Average Population Growth Rate Research Articles

Net benefit of smaller human populations to environmental integrity and individual health and wellbeing.

The global human population is still growing such that our collective enterprise is driving environmental catastrophe. Despite a decline in average population growth rate, we are still experiencing the highest annual increase of global human population size in the history of our species-averaging an additional 84 million people per year since 1990. No review to date has accumulated the available evidence describing the associations between increasing population and environmental decline, nor solutions for mitigating the problems arising. We summarize the available evidence of the relationships between human population size and growth and environmental integrity, human prosperity and wellbeing, and climate change. We used PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify all relevant peer-reviewed and gray-literature sources examining the consequences of human population size and growth on the biosphere. We reviewed papers describing and quantifying the risks associated with population growth, especially relating to climate change. These risks are global in scale, such as greenhouse-gas emissions, climate disruption, pollution, loss of biodiversity, and spread of disease-all potentially catastrophic for human standards of living, health, and general wellbeing. The trends increasing the risks of global population growth are country development, demographics, maternal education, access to family planning, and child and maternal health. Support for nations still going through a demographic transition is required to ensure progress occurs within planetary boundaries and promotes equity and human rights. Ensuring the wellbeing for all under this aim itself will lower population growth and further promote environmental sustainability.

On–Off Intermittency and Long-Term Reactivity in a Host–Parasitoid Model with a Deterministic Driver

Bursting behaviors, driven by environmental variability, can substantially influence ecosystem services and functions and have the potential to cause abrupt population breakouts in host–parasitoid systems. We explore the impact of environment on the host–parasitoid interaction by investigating separately the effect of grazing-dependent habitat variation on the host density and the effect of environmental fluctuations on the average host population growth rate. We hence focus on the discrete host–parasitoid Beddington–Free–Lawton model and show that a more comprehensive mathematical study of the dynamics behind the onset of on–off intermittency in host–parasitoid systems may be achieved by considering a deterministic, chaotic system that represents the dynamics of the environment. To this aim, some of the key model parameters are allowed to vary in time according to an evolution law that can exhibit chaotic behavior. Fixed points and stability properties of the resulting 3D nonlinear discrete dynamical system are investigated and on–off intermittency is found to emerge strictly above the blowout bifurcation threshold. We show, however, that, in some cases, this phenomenon can also emerge in the sub-threshold. We hence introduce the novel concept of long-term reactivity and show that it can be considered as a necessary condition for the onset of on–off intermittency. Investigations in the time-dependent regimes and kurtosis maps are provided to support the above results. Our study also suggests how important it is to carefully monitor environmental variability caused by random fluctuations in natural factors or by anthropogenic disturbances in order to minimize its effects on throphic interactions and protect the potential function of parasitoids as biological control agents.

Study on Sustainable Agriculture in West Papua: in terms of the Aspects of Plant Productivity and Land Use Change

Land availability and crop productivity are important in realizing sustainable agriculture in West Papua. This study aims to provide an overview of agricultural development in West Papua in terms of agricultural aspects and changes in land use. This research is descriptive-analytic in nature, using population data for the period 2003-2018, data on paddy rice, cassava, sweet potato, dry-field rice and corn. Land use data for the 1996-2019 period and potential agricultural land cover for 2021. The results obtained are an average population growth rate of 3.4 percent. The conditions of lowland rice, cassava and sweet potato crops for the 2004-2018 period are as follows: The average productivity of lowland rice is 3.72 tonnes/ha or 37.2 quintals/ha. Cassava production was very fluctuating, which was obtained that the average productivity of cassava was 12.03 tons/ha or 120 quintals/ha. Sweet potato crop productivity decreased in 2018 with an average sweet potato productivity of 11.11 tons/ha or 111.1 quintals/ha. The condition of dryland paddy and maize for the 2003-2017 period showed that the production and harvested area of upland paddy tended to decrease every year with an average dryland paddy productivity of 2.86 tons/ha or 28.6 quintals/ha while corn productivity continued to increase until 2017 with the average productivity is 1.78 tonnes/ha or 17.8 quintals/ha. Aspects of changes in land use in the agricultural sector for the period 1996-2019 obtained that dryland agriculture and mixed dryland agriculture tended to decrease.

Creating an Innovative Blueprint for Barangay Development

This study is focused on the augmentation, extension, and enrichment of knowledge pertaining to the design of a new development plan for Barangay Babuyan in Carrascal, Surigao Del Sur. The central emphasis is placed on the intricate interplay between person-environment relationships, particularly concerning the innovative facilities being designed, notably housing. Through a comprehensive approach, the researchers executed a survey in line with the guidelines established by the Municipal Planning and Development Council (MPDC) of Carrascal. As per the MPDC, the designated relocation site encompasses a total area of 100,000 square meters, with each unit boasting a floor space of 48 square meters and an accompanying lot area of 100 square meters. The proposed project involves multifaceted considerations encompassing critical elements such as road network layout, housing design, electrical and water storage tank plans, drainage systems, and provisions for open spaces. This endeavor integrates a range of methodologies including surveying, on-site investigation, data collection, formulation of a novel barangay development plan, and comprehensive cost estimations. The development of a meticulously designed plan stands as a pivotal solution that addresses various aspects of community growth. This design, projected to efficiently accommodate the entire barangay, is rooted in the observation of a positive 2.33% average population growth rate from 1990 to 2015. Furthermore, the chosen relocation site holds the advantage of being hazard-free, exhibiting low susceptibility to landslides. The newly conceptualized barangay development plan is characterized by an easily accessible road network featuring a width of 6 meters. This network is illuminated by energy-efficient 100W solar LED street lights. In tandem, the plan includes a 3.50m x 3.50m water storage tank and an 8m x 6m house design encompassing a bedroom, living area, kitchen, and shared bathroom. The culmination of this proposed study is marked by its high level of acceptance, as it fulfills the requisites set forth by the Local Government Unit (LGU) and is aligned with the aspirations of the residents

Status of the Saker Falcon in Hungary between 1980 and 2022

There is limited data available about the status of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Hungary before 1980. According to available sources, the species was a regular breeder in several habitat types, but was not common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The population decreased significantly through the 20th century falling to fewer than 50 pairs after World War II. The main reasons for the population decrease were DDT and widespread persecution (poisoning and shooting) of raptors by hunters. The species had reached the brink of extinction in Hungary by the 1970s. The Hungarian population of Saker Falcon is closely monitored and protected by MME BirdLife Hungary and the Hungarian National Park directorates’ ranger service over the last forty years. In the framework of Hungary’s national Saker Falcon conservation program, several significant actions have been undertaken: all potential breeding sites were surveyed, nest began to be formally guarded, artificial nests were installed on trees and high-voltage electric pylons, dangerous medium-voltage poles have been retrofitted with bird-friendly designs, and European Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) have been translocated to their former habitats. In addition, research activities including banding, GPStracking, and prey analyses have begun. The conservation program received significant support from WWF (1986–1990), the European Union’s LIFE Nature program (2016–2018), and the Hungarian government. Thanks to these varied and widespread efforts, the population started to increase slowly, but continuously between 1980 and 2010, with an average population growth rate was approximately 11% annually. The number of known nesting pairs has increased from eight pairs (1980) to 172 pairs (2010). Later population abundance showed fluctuating trends between 2011 and 2022, but remained more or less stable (143–185 pairs). The Hungarian population of Saker Falcons is estimated to be 180–200 nesting pairs. In 2022, 175 nesting pair were documented and 444 chicks fledged from 152 successful breeding attempts. A new EU funded “LIFE SakerRoads” project was launched in 2023 to increase the species’ population on the North-Hungarian Plain, where a significant decline was observed over the last decade.

Status of the Eastern Imperial Eagle in Hungary Between 2019 and 2023

The Hungarian population of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) is closely monitored by MME BirdLife Hungary and the ranger service of the Hungarian national park directorates since 1980. The population is slowly, but continuously increasing during the last four decades and the average population growth rate is 11% and the number of estimated nesting population has increased from 230–240 pairs (2018) to 400–450 (2023). The distribution area is also still expanding to the south and the species colonised new areas especially in Bács-Kiskun, Csongrád and Győr-Moson-Sopron counties, but even spread to Serbia and Romania. The breeding density also increased in the core areas of the breeding range especially in Heves, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok and Békés counties, which hold the most important stronghold of the species in the Pannonian basin. Besides, the average breeding success also increased to 1.54 fledgling/breeding pair and 1.91 fledgling/successful pair by 2022. The prevalence of raptor poisoning incidents decreased and were kept at a relatively low level between 2014–2022 thanks to specific and complex conservation measures with the help of the EU’s LIFE Nature programme (HELICON and PannonEagle LIFE projects). Due to the significant increase of the population and the limited capacity of the working group, the national monitoring protocol has been changed in 2023. The key parameters of the national population (i.e. no. of nesting pairs, no. of chicks) is still monitored by the ranger service of the Hungarian national park directorates. On the other hand, the complex monitoring program of MME BirdLife Hungary, which is gathering detailed data on breeding performance (including ringing and drone surveillance, diet and genetic analyses) is focusing only on selected sample areas, which recently covers 50% of the population (ca. 200 pairs).

Aging Trend and Situation in Nepal

Aging is a natural lifelong process until death. The proportions of the older population are increasing rapidly in Nepal too. There are 2.97 million older people in Nepal as of the 2021 census which is a 38.2% increase compared to the previous census of 2011. The proportion of the older population reached 10.21% of the total population of Nepal. During this decade, Nepal’s average population growth rate is 0.92% and the older population growth rate is 3.29% per year. On the other hand, Nepal’s total fertility is below replacement level, infant mortality is around 23 per thousand live births and average life expectancy is now around 71 years. The median age of Nepal is 25 years and the index of aging increased rapidly from 23.3 in 2011 to 36.7 in the 2021 census of Nepal. These indicators show aging is taking place rapidly and the caregiving burden may increase rapidly in the coming days due to the tendency of migration of the young population to other countries. In this context, the Nepal government needs to focus on how to manage the population and provide quality services and social security for the growing older people of Nepal.

Incorporating temporal dynamics to enhance grazing management outcomes for a long‐lived species

Abstract Identifying successful management strategies for long‐lived species is challenging, especially in fluctuating environments, because the response of individual vital rates and overall growth rates to management action can vary over time. A demographic approach that isolates the impact of management and environment on individual vital rates, and assesses their importance for growth rate over time, can indicate whether and why a management strategy is successful. Here we take a demographic approach to assess the success of grazing management for the perennial grass Stipa pulchra, California's state grass and a focus on conservation efforts. We tracked S. pulchra populations in paired grazed and ungrazed plots over 6 years, which included a historic drought and an El Niño rain year, and calculated summary transition matrices for the main effects of year, grazing and year × grazing interaction for each site. We averaged these summary transition matrices to calculate population growth rates, λ, for the main effects of year, grazing and year × grazing and used life table response experiment (LTRE) analysis to compare how individual vital rates contributed to differences in λ between grazed and ungrazed plots over time. Overall we found that grazing was a successful management strategy; grazed populations maintained a positive average population growth rate whereas ungrazed populations declined. We found that grazing had a larger positive effect on growth rates in wet years than drought years. This was because grazed populations benefited from a greater contribution of adult growth immediately following the end of the drought compared with ungrazed populations and from adult survival thereafter. Synthesis and applications. Although Stipa pulchra is the focus of many management efforts, the use of grazing for management is contentious, and there have been few studies that take a demographic approach to understanding S. pulchra responses over time. Our results indicate that conservation and restoration efforts should move beyond recruitment to focus on adult growth and survival for overall population success. To this end, moderate grazing can be a successful strategy to maintain S. pulchra populations and is particularly important in wet years to promote plant growth.

Trends of the health and demographic indicators in the arctic regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) over 20 year (2000–2020)

BACKGROUND: The implementation of the major federal projects in the Arctic region of the Russian Federation claims particular attention to the indicators of the quality of life and the state of population health in these regions. Health and demographic indicators can be one of the available tools for public health monitoring.
 AIM: To analyze the main trends of the health and demographic processes in the arctic regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) over 20 year (20002020).
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data of the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), YARMIATS for 20002020 were analyzed. An approximate 95% confidence interval was calculated over 20 years (20002019), the average population growth rate was estimated by a chain method for time series (data for 2020 year are presented separately due to the deformation of the pattern of demographic indicators due to the epidemic SARS-CoV-2). A linear regression analysis of IBM SPSS Statistics 26 was performed to assess the birth and mortality rate trends.
 RESULTS: From 20002020, the population of the Arctic region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) decreased by 22% due to migration and high mortality rates. Deaths by external causes occupy approximately 20% of the structure of the all-cause mortality rate. Dynamically, the decrease in the number of infant mortalities was noticed due to the effective routing of pregnant women and improvement of the maternity service in the region.
 CONCLUSION: The analysis of the medical and demographic indicators showed positive and negative trends in the Arctic regions public health of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The system of the healthcare organization in the regions is to be improved. Also, these regions, which possess all the features of the healthcare systems with low-density population territories, can become a model for the regional and federal projects approbated in the field of Arctic medicine.

NEXUS BETWEEN POPULATION VARIABLES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: DIRECTION OF CAUSALITY

The study investigated the direction of causality between population variables and economic growth in Nigeria between 1986 and 2020 using VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald Tests. The results of the findings revealed the existence of feedback effects among economic growth, death rate, birth rate and secondary school enrollments. The results further showed that population growth and per capita GDP growth are completely independent and that higher population growth rate did not translate to higher economic growth in Nigeria. The study concluded that an average population growth rate in Nigeria was not seen as being productive as it did not translate to economic growth.

Analysis and Evaluation of West Semarang Distribution Pipe Network System Municipal Waterworks in Semarang City

The need for clean water is related to the growth rate and population density. High population density affects access to clean water. The population in the DWSS (Drinking Water Supply System) area of West Semarang is concentrated in three sub-districts, namely West Semarang (148,879 people), Ngaliyan (141,727 people), and Tugu (32,822 people). With the average population growth rate of Semarang City from 2011 to 2020 of 0.89%, the need for clean water will continue to increase. The condition of clean water services in Semarang City, which Municipal Waterworks manage, needs to be improved, both in terms of coverage and continuity of service distribution. The research method used is the method of field research and literature. Hydraulic data retrieval was obtained through field observations and water usage data from the internal Municipal Waterworks in Semarang City. The data were analyzed using the epanet program. From the analysis results, there were areas with significant differences in water pressure values , and at peak hours, there were areas that did not get sufficient water supply. It can be concluded that there are problems in the piping network in the West Semarang DWSS area.

Carrying Capacity of Land in Bali based on Ecological Footprint

In 2000-2010, based on data from the Population Census in Bali, the average population growth rate was 2.15% per year, this value was greater than the average population growth rate at the national level of 1.49% per year. The increasing number of population growth results in increased development. This causes an increase in the need for land to accommodate these development activities. The reduced availability of productive land because it is used for development facilities has resulted in reduced land carrying capacity in Bali. The purpose of this study was to analyze the value of the carrying capacity of land in Bali using the Ecological Footprint analysis approach. The research methodology is quantitative focusing on secondary data analysis, based on the mathematical calculation method developed by the Global Footprint Network, which has the term biocapacity which means supply and ecological footprint which means demand. After comparing biocapacity and ecological footprint, the results show that the carrying capacity of land in Bali is generally in deficit. Things that can be done to increase the carrying capacity of land are to reduce the rate of population growth, increase land productivity by intensifying agricultural land, and be wiser in carrying out land conversion in the future.

Asking the Wrong Question in Explaining Tropical Diversity

Enhancement of plant diversity via the Janzen-Connell mechanism is often measured relative to neutral models that ignore species' competitive differences. Recent modelling indicates this mechanism is ineffective when included in models incorporating species' demographic variations. This suggests we have been asking the wrong questions when measuring the effectiveness of diversity-enhancing mechanisms.

Water Resources Management and Wastewater Treatment in the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C): Application of Galvanic Treatment, Results and Prospectives

The rapid industrial development and population growth increase the utilization of fresh water resulting in an increase of the amount of wastewater. Several Countries face a double challenge with regard to water resources, namely meeting the growing need for water for the population and treating the wastewater generated for application. The toxicity found in these water streams threatens the environment and human health. Hence the urgent need is to treat wastewater. The DRC is not immune from this threat. Its average population growth rate has exceeded the 3% and the number of industries it hosts continues to increase. The wastewater generated by this increasing pressure from urbanization and industrialization must be treated as required in the Congolese legal arsenal. Various factors need to be considered prior choosing the water treatment method. The choice must take into account the imperatives of the moment which are: modernization (local context) and sustainable development (international context). There are several wastewater treatments that are widely used for the removal of toxic elements such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, chemical precipitation and electro-coagulation just to name a few. The most recent studies have shown that the galvanic technique can be used in the purification of water from domestic and industrial origin to meet drinking water standards. Various researchers have used this technique at laboratory and pilot scale demonstrating its cost-effectiveness as it uses no chemical reagents, consumes less energy and occupies only a small space for processing large flows. However, there are very few studies demonstrating the success of this treatment on an industrial scale. Therefore, this work seeks to understand and master the mechanisms that take place in the galvanic treatment. In addition, this study focuses on the development of a robust prototype that is adaptable to the needs of various users while at the same time being relatively cheap to meet the national needs.

Assessing the Role of Infiltration Galleries to Enhance Groundwater Recharge in Model Town Lahore

Lahore is the provincial capital of Punjab and second biggest city of Pakistan with respect to the population. Average annual population growth of Lahore is 4.14% from 1998-2018, which is much higher than the average population growth rate of Pakistan which is 2.4%. According to investigations average annual groundwater depletion rate of Lahore is 1.07 m/year. As with the growth of population new housing societies are being built to accommodate the burgeoning population. These societies enhance impermeable areas, moreover, pump huge amount of groundwater from the underground water source. There should be sustainability in water pumping and water recharging. Past studies show that groundwater exploitation in Lahore is not sustainable as abstraction rates are higher as compared to groundwater recharge rates. Therefore it is necessary of find out alternative means to recharge the groundwater aquifer of Lahore. There is a need to investigate the role of infiltration galleries to accelerate the groundwater recharge. In order to complete the research, temporal distribution was plotted on ArcMap. HEC-HMS was used for the calculation of discharges which were verified with analytical methods. Groundwater model prepared on Visual MODFLOW was calibrated and validated. The results indicate that due to groundwater overexploitation water levels continue to decrease with the passage of time. The average simulated water table decline is 1.1 meter per year in the study area. So in order to overcome this crisis, infiltration galleries were proposed and designed in the study area. It was seen that these infiltration galleries allow recharging the groundwater at better rate. As the model results showed that depletion rate of groundwater reduces and the groundwater level is about 0.3m higher when there are infiltration galleries. The study proposes that the Infiltration Galleries have a potential to recharge the groundwater at good rate, therefore its installation must be preferred according to the groundwater hydrological balance in the region.

Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Keikutsertaan PUS dalam Ber-KB

Indonesia is a developing country that has a large population of about 237.6 million people and an average population growth rate of 1.49% per year. In Taraha Village, there are still many couples of reproductive age that are not acceptors, as many as 52 (46.2%). The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with couples of reproductive age participation in the family planning program in Taraha Village in 2018. This research was analytic survey research with a cross-sectional approach. The data collection method used questioner. The study was conducted in Taraha Village, Mandrehe Utara Subdistrict, in 2018. The sample of this research was the productive age couples, who were 81 acceptors and not acceptors using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were analyzed by performing a Chi-square analysis test. Based on the results obtained on the knowledge variable the majority of knowledge lacking by 42 respondents (52%) with a p-value <0,001, the majority of negative attitudes as many as 55 respondents (68%) with a p-value of 0.010, the majority of cultural factors were not good enough as many as 44 respondents (54%) obtained a p-value<0,001. It is recommended to the government of Nias Barat District to increase health promotion, especially on the family planning program.

How does increasing mast seeding frequency affect population dynamics of seed consumers? Wild boar as a case study.

Mast seeding in temperate oak populations shapes the dynamics of seed consumers and numerous communities. Mast seeding responds positively to warm spring temperatures and is therefore expected to increase under global warming. We investigated the potential effects of changes in oak mast seeding on wild boar population dynamics, a widespread and abundant consumer species. Using long-term monitoring data, we showed that abundant acorn production enhances the proportion of breeding females. With a body-mass-structured population model and a fixed hunting rate of 0.424, we showed that high acorn production over time would lead to an average wild boar population growth rate of 1.197 whereas non-acorn production would lead to a stable population. Finally, using climate projections and a mechanistic model linking weather data to oak reproduction, we predicted that mast seeding frequency might increase over the next century, which would lead to increase in both wild boar population size and the magnitude of its temporal variation. Our study provides rare evidence that some species could greatly benefit from global warming thanks to higher food availability and therefore highlights the importance of investigating the cascading effects of changing weather conditions on the dynamics of wild animal populations to reliably assess the effects of climate change.

Population Ecology and Evaluation of Suppression Scenarios for Introduced Utah Chub

AbstractIntroduced Utah Chub Gila atraria were first sampled in Henrys Lake, Idaho, in 1993, and their presence in the system is a concern given possible interactions with sport fishes. Our objective was to describe the population dynamics of Utah Chub in Henrys Lake. A total of 362 Utah Chub was sampled via gill nets, with an average catch rate of 20.5 fish/net‐night (SE = 6.0) during May 2016. Average TL was 210 mm (SE = 3), and average weight was 134 g (SE = 5). Pectoral fin rays were used to provide estimates of growth and age structure. Utah Chub varied in age from 2 to 12 years, and recruitment was stable (recruitment coefficient of determination = 0.96). Estimated total annual mortality was 40% (SE = 4%). Fecundity of Utah Chub in Henrys Lake increased with length and varied from 6,232 to 156,797 eggs/female. Age‐structured population models were constructed using the demographics data, and estimated average population growth rate over a 10‐year period was 1.17. This study provides a comprehensive description of Utah Chub population dynamics and insight on their management in systems where they are not native. This information is not only useful for guiding management actions but also serves to further our understanding of Utah Chub ecology.

Population projections of an endangered cactus suggest little impact of climate change.

Population projections coupled with downscaled climate projections are a powerful tool that allows predicting future population dynamics of vulnerable plants in the face of a changing climate. Traditional approaches used to predict the vulnerability of plants to climate change (e.g. species distribution models) fail to mechanistically describe the basis of a population's dynamics and thus cannot be expected to correctly predict its temporal trends. In this study, we used a 23-year demographic dataset of the acuña cactus, an endangered species, to predict its population dynamics to the end of the century. We used integral projection models to describe its vital rates and population dynamics in relation to plant volume and key climatic variables. We used the resulting climate-driven IPM along with climatic projections to predict the population growth rates from 1991 to 2099. We found the average population growth rate of this population between 1991 and 2013 to be 0.70 (95% CI 0.61-0.79). This result confirms that the population of acuña cactus has been declining and that this decline is due to demographic structure and climate conditions. However, the projection model also predicts that, up to 2080, the population will remain relatively stable mainly due to the survival of its existing adult individuals. Notwithstanding, the long-term viability of the populations can only be achieved through the recruitment of new individuals.

Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Keikutsertaan Pus dalam Ber-KB

Indonesia is a developing country that has a large population of about 237.6 million people and an average population growth rate of 1.49% per year. In Taraha Village, there are still many couples of reproductive age that are not acceptors, as many as 52 (46.2%). The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with couples of reproductive age participation in the family planning program in Taraha Village in 2018. This research was analytic survey research with a cross-sectional approach. The data collection method used primary data (questioner). The study was conducted in Taraha Village, Mandrehe Utara Subdistrict, in 2018. The sample of this research was the productive age couples, who were 81 acceptors and not acceptors using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were analyzed by performing a Chi-square analysis test. Based on the results obtained on the knowledge variable the majority of knowledge lacking by 42 respondents (52%) with a p-value of 0,000 <0.05, the majority of negative attitudes as many as 55 respondents (68%) with a p-value of 0.010 <0.05, the majority of cultural factors were not good enough as many as 44 respondents (54%) obtained a p-value of <0,001<0.05. It is recommended to the government of Nias Barat District to increase health promotion, especially on the family planning program.