Average Received Signal Strength Indicator Research Articles

Methodology for Safe and Effective Subcutaneous Implantation of Wireless Biotelemetry Sensor Devices in Rodents.

In this work, a methodology for assessing the impact of implantation surgery on laboratory mice on behavior was created. The study included the design of several implants fabricated on various printed circuit board (PCB) technologies with overall diameters between 26-28mm and weights between 4.5-6.5g. 11 adult CD1 mice were implanted with the devices and their behavior was analyzed using common behavioral benchmark tests. The results show that implants designed to be 10% of the animal's body weight showed no adverse effects on mobility or social behavior. These results illustrate a method to identify and reduce the adverse behavioral changes inherent to device implantation. Additional considerations for implant surgery are provided. These results are validated with the implantation of a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) wireless sensor tag. The implanted wireless tag showed an average Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of 62.96dBm with a standard deviation of 4.95dBm and a variance of 24.5 dBm2. The high RSSI and variance values show that the implant was working well inside of the mouse's body and that the mouse was fully recovered and readily exploring its surroundings.Clinical Relevance-This work 1) studies the behavioral impact of implantable wireless biopotential devices. This will help clinical researchers conducting behavioral studies using sensor implants. 2) demonstrates a working implanted BLE wireless model inside of a mouse. Various wireless connectivity metrics are studied.

LoRa Communication in the Service Level Monitoring Satu Duit Bogor Bridge

Lora is the solution to the problem of the need for long-distance two-way communication between machines that are targeted by IoT (Internet of Thins. LoRa has long-distance transmission capabilities, has power, and a low bit rate. Based on the needs related to LoRa, further research is needed, to analyze the performance of LoRa communication. The LoRa communication protocol will be applied to the One Duit Bogor bridge monitoring system using the Website and LabVIEW. This study used LoRa SX1276 with a frequency of 915MHz with the LoRa point-to-point method and LoRa gateway. The parameters analyzed include RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator), SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Delay, Throughput, and Packet loss to determine the quality of LoRa performance with TIPHON standards. Based on the tests that have been carried out, it proves that LoRa communication has good performance. In urban areas or around the Satu Duit Bogor bridge, LoRa can transmit data from a distance of 0 to 500 m with an average delay of 217 ms, an average packet loss of 10.237%, an average throughput of 137.881 bps, an average SNR of 7.54 dB, and an average RSSI of -71,798 dBm. At a distance of 0-400 m there is an insignificant change in LoRa parameters, but at a distance of 500 m a high change occurs, this is due to the fact that the distance greatly affects the transmission of data. The longer the range, the more obstacles will be passed so that data transmission is disrupted.

Evaluating Android smartphone’s Bluetooth received signal strength indicator measurements for social distancing

<span>This paper presents a digital solution to reduce transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by maintaining social distance between the general public. The object is achieved by using Bluetooth, which is already handy for almost everyone in the general public and comes as a standard feature in smartphones. The present technique uses an indirect method to calculate the range between the two objects. 5,300 samples were collected by adjusting the receiver at a range of angles to calculate the intensity of the Bluetooth signal. The observations are presented in the form of plotted graphs between the number of samples and the average received signal strength indicator (RSSI) value at a particular angle of rotation.</span>

Sistem Peringatan Dini Untuk Pengendalian Pembatasan Jarak Fisik Dengan Metode RSSI Menggunakan Modul Wemos D1 Mini

Covid-19 was first reported in Indonesia in March 2020. A month later the confirmed cases had reached 1528 cases and the death toll was 136 cases. Distance restrictions, also known as physical and social distance, are one of the government's efforts to reduce the rate of increase in the number of positive Covid-19 patients. However, this policy is still not fully effective, due to the low level of community compliance. When personal awareness has not been awakened, the use of technology in the context of early warning to maintain distance is an effective solution. This article discusses the use of received signal strength indicator (RSSI) from the Wemos D1 Mini module as a model of an early warning system device to anticipate unsafe distances when someone is in a crowd. The use of RSSI in this study shows that the device made works well, where the alarm is active when the distance between devices is 1 meter. The system performance was analyzed by calculating and measuring the average RSSI error value of -34.46 dBm and the average distance error of 0.26 meters. Overall, the early warning system using this method can be used properly to estimate physical distance restrictions during a pandemic.

A Dataset to Evaluate IEEE 802.15.4g SUN for Dependable Low-Power Wireless Communications in Industrial Scenarios

This article presents a dataset obtained from the deployment of an IEEE 802.15.4g SUN (Smart Utility Network) single-hop network (11 nodes) in a large industrial scenario (110,044 m 2 ) for a long period of time (99 days). The dataset contains ∼11 M entries with RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator), CCA (Clear Channel Assessment), and PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) values. The analyzed results show a high variability in the average RSSI (i.e., between −82.1 dBm and −101.7 dBm) and CCA (i.e., between −111.2 dBm and −119.9 dBm) values, which is caused by the effects of multi-path propagation and external interference. Despite being above the sensitivity limit for each modulation, these values result in poor average PDR values (i.e., from 65.9% to 87.4%), indicating that additional schemes are needed to meet the link reliability requirements of industrial applications. Hence, the presented dataset will allow researchers and practitioners to propose novel mechanisms and evaluate their performance using realistic conditions, enabling the dependability vision of the RAW (Reliable and Available Wireless) WG (Working Group) at the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).

Analysis of 4G mobile network coverage in UTeM technology campus

<p><span>This paper proposes an analysis of the coverage performance of 4G cellular services in UTeM Technology Campus. The performance of the cellular services is presented as the network’s coverage profile which is based on the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). The area under study is virtually divided into 64 grid points where the average RSSI measurements are captured by using an open source software namely G-Mon. The measured values are mapped into the network coverage profile which represents the signal reception quality at each of the grid points. A statistical analysis called Two-Way ANOVA is performed to investigate the correlation of the performance of 4G cellular services in UTeM Technology Campus with the mobile phone brands and service operators. Based on the analysis, it is found that the signal reception in outdoor areas are better than that of indoor areas. In addition, the analysis shows that the propagation loss and signal degradation are two factors that contribute to the 4G services’ performance in UTeM Technology Campus. </span></p>

Multi-Constraints Adaptive Link Quality Index Based Mobile-RPL Routing Protocol for Low Power Lossy Networks

The importance of IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (LLNs), also called RPL, has motivated in the development of a robust and quality of service (QoS) oriented Multi-Constraints Adaptive Link Quality Index (MALQI) based routing protocol. Unlike classical RPL protocols, MALQI enables mobile-RPL while ensuring fault-resilient, reliable and QoS communication over LLNs. MALQI protocol exploits key novelties such as signal strength based mobile node positioning, average received signal strength indicator (ARSSI) and ETX based objective function for fault tolerant best forwarding path selection. The functional architecture of MALQI enables it to be used as the parallel to the link layer RPL that even in the case of link failure can assist efficient data delivery over LLNs. Once detecting link outage, MALQI can execute node discover and best forwarding path selection to assist QoS delivery. Contiki-Cooja based simulation reveals that MALQI based mobile-RPL outperforms other state-of-art routing protocols.

PENGARUH KEBERADAAN OBJEK MANUSIA TERHADAP STABILITAS RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH INDICATOR (RSSI) PADA BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY 4.0 (BLE)

There are many systems with diverse technologies such as GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Ultra Wide Band, Ultrasound, Infrared can be used for location-based services. Of these technologies can be developed several applications for positioning purposes such as monitoring patients in hospitals or elderly people who are undergoing treatment at home. This paper proposes a simple method to estimate the presence of the object / user in a fixed area using parameter Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) on Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy (BLE). To determine the performance of the RSSI, conducted two experiments in a room scenario dimensions 3 x 2.80 x 2.5 m (present and not present). Two experiments were conducted to test the performance of the RSSI signal. The first experiments with conditions not present showed a good performance. However, in the second experiment (present) with the status of various objects that are in the same room, resulting in poor performance of RSSI, where there is a shift in the RSSI value at the first measurement was obtained average RSSI -73 dBm with a range distance of 2 m, the second measurement obtained an average RSSI value of -85 dBm at a distance of 3 m range. With these results it can be concluded that the human presence in the area of research is very influential on the performance positioning signal strength (RSSI) and the significant impact that the shift distance of up to 1 m.

Transmission Power Range based Sybil Attack Detection Method over Wireless Sensor Networks

Sybil attack can disrupt proper operations of wireless sensor network by forging its sensor node to multiple identities. To protect the sensor network from such an attack, a number of countermeasure methods based on RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) and LQI (Link Quality Indicator) have been proposed. However, previous works on the Sybil attack detection do not consider the fact that Sybil nodes can change their RSSI and LQI strength for their malicious purposes. In this paper, we present a Sybil attack detection method based on a transmission power range. Our proposed method initially measures range of RSSI and LQI from sensor nodes, and then set the minimum, maximum and average RSSI and LQI strength value. After initialization, monitoring nodes request that each sensor node transmits data with different transmission power strengths. If the value measured by monitoring node is out of the range in transmission power strengths, the node is considered as a malicious node.

Design and Implementation of a Testbed for IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee) Performance Measurements

IEEE 802.15.4, commonly known as ZigBee, is a Media Access Control (MAC) and physical layer standard specifically designed for short range wireless communication where low rate, low power, and low bandwidth are required. This makes ZigBee an ideal choice when it comes to sensor networks for monitoring data collection and/or triggering process responses. However, these very characteristics bring into question ZigBee's ability to perform reliably in harsh environments. This paper thoroughly explains the experimental testbed setup and execution to demonstrate ZigBee's performance in several practical applications. This testbed is capable of measuring the minimum, maximum, and average received signal strength indicator (RSSI), bit error rate (BER), packet error rate (PER), packet loss rate (PLR), and the bit error locations. Results show that ZigBee has the potential capabilities to be used in all four tested environments.