and experienced fewer adverse events.ConclusionThese results demonstrated that the ginkgo biloba extract was a good augmentation of venlafaxine in treating PSD and should be further investigated.

Association of recent gay-related stressful events with depressive symptoms in Chinese men who have sex with men

BackgroundTo assess the association of different gay-related stressful events (GRSEs) with depressive symptoms in Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM).MethodA total of 807 MSM were recruited using respondent-driven sampling from four cities in northeastern China. GRSEs were measured using the Gay Related Stressful Life Events Scale, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS).ResultsA total of 26.0% of study participants experienced GRSEs in the past three months, and the average SDS score was lower than the previously reported national average for China. The study participants had significantly elevated risks of depression (SDS score ≥ 53) due to recent troubles with a boss (OR = 4.92, 95% CI = 1.87–12.97) or a workmate (OR = 3.68, 95% CI = 1.52–8.88), loss of a close friend (OR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.39–4.18), argument with a close friend (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.33–3.22), and being physically assaulted (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 0.98–4.43). Arguments with family members or classmates had no significant effect on depression. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the number of GRSEs, a lower level of education, more advanced age, and HIV infection significantly increased the risk of depression.ConclusionsThere are large differences in the associations of different types of GRSEs with depressive symptoms. Reducing the stigmatization and discrimination toward MSM in all social environments and improving the capability of MSM to cope with different types of GRSEs may improve their emotional wellbeing.

Effects of health education on the mental health and life quality of people at high risk of stroke

Objective To observe the effect of health education on the mental health and life quality of people at high risk of stroke. Methods Totally 3092 residents of Wuhan aged over 40 were screened for stroke risk. Of those, 392 cases were assessed as at high risk of stroke and were chosen as the study′s subjects. They were given a 1-year course of standard health education. Before and after the intervention, their diet, exercise, compliance with medication and smoking habits were recorded. They were also assessed using the self-rating depression scale (SDS), the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and the Spitzer quality of life index (QLI). Results Significant improvement in healthy behavior was observed after the intervention. The average SDS score and SAS score had decreased significantly, and the average QLI score was significantly higher than before the intervention. Conclusion Health education can improve the healthy behavior, mental state and life quality of people at high risk of stroke. Key words: Health education; Stroke risk; Mental health; Life quality

Association of recent gay-related stressful events and emotional distress with suicidal behaviors over 12months in Chinese men who have sex with men.

The study was designed to assess the association of gay-related stressful events (GRSEs) and emotional distress with suicidal behaviors over a 12-month period in Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM). A total of 807 MSM were recruited using a respondent-driven sampling method from 4 cities in northeastern China. The GRSEs were measured using the Gay-related Stressful Life Events Scale, depression using the Self-rating Depression Scale, and anxiety using the Self-rating Anxiety Scale. A total of 26.0% of study participants experienced GRSEs during the 3months, and their average Self-rating Depression Scale and Self-rating Anxiety Scale scores were significantly lower than the national norms. Over a 12-month period, the prevalence of suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt was 9.7%, 4.0%, and 3.0%, respectively, each of which is at least 3 to 4 times greater than that of male adults in the general population of China. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that GRSEs significantly increased the risk of suicidal ideation (odds ratio [OR]=2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.7) and plan (OR=2.8, 95% CI, 1.3-6.0). Depressive symptoms significantly increased the risk of suicidal ideation (OR=3.5, 95% CI, 2.1-5.8), plan (OR=4.4, 95% CI, 2.0-9.6), and attempt (OR=5.6, 95% CI, 21.94.8). Anxiety symptoms (OR=3.4, 95% CI, 1.4-8.4) and cohabitation with a same sex partner (OR=3.0, 95% CI, 1.2-7.9) significantly increased the risk of suicide attempt. More efforts to reduce GRSE are worth investigating as a strategy to reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviors in Chinese MSM.

A study of sociocultural factors on depression in Chinese infertile women from Hunan Province

Objective: To explore the sociocultural factors influencing depression in Chinese infertile women in Hunan Province.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 211 Chinese infertile women completed demographic details, a disease-related information questionnaire, a self-rating depression scale (SDS) and a social support rating scale (SSRS).Results: One hundred and seven (50.71%) of the participants were classified as depressed according to the self-rating depression scale. The average SDS index score was 50.06 ± 10.59. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation and a multivariable regression analysis, the results showed family type, feelings of discrimination, social support, feelings of shame and reproductive pressures were influential factors in depression among Chinese infertile women.Conclusion: Sociocultural factors influence depression levels in Chinese female infertile patients. The unique aspects of Chinese culture may have a negative mental impact on the patients, and cultural factors should be taken into consideration in the development of coping strategies for Chinese infertile women.

Associations between recent gay-related stressful events, emotional distress, social support and unprotected anal intercourse behavior among Chinese men who have sex with men.

This study was designed to assess the levels of and associations between gay-related stressful events, social support, emotional distress and the number of unprotected anal intercourse partners among Chinese men who have sex with men. Using a respondent-driven sampling method, 807 men who have sex with men were recruited in urban areas of northeast China and data were collected via face-to-face interviews. Gay-related stressful events were measured using the Gay-Related Stressful Life Events Scale; levels of depression, anxiety symptoms and social support were measured using the Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and the Social Support Rating Scale, respectively. Over a quarter of study participants experienced gay-related stressful events during the preceding 3 months. Their average Self-Rating Depression Scale, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Social Support scores differed significantly from the national norm. Gay-related stressful events significantly correlated with anxiety (r = 0.167, p < 0.001), depression (r = 0.165, p < 0.001), social support (r = -0.107, p = 0.002) and number of unprotected anal intercourse partners (r = 0.13, p < 0.001), showing a clear dose-response relationship. Gay-related stressful events are common and are significantly associated with emotional distress, lack of social support and high-risk sexual behaviors among Chinese men who have sex with men. Multifaceted approaches are warranted to increase social support and reduce intolerance toward homosexual behaviors and to reduce risky sexual behaviors related to the rapid HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men population in China.

Correlation between the sense of life and negative emotions in clinic nurses

Objective To explore the correlation between sense of life and the negative emotions in clinic nurses to provide reference frame for maintaining their mental health. Methods One hundred clinic nurses were included randomly. Purpose in Life Test （ PIL）, Self-Rating Depression Scale （ SDS）, and Self- Rating Anxiety Scale （SAS） were used to analyze the negative emotions and sense of life. Results There were thirty-three clinic nurses PIL score below 92 points, accounted for 33.0%, forty-one clinic nurses between 92 - 112, accounted for 41.0%, twenty-six clinic nurses more than 112 points, accounted for 26.0%. The average PIL score was （96. 19 ± 14.33）, which was lower than normal model, and the difference was statistically significant （t =4. 453,P 〈0.05）. The light, moderate SDS score was 20.0%, 10.0%, respectively. The average SDS score was （56.19 ±7.33）. The light, moderate SAS score was 23.0%, 14.0%, respectively. The average SAS score was （55.47 ± 6.86）. There was negative correlation between PIL score and SDS score, and between PIL score and SAS score （ r = - 0.444, - 0.453, respectively; P 〈 0.05 ）. Conclusions There is a negative correlation between negative emotions and sense of life. The stronger sense of life the nurses have, the better mental health they will have, which is conductive to nurse more efforts to study and work, and improve the nursing quality and hospital service levels. Key words: Nurse; Sense of life; Negative emotions ; Correlation

A Survey of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms among Primary-Care Physicians in China

Anxiety and depression disorder are the most prevalent mental health problems. However, few studies are available pertaining to these problems among Chinese doctors, especially the assessment of the anxiety and depression symptoms among primary-care providers. The aim of this study was to assess the anxiety and depression symptoms among Chinese primary-care physicians and their associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 451 primary-care physicians in Shanghai China (effective response rate was 79.8%). There were 177 male physicians and 274 female physicians with average age of 37.8 (SD +/- 11.1) years. Questionnaire pertaining to depression disorder was indicated by the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and anxiety disorder was indicated by the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). The average SAS and SDS standard scores of the primary-care physicians were 41.1 +/- 11.5 and 46.5 +/- 11.8 respectively. Both of the scale scores were higher than those of Chinese national norms (P both < 0.001). SDS standard score > or = 53 and SAS standard score > or = 50 were regarded as screening-positive criteria. SAS and SDS screening positive rates of primary-care physicians were 18.0% and 31.7% respectively. In addition, married/cohabited and divorced/widowed physicians aged over 30 years with educational background of junior college had higher risks of anxiety and depression disorders. Chinese primary-care physicians were at considerably high risk of anxiety and depression disorders, which was worthy of attention during healthcare system reform in China.

Depression and copingstyles after a liver transplant

：Objective To describedepression in liver transplant(LT)recipients and explore their coping styles.Methods Onehundred transplant recipients were divided into three groups according to the time afterLT:one to six months after the operation(group1),six months to one year(group2)and one tothree years after the operation(group3).A self-rating depression scale(SDS)was used tomeasure their depression levels,and a Medical Coping Modes questionnaire(MCMQ)Was used toinvestigate their coping styles.The results were compared with those from a generalpopulation,and the relevance of depression symptoms and coping styles was analysed.Results The average SDS score of all the LT recipients was 41.03±7.14(42.90±7.18 forgroup 1.40.71±7.97 for group 2 and 39.69±6.00 for group 3).The average depression scoresof the three groups were all significantly higher than in the normal population,but therewas no statistically significant difference among the three groups.The depression scoreswere negatively correlated with the confrontation aspect of coping style,while positivelycorrelated with avoidance and resignation.Conclusion LT recipients tend to bedepressed,and the level of depression is strongly related with their coping styles.

Predicting factors of depression in patients with primary hypertension: a community-based study

OBJECTIVETo investigate the factors that may predict the occurrence of depression in patients with primary hypertension.METHODSWe conducted a cross-sectional survey on 891 hypertensive patients and 651 normal subjects (control group) from a single community. Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS) was applied to evaluate the symptoms of depression, which was diagnosed when the SDS score was >41.RESULTSThere was no significant difference in gender distribution (female, 48.5 vs. 47.6%) and age (65.3±9.2 vs. 64.0±7.9 years) between the hypertensive control groups (P>0.05). Depression was diagnosed in 139 hypertensive patients (15.6%) and 27 (4.2%) control subjects (P<0.01). The average SDS score was higher in patients with hypertension duration of more than 3 years (33.3±9.0 vs. 30.6±7.6, P<0.001), in patients with severe hypertension (44.0±7.8 vs. 28.9±4.9, P<0.001) and in patients with a history of hospitalization for cardiovascular disorders (38.1±9.3 vs. 32.0±8.4, P<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the degree and the duration of hypertension, as well as hospitalization history, were independent predictors of depression in the hypertensive patients.CONCLUSIONSHypertension is associated with a higher prevalence of depression that can be predicted by the duration and severity of hypertension as well as a history of hospitalization.

Role of educational intervention in the management of comorbid depression and hypertension

To assess the effect of health education on blood pressure control and depression symptoms, we conducted a prospective study in 272 patients with essential hypertension. Depression symptoms were assessed by the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). There was no significant difference in the level of hypertension and SDS scores between the educational (n = 138) and control (n = 134) group before the study (p > 0.05). After 12 months of follow-up, the body mass index (BMI) was reduced in the educational group (23.6 ± 2.6 vs 21.4 ± 2.2 kg/m[Formula: See Text], p < 0.01), but it remained unchanged in the control group. The average systolic and diastolic blood pressure were reduced in both groups, but the amplitude of systolic blood pressure reduction in the educational group was greater than that of the control group (7.9 ± 2.3 vs 4.2 ± 2.0 mmHg, p < 0.01). The incidence of depression (10.9% vs 10.4%) and the average SDS scores (32.4 ± 6.7 vs 33.2 ± 6.9) were similar between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, in the depressed patients who received hypertension education, the average systolic (160.2 ± 12.4 mmHg) and diastolic (89.8 ± 7.3 mmHg) blood pressure was significantly lower than that of the control group (169.1 ± 16.8 and 96.8 ± 13.0 mmHg, respectively, p < 0.01). We conclude that hypertension education does not reduce the incidence or symptoms of depression, but it may facilitate blood pressure management in patients with clinical depression.

Mental depression and death in elderly persons.

To investigate the relationship between mental depression and death among elderly persons, a prospective study was conducted. 2,166 inhabitants aged from 60 to 74 years in the Hidaka district of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan were employed. From December 1990 to January 1991 we estimated the degree of depression of the subjects, using the self-rating depression scale (SDS) developed by Zung. The subjects were classified into 3 groups according to the average SDS score (Group A, < 2.00; Group B, 2.00-2.39 and Group C, > or = 2.40), and were followed up periodically until February 1995 to confirm whether they were still alive. The highest mortality was noted in Group C which consisted of those who had severe depression. Their mortalities for cancer, pneumonia and suicide were significantly high. After the adjustment of age, number of current diseases, smoking state and sex, a similar tendency was noted. Mental depression increased mortality of the aged. Part of this mechanism might be explained by the suppression of immunological resistance.