Average Response Research Articles

Declining hunter and trapper mail survey response rates between 1976 and 2020 in illinois

ABSTRACT We examined mail survey response rates between 1976 and 2020. All 129 studies analyzed: (a) were conducted by the Illinois Natural History Survey, (b) sampled the same population (Illinois hunters/trappers), (c) followed identical administration protocols, and (d) had the same structure. The unit of analysis was study year. Across all surveys, the average response rate was 67% (SD=.13) and ranged from a high of 86% (1982) to a low of 36% (2018). Among the waterfowl hunters, response rates ranged from 83% (1981) to 36% (2018). The comparable ranges for upland game hunters were 86% (1982) to 41% (2020), and for trappers the range was 85% (1989) to 50% (2020). The bivariate correlation between study year and response rate was −.95 for waterfowl surveys, −.86 for upland game surveys, and −.84 for trapper surveys. Results highlighted dramatic declines in response rates for all three activities over time.

The patterns in urine excretion and transvascular fluid exchange in human subjects during intravenous fluid infusion: A quantitative analysis.

Investigations of responses of animals and humans to changes of plasma volume are usually reported as average responses of groups of individuals. This ignores considerable quantitative variation between individuals. We examined the hypothesis that individual responses follow a common temporal pattern with variations reflecting different parameters describing that pattern. We illustrate this approach using data of Hahn, Lindahl and Drobin (Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.2011, 55:987-94) who measured urine volume and haemoglobin dilution of 10 female subjects during intravenous Ringer infusions for 30 min and subsequent 3.5 h. The published time courses were digitised and analysed to determine if a family of mathematical functions accounted for the variation in individual responses. Urine excretion was characterised by a time delay (Td) before urine flow increased and a time course of cumulative urine excretion described by a logarithmic function. This logarithmic relation forms the theoretical basis of a family of linear relations describing urine excretion as a function of Td. Measurement of Td enables estimation of subsequent values of urine excretion and thereby the fraction of infused fluid retained in the body. The approach might be useful for physiologists and clinical investigators to compare the response to infusion protocols when both test and control responses can be described by linear relations between cumulative urine volume at specific times and Td. The approach may also be useful for clinicians by complementing strategies to guide fluid therapy by enabling the later responses of an individual to be predicted from their earlier response.

The Development of Student Soft Skills through the Integration of PJBL STEAM Learning in The Organic Chemistry 1 Topic of Hydrocarbons

This research aims to improve students' soft skills in facing the 21st century, making learning more interesting and enjoyable so that the quality of human resources becomes better. This study explores how integrating Project-Based Learning (PjBL) with the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics) approach can improve students' soft skills in Organic Chemistry 1, specifically focusing on the topic of hydrocarbons. The research subjects were students taking Organic Chemistry 1 courses in the odd semester of the 2022/2023 academic year. This type of research is qualitative research with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, field observations, and reflective journals. The STEAM approach, encompassing Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics, is implemented through a six-stage learning process, namely providing essential questions, making a project plan, preparing a project schedule, monitoring students and project progress, assessing/testing results, and providing student experience. The research results show that students like project learning using the STEAM approach with an average questionnaire response result of 89.14% with very good criteria. 36% of students experienced problems when making project planning assignments in finding interesting ideas related to organic chemistry 1 material using the STEAM approach. The integration of STEAM in project-based learning can develop students' soft skills.

Hydrogen, medium-range airplane design optimization for minimal global warming impact

AbstractThis paper focuses on the conceptual design optimization of liquid hydrogen aircraft and their performance in terms of climate impact, cash operating cost, and energy consumption. An automated, multidisciplinary design framework for kerosene-powered aircraft is extended to design liquid hydrogen-powered aircraft at a conceptual level. A hydrogen tank is integrated into the aft section of the fuselage, increasing the operating empty mass and wetted area. Furthermore, the gas model of the engine is adapted to account for the hydrogen combustion products. It is concluded that for medium-range, narrow-body aircraft using hydrogen technology, the climate impact can be minimized by flying at an altitude of 6.0 km at which contrails are eliminated and the impact due to $$\hbox {NO}_{\textrm{x}}$$ NO x emissions is expected to be small. However, this leads to a deteriorated cruise performance in terms of energy and operating cost due to the lower lift-to-drag ratio (– 11%) and lower engine overall efficiency (– 10%) compared to the energy-optimal solutions. Compared to cost-optimal kerosene aircraft, the average temperature response can be reduced by 73–99% by employing liquid hydrogen, depending on the design objective. However, this reduction in climate impact leads to an increase in cash operating cost of 28–39% when considering 2030 hydrogen price estimates. Nevertheless, an analysis of future kerosene and hydrogen prices shows that this cost difference can be significantly decreased beyond 2030.

Confidence intervals for mean response times of a open queueing network: calibration approach

Response time is a key factor in the analysis of the different queueing network model properties. This study computes a series of response times using a data-based recurrence relation. The true average response time is determined using the sample averages from those response times. Several confidence intervals are created for the open queueing net- work model’s average response times using the calibration approach. Using a numerical simulation analysis, the accuracy of the various confidence intervals is evaluated. Journal of Statistical Research 2023, Vol 57, No.1-2, pp.69-79

Comparison of time-domain and frequency-domain models for vibration prediction of a rail transit viaduct paved with floating slab track

Noise from rail transit viaducts often has a negative effect on surrounding buildings and nearby residents. To reduce the bridge vibration and radiated noise, floating slab tracks have been widely adopted in rail transit viaducts. To calculate the vibration of coupled track-bridge systems, both time-domain and frequency-domain methods can be applied although their relative performance is not very clear. This study aims to compare the two approaches and then provide some guidelines in choosing the appropriate method for predicting the vibration. The principle and methodology of the two calculation methods are firstly introduced, and the models for the train, floating slab track and bridge are developed using similar parameters. To further improve the efficiency and accuracy of the frequency-domain method, a half period method and a weighted average method are proposed to calculate the average responses of a certain point on the rail, floating slab and bridge to approximate the response during the pass-by. An indirect method is used to estimate the wheel–rail combined roughness from the measured rail acceleration when the train is running on the bridge, and compared with the direct measurement rail roughness. For the vibration of the bridge and floating slab, comparisons are made between results obtained from the time-domain and frequency-domain methods with different train speeds, and between results from experiment and simulation with different roughness. It is found that the wheel–rail contact forces and other structural responses from the two approaches show good consistency in the frequency region above 20 Hz. It is shown that a good approximation of the response during the pass-by can be obtained using the frequency-domain method by adopting the half period average or a simplified weighted average of two wheel position cases. When using the measured roughness and estimated roughness, the simulated vibration of the floating slab and bridge match well with the experimental results, and the indirect method can be used to modify direct measurement roughness in lower frequency regions. In the vibration prediction, the rail vibration or roughness, and other parameters in the vehicle–track–bridge system, should be measured accurately to ensure high reliability.

Alternative climate metrics to the Global Warming Potential are more suitable for assessing aviation non-CO2 effects

A growing body of research has highlighted the major contribution of aviation non-CO2 emissions and effects to anthropogenic climate change. Regulation of these emissions, for example in the EU Emissions Trading System, requires the use of a climate metric. However, choosing a suitable climate metric is challenging due to the high uncertainties of aviation non-CO2 climate impacts, their variability in atmospheric lifetimes and their dependence on emission location and altitude. Here we use AirClim to explore alternatives to the conventional Global Warming Potential (GWP) by analysing the neutrality, temporal stability, compatibility and simplicity of existing climate metrics and perform a trade-off. We find that using the temperature-based Average Temperature Response (ATR) or using an Efficacy-weighted GWP (EGWP) would enable a more accurate assessment of existing as well as future aircraft powered by novel aviation fuels.

Exploring the Aesthetic and Functional Aspects of Recycled Furniture in Promoting Sustainable Development: An Applied Approach for Interior Design Students

Exploring the Aesthetic and Functional Aspects of Recycled Furniture in Promoting Sustainable Development: An Applied Approach for Interior Design Students

Development of the Food Acceptance Questionnaire for Thai Partial and Complete Edentulism

This study aimed to develop the Food Acceptance Questionnaire (FAQ) to assess the masticatory ability of Thai older adults (≥60 years). Fifty participants were interviewed using open-ended questions about food they regularly consumed and avoided due to difficulty chewing. From a list of 140 items, 100 were recruited for a trial version of the FAQ. A total of 154 participants responded to the 5-point Likert scale on their chewing perception of each food item (1, impossible to chew; 5, most easily eaten). The average response of each food item was used as the chewing index (CI). The 100 food items were ranked and divided into five grades based on their CIs. Masticatory performance (MP) was objectively assessed by a visual scoring method using gummy jelly (UHA Mikakuto). Two foods from each grade that demonstrated the highest correlation with MP were selected to form the final 10-item FAQ. The FAQ score was calculated by summarizing the responses of 10 items. MP correlated strongly with the FAQ score (r = 0.57, p < 0.001), indicating its predictive validity. Furthermore, the FAQ indicates strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.90), indicating high reliability. In conclusion, this newly developed 10-item FAQ is valid and reliable for assessing the masticatory ability of Thai older adults.

Antibody Response against SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA Vaccine in a Cohort of Hospital Healthy Workers Followed for 17 Months

The assessment of antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is of critical importance to verify the protective efficacy of available vaccines. Hospital healthcare workers play an essential role in the care and treatment of patients and were particularly at risk of contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic. The vaccination protocol introduced in our hospital protected the workers and contributed to the containment of the infection’ s spread and transmission, although a reduction in vaccine efficacy against symptomatic and breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals was observed over time. Here, we present the results of a longitudinal and prospective analysis of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at multiple time points over a 17-month period to determine how circulating antibody levels change over time following natural infection and vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 before (T0–T4) and after the spread of the omicron variant (T5–T6), analyzing the antibody response of 232 healthy workers at the Pio XI hospital in Desio. A General Estimating Equation model indicated a significant association of the antibody response with time intervals and hospital area, independent of age and sex. Specifically, a similar pattern of antibody response was observed between the surgery and administrative departments, and a different pattern with higher peaks of average antibody response was observed in the emergency and medical departments. Furthermore, using a logistic model, we found no differences in contracting SARS-CoV-2 after the third dose based on the hospital department. Finally, analysis of antibody distribution following the spread of the omicron variant, subdividing the cohort of positive individuals into centiles, highlighted a cut-off of 550 BAU/mL and showed that subjects with antibodies below this are more susceptible to infection than those with a concentration above the established cut-off value.

Social and spatial disparities in individuals’ mobility response time to COVID-19: A big data analysis incorporating changepoint detection and accelerated failure time models

Although an increasing number of studies have investigated the lag time between the outbreak of COVID-19 and behavior change, few have accurately measured response times to the epidemic at the individual scale as well as their social and spatial heterogeneities. Using a large-scale, long time series dataset of individual-level mobile phone trajectories from Shenzhen, China, we compared six changepoint detection (CPD) algorithms in terms of their performance in detecting true changepoints (CPs) in time series data of individuals’ daily travel distances. We found that the kernel-based CPD method outperformed other algorithms. We thus adopted this method to calculate Shenzhen residents’ mobility response times to the outbreak of COVID-19 and further used an accelerated failure time (AFT) model to explore factors affecting response times. The results suggest that the average and median mobility response times to the outbreak in Shenzhen were 4.64 days and 4 days, respectively. Males and the elderly responded more slowly to the outbreak, while responses were faster among residents in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of highly educated, married, or employed individuals; with better regional accessibility to the city center, railway stations, or the airport; and with higher residential density. These findings can assist policymakers in determining the policy timeline and re-assessing the effectiveness and equity impact of mobility restriction policies and designing more responsive policies varying by social groups and built environment features, helping build socially-resilient neighborhoods in the post-COVID era.

Abstract PO2-02-02: BREAst Cancer Personalized NuTrition (BREACPNT): dietary intervention in HR+ breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy

Abstract BACKGROUND Breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy commonly experience weight gain, which has been associated with low adherence to therapy and worse breast cancer prognosis. Dietary interventions are the first-line treatment for weight management in breast cancer patients and have beneficial results. Yet, the ability to maintain these outcomes requires further research. Here, we aimed to assess whether a personalized postprandial glucose targeting (PPT) diet is beneficial for weight management and metabolic health as compared with the recommended Mediterranean (MED) diet in this population. DESIGN AND METHODS BREACPNT is a phase-2 randomized trial in HR+ patients with breast cancer, treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy. We randomly assigned participants to follow a MED diet or a PPT diet for a 6-month dietary intervention and additional 6-month follow-up. The PPT diet is based on a machine-learning algorithm that integrates clinical and microbiome features to predict personal postprandial glucose responses (PPGRs). During the intervention, participants were monthly followed by a registered dietitian, they were additionally connected to a 2-week continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on 3-timepoints, provided stool and blood samples and self-reported dietary intake using a smartphone application. RESULTS Among 127 randomized patients (mean ± SD age 53 ± 10 years, BMI 28.6 ± 5 kg/m2), 103 (81%) completed the 6-month intervention period. A total of 94 participants provided 12-month follow-up data. Both interventions led to a significant weight loss. The PPT-diet showed numerically greater weight loss with median change of -1.45kg (IQR -3.75 – 0) compared to the MED-diet with median change of -1kg (IQR -3.2 - 0.1) , however this was not significant (p=0.9). Notably, at the 12-month time point , participants in the PPT arm were more likely to maintain the weight loss (median -1.2kg, IQR -4 - 0.1) compared to participants in the MED-arm (median -0.15kg , IQR -4.25 - 1.5), p=0.14) and had significantly improved waist circumference (median, IQR; -5 cm, -8-(-2) in the PPT arm, compared to -1cm, -6.5-3 in the MED arm, p=0.01). In terms of glucose metabolism the PPT-diet led to improved glycemic control as measured by CGM, with significant lower average postprandial glucose responses (PPGRs) and glucose coefficient of variation (CV) compared to the MED-diet arm (mean 6-month change in PPGR was 2.1 ± 7.5 mg/dL × h for MED and −3.4 ± 5.6 mg/dL × h for PPT, p< 0.001, and the 6-month mean change for CV was 0.15 ± 2.76 for MED and −1.37 ± 3.2 for PPT, p< 0.01). Within the entire cohort, participants who experienced the greatest weight loss (upper quartile) were more likely to be postmenopausal compared to participants in the lower quartile. Additionally, participants who did not achieve weight loss (lower quartile) were significantly more likely to be treated with tamoxifen than AI (p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS In this dietary intervention in HR+ breast cancer patients, both PPT diet and MED diet led to weight loss and improved food quality, with a slight advantage to PPT diet. PPT diet additionally improved glycemic features as compared to MED diet, which are linked to lower risk of obesity and disease recurrence, suggesting an advantage in a glucose targeting approach. Premenopausal and Tamoxifen treated patients were less likely to lose weight through the intervention. These findings may have implications for dietary advice in clinical practice. Citation Format: Michal Rein, Maya Dadiani, Anastasia Godneva, Michal Bakalenik-Gavry, Dana Morzaev-Sulzbach, Maya Lotan-Pompan, Adina Weinberger, Eran Segal, Einav Gal-Yam. BREAst Cancer Personalized NuTrition (BREACPNT): dietary intervention in HR+ breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO2-02-02.

Evaluation of the clinical and economic value of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) in patients with chronic hepatitis C in Spain during the last 5 years

ObjectiveDirect-acting antivirals for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) represented a paradigm shift. In 2017, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL-Epclusa®) was approved, which showed a high cure rate in all patient, contributing to HCV elimination. The analysis aimed to quantify the clinical and economic value of SOF/VEL in HCV chronic patients since its approval in Spain. MethodsAn economic evaluation was elaborated adapting a Markov model that simulated the lifetime disease progression in of all HCV chronic patients treated with SOF/VEL (30,488 patients) since its launch (5-years), compared to previous therapies. Patients entered the model and were distributed between the fibrosis states (F0-to-F4) in treated and untreated. All patients (100%) were treated with SOF/VEL regardless of their fibrosis, and 49% with previous therapies in ≥F2. The average sustained viral response (SVR) rates 98.9% SOF/VEL versus 61.0% previous therapies. All parameters for the analysis were obtained from real-life data and literature. Only direct healthcare costs associated with disease management were included. The SOF/VEL value was measured as the number of hepatic complications avoided and their associated cost, and hepatic mortality compared to previous therapies. National Health System perspective and a 3% discount rate was applied. ResultsSOF/VEL decreased the number of liver complications, avoiding 92% decompensated cirrhosis, 80% hepatocellular carcinomas, and 87% liver transplants, as well as 85% liver-related mortality. Their cost associated was reduced, amounting to savings of 197M€. ConclusionSOF/VEL adds relevant value to the HCV treatment, reducing the clinical and economic disease burden and contributing to HCV elimination in Spain.

Natural ceramic clay and cucurbituril guest-host reconfiguration for smart light, humidity, solvent and temperature responsiveness

Aiming to endow natural minerals with fast, high-sensitivity, and controllable smart light, humidity, solvent and temperature responsiveness, a novel ceramic clay and cucurbituril (CB) guest-host system (MVCB) inspired by nature was self-assembled and rearranged via an ingenious and simple design successfully. For the first time, the multi-functional MVCB not only displayed a high intelligent multi-stimuli responsiveness as light, humidity, solvent, and temperature switches, but also had multiple selective molecular recognition responses because of different organic vapor with CB and asymmetrical bilayer clay. For instance, due to the factors of guest-host and slow release, the average response speed of self-assembled shuffling the MVCB in methanol was as high as 108°/s compared with bilayer film without CB (20°/s). Besides, the MVCB exhibited controllable swift movement and was bending for grabbing three times its own weight. Moreover, the ultra-wide operating temperature of the MVCB from was ranging −196 to 300 °C under extreme condition. More interestingly, the MVCB presented a unique and compliable self-driven, smart switch, shape memory, environmental awareness and soft robotic gripper owing to the asymmetrical swelling and supramolecular of the CB. This work not only brings a simple, cost-effective, large-scale, and efficient strategy for multi-functionalized natural minerals materials, but also opens potential applications for intelligent response, extremely resistant substances, energy conversion and soft robotics.

CCFTL: A novel continuity compressed page-level flash address mapping method for SSDs

Given the distinctive characteristics of flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs), such as out-of-place update scheme, as compared to traditional block storage devices, a flash translation layer (FTL) has been introduced to hide these features. In the FTL, there is an address translation module that implements the conversion from logical addresses to physical addresses. However, existing address mapping algorithms currently fail to fully exploit the mapping information generated by large I/O requests. First, based on this observation, we propose a novel continuity compressed page-level flash address mapping method (CCFTL). This method effectively compresses the mapping relationship between consecutive logical addresses and physical addresses, enabling the storage of more mapping information within the same mapping cache size. Next, we introduce two-level LRU linked list to mitigate the issue of compressed mapping entry splitting that arises from handling write requests. Finally, our experiments show that CCFTL reduced average response times by 52.67%, 16.81%, and 12.71% compared to DFTL, TPFTL, and MFTL, respectively. red As the mapping cache size decreases from 2MB to 1MB, then further decreases to 256KB, 128KB, and eventually down to 64KB, CCFTL experiences an average decline ratio of less than 3% in average response time, while the other three algorithms show an average decline ratio of 9.51%.

تحديات وعوامل نجاح المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة في قطاع الأغذية في منطقة الرياض

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the food sector in Riyadh face various challenges and factors affecting their success. This research aims to identify the main challenges encountered by SMEs in the food sector in Riyadh, explore the strategies they adopt, and analyze the success factors contributing to the growth and sustainability of these SMEs. The researchers employed a descriptive survey method, suitable for the nature and objectives of the study, and selected 52 SME owners from the study population. The study revealed several key findings: the overall average response of the study participants regarding the challenges and difficulties faced by SMEs fell at a "agree" level with an average score of 4.02. Additionally, the overall average response of the study participants regarding the success factors of SMEs fell at a "strongly agree" level with an overall average score of 4.51. Furthermore, the overall average response of the study participants regarding marketing and promotion in SMEs fell at a "agree and strongly agree" level with an overall average score of 4.40. The study recommended that educational and training programs specialized for SME owners in the food sector be provided, including marketing, cost management, and development of managerial skills, to increase their understanding and enhance their capabilities in dealing with financial and marketing challenges. Academic institutions should be encouraged to provide greater support for research and innovation in the food industry, including providing funding and necessary resources for researchers to focus on innovative solutions to the challenges facing SMEs in this sector. Universities and academic institutions should support SMEs in the food sector in updating their technology and applying modern technological solutions to improve their productivity, product quality, and more effective marketing.

Modulation Steering Motion by Quantitative Electrical Stimulation in Pigeon Robots

The pigeon robot has attracted significant attention in the field of animal robotics thanks to its outstanding mobility and adaptive capability in complex environments. However, research on pigeon robots is currently facing bottlenecks, and achieving fine control over the motion behavior of pigeon robots through brain–machine interfaces remains challenging. Here, we systematically quantify the relationship between electrical stimulation and stimulus-induced motion behaviors, and provide an analytical method to demonstrate the effectiveness of pigeon robots based on electrical stimulation. In this study, we investigated the influence of gradient voltage intensity (1.2–3.0 V) on the indoor steering motion control of pigeon robots. Additionally, we discussed the response time of electrical stimulation and the effective period of the brain–machine interface. The results indicate that pigeon robots typically exhibit noticeable behavioral responses at a 2.0 V voltage stimulus. Increasing the stimulation intensity significantly controls the steering angle and turning radius (p < 0.05), enabling precise control of pigeon robot steering motion through stimulation intensity regulation. When the threshold voltage is reached, the average response time of a pigeon robot to the electrical stimulation is 220 ms. This study quantifies the role of each stimulation parameter in controlling pigeon robot steering behavior, providing valuable reference information for the precise steering control of pigeon robots. Based on these findings, we offer a solution for achieving precise control of pigeon robot steering motion and contribute to solving the problem of encoding complex trajectory motion in pigeon robots.

Analysis of student responses toward activities using e-learning in higher education

The aim of this study is to investigate how students respond to learning activities using e-learning. Researchers analyzed students' responses based on four aspects of activity, including attendance discipline, assignment collection accuracy, enthusiastic use of e-learning teaching materials, and participation in group discussions. The research method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive method and usability testing method. The data analysis technique used is descriptive percentage. The sample for this study consisted of 100 students from the informatics education study program, including the batches of 2019, 2020, and 2021. The results showed that the average response rate of students towards e-learning activities was 67.19% for the year 2019, 81.32% for the year 2020, and 78.59% for the year 2021. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that students from all three batches responded positively to the e-learning activities.

A greedy randomized adaptive search procedure for scheduling IoT tasks in virtualized fog–cloud computing

AbstractVirtualized fog–cloud computing (VFCC) has emerged as an optimal platform for processing the increasing number of emerging Internet of Things (IoT) applications. VFCC resources are provisioned to IoT applications in the form of virtual machines (VMs). Effectively utilizing VMs for diverse IoT tasks with varying requirements poses a significant challenge due to their heterogeneity in processing power, communication delay, and energy consumption. In addressing this challenge, in this article, we propose a system model for scheduling IoT tasks in VFCCs, considering not only individual task deadlines but also the system's overall energy consumption. Subsequently, we employ a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) to determine the optimal assignment of IoT tasks among VMs. GRASP, a metaheuristic‐based technique, offers appealing characteristics, including simplicity, ease of implementation, a limited number of tuning parameters, and the potential for parallel implementation. Our comprehensive experiments evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, comparing its performance with the most advanced algorithms. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the existing methods in terms of deadline satisfaction ratio, average response time, energy consumption, and makespan.

Case Study in Network Security System Using Random Port Knocking Method on The Principles of Availability, Confidentiality and Integrity

Preventing unidentified individuals from misusing their access to information is a major concern when it comes to data security. Network administrators are charged with working harder to be able to secure the computer network they manage. The utilization of right method is a challenge for network administrators to protect computer network from intruders. The RPK method is one of solution to overcome this problem. This research aims to implement RPK method on the principles of availability, confidentiality, and integrity which have not been explored by previous studies. The network system configuration stage involved installing Debian 9, NMAP, Hydra, RPK, cloud server, remote admin, and attacker. The network security system's performance was tested, revealing a 99.97% availability rate and 100% confidentiality. The system's integrity was assessed, with an average response time of 0.22 seconds and 100% blocking accuracy. The test results indicate that the system's network security performance, using the RPK method, capable of protecting server attacks and effectively upholding security stability.