Average Quality Level Research Articles

The Quality of Life among Patients with Lyme Disease – a Cross Sectional Study

Introduction. Quality of life plays an important role in the fields of health and medicine. Aim. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of life of Lyme disease patients in relation to sociodemographic factors and life satisfaction. Material and Methods. The study was conducted by a diagnostic survey among 126 Lyme disease patients. The study used The World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Results. Among the respondents, those over 55 years of age had significantly lower somatic quality of life than those younger than 35 years of age (p=0.016). Those with secondary or higher education were characterized by higher quality of life in the somatic sphere than those with vocational education (p<0.05). Women were characterized by a statistically significantly higher quality of life in the social sphere than men(p=0.003). Those in a relationship were characterized by a higher quality of life in the environmental sphere than those who were single (p<0.05), a positive correlation between life satisfaction and quality of life in the somatic and social spheres(p<0.05; rho≤0.5), and in the environmental sphere(p<0.05; rho≤0.7). Conclusions. Lyme disease patients have an average level of quality of life, the spheres of which are influenced by such factors as gender, age, marital status education and life satisfaction. (JNNN 2024;13(3):100–105)

Enhancing quality in Lot reception: A comparative analysis of innovative attribute acceptance sampling plans

Purpose: This study aims to enhance production quality by applying Quality Control (QC) principles through acceptance sampling, specifically analyzing the efficacy of attribute acceptance sampling plans in final lot receptions.Design/methodology/approach: Through a comprehensive review and critical evaluation of various sampling methodologies found in literature, this paper assesses their efficiency under distinct administrative and operational conditions. It emphasizes the comparison of different attribute acceptance sampling plans by examining variations in parameters and key performance indicators, such as Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ) and inspection time allocation percentage. Furthermore, it proposes a model for Continuous Sampling Plans (CSP) to evaluate these plans' performance in response to operational characteristic variations.Findings: The analysis reveals that the selected methodologies significantly aid in decision-making processes for lot acceptance, utilizing non-conforming rates depicted by the Average Quality Level (AQL). This provides a robust framework for improving Quality Control strategies, demonstrating the potential of these methodologies to optimize production quality through strategic lot acceptance.Practical implications: This paper outlines a practical approach for industry practitioners to enhance decision-making in lot acceptance, offering a method to balance quality control with operational efficiency effectively.Originality/value: By comparing a wide range of attribute acceptance sampling plans and introducing a novel CSP model, this research contributes valuable insights into the optimization of QC strategies. It offers a unique perspective on enhancing production quality, marking a significant advancement in the field of Quality Control and management.

About the benefits of physical therapy during antitumor therapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: The data available today show the positive impact of increased physical activity on the patient’s condition, helping not only to improve physical health, but also psycho-emotional state, reducing stress and anxiety. Comprehensive rehabilitation programs can significantly improve the overall well-being of cancer patients and contribute to their return to an active social life. AIM: To study the effect of increased physical activity in the form of physical therapy on the overall result of antitumor treatment, the level of quality of life of patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving immunotherapy both alone and in combination with cytostatics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 56 patients who were divided into two groups: main (n=30) and control (n=26). The study included patients with ECOG status 1–3. In both groups, patients received standard antitumor therapy ― immunotherapy with pembrolizumab 400 mg every 42 days or 200 mg every 21 days as monotherapy, or in combination with cytotoxic therapy (carboplatin plus paclitaxel or pemetrexed). In addition to drug treatment, patients from the main group also regularly engaged in therapeutic exercises with an instructor. RESULTS: From the presented data and visualization it is clear that after treatment with the addition of physical education, the average level of quality of life in patients increased, the results highlight the significant positive impact of the rehabilitation program on the quality of life of cancer patients, reducing stress levels and improving functional indicators. CONCLUSION: The study shows that regular practice of therapeutic exercises can improve stress levels and improve emotional well-being, help reduce fatigue and reduce general weakness. A reduction in symptoms of depression and anxiety has been clearly demonstrated. Exercise therapy leads to increased muscle strength, which is especially important for recovery from intensive cancer treatments.

Analisis Kualitas Jaringan Internet Wireless LAN PT. Teladan Prima Agro

The internet or interconnected networking is a network that connects computers of various types that form a network system that covers the entire world. This research aims to determine the quality of the internet network of PT Teladan Prima Agro (PT TPA). The research method used is Quality Of Service (QoS) with data retrieval techniques using Wireshark software. The results showed that the average QoS index of the PT. TPA office internet network based on the TIPHON standard obtained the result "Satisfactory". From the research results it can be concluded that the average level of internet network quality in the PT. TPA office area is in the good category and can support the performance of staff / employees in transferring data.

School exposure to air pollution in the UK and Ireland: Indoor-Outdoor air quality assessment

Abstract Background Globally, 93% of children under the age of 15 (1.8 billion) are exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels that might cause respiratory/cardiovascular disorders, impaired neuro/cognitive development, and cancer. Air pollution causes 1/10 deaths in children under the age of 5. Methods The purpose of this observational study was to collect data on indoor and outdoor air quality in 24 schools over 10 school days and compare it with city-wide average air quality levels reported in rural/urban areas in the UK and Northern Ireland. Nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and PM10,2.5,1 were monitored inside the classrooms and school surroundings with personal pollution monitors. City-wide averages were taken from local reference air quality and ground-source monitoring stations. Data was expressed using the Plume Labs Air Quality Index (PAQI) thresholds [low (0-20), moderate (21-50), high (51-100), very high (101+) pollution level] aligned with WHO's exposure recommendations. Results Despite both AQIs being in the moderate threshold, the school's average indoor AQI was ∼44% higher than the city-wide average. Only 27% of schools’ indoor air quality indexes matched the city-wide average, 59% were higher and 14% were lower. Rural schools had a marginally higher average indoor AQI than urban schools. The primary classroom pollutants observed were VOCs, followed by PM10. The average walk-exposure AQI of 33% of total schools was higher than the city's average. The school reporting the highest average walk AQI was seven times higher than the lowest. Conclusions Poor indoor air quality and higher levels of pollutants were found inside the majority of the schools across the regions. There is a need for mitigation strategies to identify responsible factors for indoor air pollution. A regulatory framework for school ventilation and behavior interventions like nasal washes may reduce pollution exposure and its impact on children's health outcomes and mortality. Key messages • Poor indoor air quality (∼44% higher than the city-wide average) and higher levels of pollutants (volatile organic compounds and PM10) were found inside the majority of the schools across the regions. • A regulatory framework for school ventilation and behavior interventions like nasal washes may reduce air pollution exposure and its impact on children’s health outcomes and mortality.

A study on the synergistic development strategy of higher vocational student management and ideological and political education based on discrete choice regression model

Abstract The feature quantity of higher education student management data is calculated, and the feature extraction is carried out to obtain the feature solution vector. The feature quantity of higher education student management data is calculated and extracted to obtain the feature solution vector. The design of the higher education student management data system is achieved by carrying out network design and association feature detection. Finally, the effectiveness of the education management system was verified, and the teaching feedback results reached the highest value of 95% of the results; the average level of ideological and moral quality was also 8.83, and the average level of independent learning ability even reached 10.19. It indicates that it significantly impacts students’ comprehensive strength and can lead to the synergistic development of management and education.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG KENTANG TERHADAP SIFAT ORGANOLEPTIK BUMBU GADO-GADO

The making of gado-gado seasoning by adding potato flour is expected to get a better texture of the gado-gado seasoning. Production of potato starch has been widely marketed and easy to obtain. This study aims to examine the organoleptic properties of the gado-gado seasoning substituted with potato flour. The type of research used is experimental research. The design in this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one treatment, namely the addition of potato flour with three percentages (15%, 25%,35%). The data obtained were then analyzed by the ANOVA method if there was a difference followed by Duncan's test. There are significant differences in the hedonic quality of color, aroma, taste and texture as well as the level of preference for color, aroma, taste and texture. The highest average hedonic quality and level of color preference is found in the addition of 15%, the highest average hedonic quality and aroma preference level is found in the addition of 15%, the highest average hedonic quality and taste preference level is found in the addition of 15%, the highest average hedonic quality and texture preference level found in 15% increments.

Reciprocal Effects between Sleep Quality and Life Satisfaction in Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Health Status.

to examine the causal relationship between sleep quality and life satisfaction and explore the mediating role of health status on the relationship between sleep quality and life satisfaction. A total of 1856 older Chinese people participating in 2011, 2014, and 2018 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) were included. A cross-lagged panel analysis (CLPA) combined with mediator analysis was utilized. The average sleep quality levels for the years 2011, 2014, and 2018 were 3.70, 3.63, and 3.47 out of 5, respectively. The corresponding average levels of health status were 3.47, 3.44, and 3.39 out of 5, and the average levels of life satisfaction were 3.75, 3.86, and 3.87 out of 5, respectively. In addition, sleep quality at prior assessment points was significantly associated with life quality at subsequent assessments, and vice versa. Also, health status partially mediated this prospective reciprocal relationship. There is a nonlinear decreased trend in sleep quality and health status, while there exists a nonlinear increased trend in life satisfaction for older adults from 2011 to 2018. Reciprocal positive effects between sleep quality and life satisfaction in older adults exist and are mediated by health status.

Self-efficacy and self-management mediate the association of health literacy and quality of life among patients with TB in Tibet, China: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between health literacy and quality of life in patients with TB in Tibet and explore the mediating effects of self-efficacy and self-management in the relationship between health literacy and quality of life. We used a convenience sampling method to select 271 cases of patients with TB in Tibet to conduct a survey of their general information, health literacy, self-management, self-efficacy and quality of life, and to construct structural equation models. The total health literacy score of patients with TB in Tibet was 84.28±18.57, while the lowest score was for information acquisition ability (55.99±25.66). Scores for quality of life were generally lower than the norm (patients with chronic diseases from other cities in China) (p<0.01). Moreover, self-efficacy and self-management mediated the relationship between health literacy and quality of life (p<0.05). In Tibet, patients with TB have a low level of health literacy and an average level of quality of life. Emphasis should be placed on improving information access literacy, role-physicals and role-emotional to improve overall quality of life. The mediating roles of self-efficacy and self-management between health literacy and quality of life may provide a basis for further interventions.

Spatiotemporal Variation in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration from 1980 to 2020 and Future Trends in Ecosystem Services

Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, human activities in the Yangtze River Delta region have caused major changes in land use patterns and ecosystem functions. Clarifying the spatiotemporal change characteristics and future development trends of ecosystem service functions is the basis for rational land development and utilization. In this study, the InVEST model and the CASA model were used to calculate habitat quality, water conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, and soil conservation ecosystem services in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 1980 to 2020. The spatial pattern, change law, and future trend of these services were analyzed using the Theil–Sen median trend analysis, Mann–Kendall test, and Hurst index analysis. The results show that the four types of ecosystems in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (habitat quality, water conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, and soil conservation) exhibited an overall spatial pattern of being high in the southwest mountainous area and low in the northeast plain, and the conversion from constructed to agriculture was the most frequent type of land conversion over the past 40 years. From 1980 to 2020, the average level of habitat quality showed a downward trend and is expected to continue to deteriorate in the future. Water conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, and soil conservation showed a fluctuating upward trend, with the latter two primarily predicted to have a future trend of improvement. The changes in ecosystem services exhibit gradient effects and horizontal spatial differentiation. The decline in ecosystem service functions is more pronounced in the vicinity of large cities. It is thus necessary to accelerate the transformation of the economic development model, and abandon the extensive urbanization development model, and promote high-quality urbanization development on the basis of improving resource and environmental carrying capacities.

Responsiveness level and its effect on services quality from the viewpoints of the older adults hospitalized during COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundAging is a sensitive period of life. Attention to the needs of this stage is considered a social necessity. This study is conducted to investigate the responsiveness level and its effect on service quality from the hospitalized older adults’ viewpoints during the COVID-19 pandemic in the south of Iran.MethodsIt was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study that was conducted on 386 old patients. The study instrument was a standard questionnaire that includes three sections of demographic information, World Health Organization Responsiveness, and SERVQUAL. Data were analyzed applying descriptive and inferential statistics the same as Independent T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression.ResultsThe mean levels of responsiveness and service quality were 90.72 ± 9.38 (from 160) and 68.01 ± 8.51 (from 110) respectively. This indicates the average level of these variables from the old patients’ viewpoints. There was a significant positive correlation between responsiveness and service quality (r = 0.585). According to the results of multiple linear regression, the dimensions of communication, dignity, prompt attention, primary facilities, social support, information confidentiality, right to choose, and autonomy were identified as the predictors of service quality.ConclusionThe average level of responsiveness and service quality perceived from the old patients’ viewpoints during the COVID-19 pandemic can be considered a necessity for supportive planning among the older adults. Meanwhile, according to the impacts of responsiveness on service quality, educational programs are recommended to promote the level of healthcare providers’ responsiveness.

A structural equation model linking health literacy, self efficacy and quality of life in adults with coronary heart disease

BackgroundCardiovascular disease is the world major cause of death. There is sufficient evidence that patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) experience poor quality of life. Health literacy and self efficacy are modifiable psychosocial factors that could affect quality of life, and these factors should be considered as targets for intervention. As the relationships among health literacy, self efficacy, and quality of life in the CHD population have not been well understood. Thus, we constructed the structure equation model in these valuables.MethodsA cross-sectional study of a convenience sample among 200 patients with CHD were participated from outpatient clinics in three tertiary general hospitals in Baoding City in mainland China, from December 2018 to June 2019. Data regarding demographic features, health literacy, self efficacy and quality of life were assessed. A structure equation model was used to construct and validate the pathways.ResultsThe mean age of the study sampled patients was 65.37 years old. The average level of health literacy, self efficacy and quality of life were 9.6 ± 3.5, 28.8 ± 13.9 and 381.8 ± 130.1 respectively. Significant associations were observed from health literacy to quality of life, and self efficacy played a partial mediating role between health literacy and quality of life in the CHD population. Health literacy and self efficacy explained for 59.6% of the variance in quality of life.ConclusionsHealth literacy had a direct influence on quality of life, and an indirect influence on quality of life via self efficacy in the patients with CHD.

Influence of Spirituality and Religiosity of Cancer Patients on Their Quality of Life.

Taking into account the spiritual and religious dimensions is important when it comes to taking care of patients with cancer and their quality of life. The study aimed to show the degree of dependence between the level of spirituality/religiosity of people who have just been diagnosed with cancer or have been diagnosed with cancer in the past and their quality of life. The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES), the EORTC QLQ-C30 quality of life and EORTC QLQ-FA12 fatigue-related quality of life questionnaire were used. One hundred one respondents of the Catholic faith obtained 65.22 points in DSES; 49.84 points on the QLQ-C30 functioning scale, 58.75 points on the physical scale, 60.73 points on the social scale, 50.17 points on the emotional scale, 64.69 points on the cognitive scale, 55.45 points in fulfilling one’s role and 28.38 points in financial impact. In the QLQ-FA12, respondents obtained 45.94 points on the physical scale, 47.53 points on the emotional scale and 30.69 points on the cognitive scale. In the respondents’ opinion, fatigue was the disease that reduced their quality of life the most—on average, 51.27 points. The oncological patients were characterized by a high level of spirituality/religiosity and an average level of quality of life. Spirituality/religiosity had a positive relationship with physical, emotional and social functioning. On the other hand, it was negatively associated with disease symptoms, such as pain or emotional and physical fatigue. Future research is needed in the context of the quality of life, focused on the spiritual and religious sphere of functioning of cancer patients, conducted in various cultural, ethnic and religious circles, which can serve to improve the education of nurses and develop their spiritual competences.

A system‐level optimization framework for efficiency and effectiveness improvement of wastewater treatment plants

AbstractWastewater treatment plants constitute an essential part of the sewage system. They have the role of removing pollutants from wastewater to enable the safe disposal of the treated effluent in the natural environment. This research seeks to evaluate plants' efficiency and effectiveness, which involves minimizing energy consumption while obtaining a quality level of the treated water aligned with legislation requirements. We explore two policy scenarios regarding the measurement of effluent quality. The first assumes that pollutants' emission quotas (EQs) are fixed at each plant. The second assumes that quotas are set for the receiving waters (e.g., river or watercourse in the natural environment) so that trade‐offs in EQs among plants sharing the same discharge site are possible. This latter scenario requires a system‐wide analysis to identify optimal targets for pollutants removal at each plant that allow fulfilling the expected average quality levels of the effluent discharged. This paper develops a methodology to fully realize the potential for energy savings based on an innovative mixed‐integer linear programming model. This model follows the data envelopment analysis axioms to estimate the frontier of the production possibility set. The approach proposed is tested in a real‐world context using the plants of a Portuguese water company. The results show that the two scenarios combining efficiency and effectiveness perspectives have advantages in terms of energy savings compared to the conventional situation focused only on efficiency gains. The saving potential is slightly higher in the scenario allowing reallocation of EQs among plants.

Wildfire atmospheric chemistry: climate and air quality impacts

Wildfire atmospheric chemistry: climate and air quality impacts

The Relationship between Innovative Development and the Quality of Life of the Countries of the Asia-Pacific Region and the Subjects of the Far East

The subject of the study is the socio-economic system &amp;quot;innovation activity—the quality of life of the population&amp;quot;. The purpose of the work is to determine the degree of interrelation of innovative development and the standard of living of the population in the regions. The research is based on the application of standard methods of data collection and processing, correlation analysis and rating assessment. The official data of statistical collections, foreign and domestic sources of ratings on the global innovation Index (GII), the Human Development Index (HDI), the Quality of life index (QLI) and the value of the Russian Regional Innovation Index (RRII) were used as an information base. Comparative analyses and assessments were carried out for the regions of the Far East and neighboring countries of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR). According to the GII-2021 rating, the APR countries are among the top 15, Russia ranks 45th out of 132 countries, and according to the HDI-2019: Hong Kong is among the top five, the rest of the countries are ranked 11th, Russia occupies 52 position. Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territory, the Republic of Buryatia occupy the leading positions according to the RRII rating. On the basis of the author&amp;apos;s econometric model “Triple Helix”, the shares of the actors&amp;apos; contribution to the overall innovative development of the regions of the Far East are determined. It is shown that the three leaders (Sakhalin Region, Khabarovsk and Kamchatka Territory) QLI values than in Russia as a whole, and six regions of the Far East are characterized by an average level of quality of life of the population. The results of the study of the relationship between innovative development and quality of life confirm the existence of a certain correlation between the indicators of RRI/QLI and GII/HDI, which allows us to use standard regression formulas for modeling predictive estimates of the impact of innovative development on improving the level and quality of life of the population in the regions. The results of the work can be useful to the executive bodies of the state authorities of the regions for strategic planning and management of the development of the innovative economy and civil society of the macroregions.

Current status of quality of care for public hospitals in Korea : Comprehensive comparison with private hospitals

Objective: This ecological study aims to perform a comprehensive comparison and evaluation of the quality of care in public and private hospitals according to hospital type.Methods: Thisstudy compared and analyzed the results of the National Quality Assessment Program (NQAP) of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) and Incentive Scheme for Quality Evaluation of Hospital Services. The NQAP results published on the HIRA website, as of the end of May 2021, and the internal data of HIRA for the 2020 Incentive Scheme for Quality Evaluation of Hospital Services were used as data collection sources.Results: The NQAP analysisrevealed that the overall average scores were higher for public rather than private hospitals, while the Incentive Scheme for Quality Evaluation of Hospital Services analysis reported that the proportion of higher grades (i.e., grades 1 and 2) was higher in public hospitals. Therefore, it was revealed that public hospital quality levels were notlowerthan that of private hospitals.However, itis necessary to improve the quality levelsin terms ofthe quality distribution.Conclusions: The quality levels of public hospitals are notlowerthan that of private hospitals. However,the high average quality level, we identified certain areas that required improvement in their quality level throughout the distribution. Currently, public hospitals that are particularly located in the lower ranks should strive to achieve the average quality level demonstrated by same level private hospitals, thereby, achieving progressive quality levels and minimizing the between institutions. Thus, furtherresearch should focus on identifying the trends of differencesin quality levels, and they should determine the causes by controlling for the characteristics of medical institutions.

Quality of life of disabled swimmers

More and more researches concerning disabled people quality of life are conducted worldwide. Researchers are often focusing on how the level and type of disability is impacting the quality of life. Also studies aimed at determining factors which can influence quality of life and self-esteem are conducted. Research goal was to examine the impact of sport activity on disabled swimmers’ quality of life. Studies were conducted during National Team Camp in Kudowa-Zdrój, in 2021. Research sample consisted of 19 swimmers, 12 men and 7 women. They were between 18 and 42 years old, with an average of 25,8±7,3 years. Survey questionnaire was developed in order to assess the quality of life, taking into consideration different life aspects: Physical, psychological, social relations and life condition. Results were mapped out by statistical method. It was stated that the level of disability did not significantly impact on disabled swimmers’ quality of life. What is more acceptance of one’s own disability did not significantly impact on subjective feeling of life quality. Only sexaul activity was an exception, which was reduced by lower acceptance of disability. Average high level of disabled swimmers' life quality in all of its aspects regardless of the level of disability can be explained by their high physical activity.

Psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the adult population in Poland - a cross-sectional study

IntroductionThe study aimed to assess the emotional state, the occurrence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as the quality of life of adults living in Poland during the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodThe study was conducted on a group of 700 people aged 18 and over living in Poland. An anonymous online questionnaire was used in this cross-sectional study. The psychological impact of COVID-19 was measured using the Revised Event Impact Scale (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS - 21). The quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF.ResultsIn Poland, a high average level of post-traumatic stress was found as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, with at least the minimum level occurring in all surveyed people. There was also a high incidence of depression (48.00%), anxiety (39.29%), and stress (54.86) in the first phase of the pandemic. The average level of quality of life in Poland was the lowest for the physical domain and amounted to 49.56 (SD = 11.71). The standard of living in the psychological domain was 60.26 (SD = 13.14).ConclusionsThe pandemic is having a significant impact on human mental health. The very high average levels of post-traumatic stress, stress, anxiety, and depression as well as low quality of life make it necessary to consider interventions that will favor the use of more adaptive defense mechanisms and build mental resilience during an infectious disease pandemic and its long-term consequences.

Positive Behavior Management: Assessment of Rugby Referees in Children Sport.

During children’s sports competitions, the referees play a special role. The referees are expected to be able to identify behavioral problems (of players, coaches, and fans), applying specific techniques to prevent negative behavior of players. Adapting these actions to the specifics of the group or individuals is crucial in providing a safe educational environment that promotes child development. The main objective of this research was to assess the quality of referees’ interactions with players in terms of positive behavior management and proficiency during rugby matches of children aged 6–12 years. Twenty-three rugby referees officiating matches organized by the Polish Rugby Union in Poland participated in the study. The research used the Referee–Players’ Interaction Assessment Scoring System tool. Additionally, referee–player interactions were recorded with a GoPro 8 camera along with audio from a wireless intercom. The significance of differences between the ratings for each indicator was tested by chi-squared test, while a non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the mean ratings of positive behavior management and proficiency. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare differences between assessments of experienced and inexperienced referees. The observations showed that referees were rated significantly higher in the proficiency dimension than in positive behavior management dimension. Nevertheless, both ratings represent an average level of quality of interactions with the players. The referee’s experience did not determine the quality of his or her interactions with the players in the specific dimensions. The following conclusion was drawn from the research: referees should be trained in the methods and techniques for managing player behavior and should act to prevent the occurrence of negative behavior, by presenting clear and understandable expectations to players before the match and using preventive measures.