Average Plaque Index Research Articles

Comparison of The Effectiveness of Fones and Modified Bass Teeth Brushing Methods on Reducing Plaque Index in Autism Spectrum Disorders Children Aged 6-12 Years

Children with special needs, such as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), are at a higher risk of developing caries. Brushing teeth is the most effective preventive measure to avoid the risk of developing dental and oral diseases. The Fones teeth brushing method has been proven to reduce dental plaque in ASD patients due to its simplicity. The modified Bass method is also reported to be effective in removing interdental plaque. This study is to investigate whether there is a difference in the effectiveness of teeth brushing techniques, specifically the Fones method and the modified Bass method, in reducing the plaque index in children with ASD. A quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design was conducted, with 24 ASD participants aged between 6-12 years. The Loe and Silness Plaque Index was used to measure the plaque index. Data analysis was conducted by comparing the two methods using a Paired t-test and a one-way ANOVA test. Indicate that there is a significant difference between the two treatments with a significance value of 0.039 (P<0.05). The average plaque index from the Fones method was found to be 0.444 greater than the modified Bass method. In conclusion: There is a difference in effectiveness between the Fones teeth brushing method and the modified Bass teeth brushing method in reducing the plaque index in children with ASD aged 6-12 years.

Effectiveness of tooth brushing training for parents with special needs children

Background: Special needs children (SNC) have poor oral hygiene status than normal children. Tooth brushing is the most efficient mechanical method to improve dental hygiene in SNC. SNC has difficulties in performing tooth brushing due to their limitation, family support is needed to empower SNC to perform oral hygiene activities. The aim of this study is to asses the effectiveness of toothbrushing training in parents with SNC to decrease plaque index compare to parents who were not trained Method: This study used quasy experimental with non-equivalent control group design. The subjects of this study were 28 students with special needs at SLB Negeri Purwosari Kudus. Data analisys using paired samples t test. Result: The result showed that average plaque index of SNC before tooth brushing training in their parents was 3,297 and after the intervention the average plaque index decrease to 2,401. SNS plaque index decreased by 27% and statistically proven with p value <0,0001 (p <0,05). Conclusion: there is a significant influence of tooth brushing training in parents with SNC on the decreasing of SNC plaque index. Keyword: special needs children, tooth brushing training, plaque index

Bioelectric device for effective biofilm inflammation management of dental implants

Dental implant inflammation is primarily caused by oral biofilms, which form within 8 h, particularly at 37 °C, thereby requiring diligent cleaning. Considering the complex management of dental implants, a novel technology based on the bioelectric effect (BE) to combat inflammation has emerged. A BE-integrated toothbrush was developed and clinically tested on patients with dental implants (N = 36). Our findings revealed a significant average plaque index reduction of 67% with BE technology compared with that at baseline (P < 0.05), whereas non-BE did not yield statistical significance even after 4 weeks of use (P > 0.05). The bleeding index demonstrated a 59% average reduction in all surfaces with BE technology (P < 0.05), whereas the non-BE group exhibited no significant change. Substantial reductions in total plaque and bleeding indices suggest that using BE toothbrushes can help effectively remove oral biofilms and treat bleeding symptoms.

The Effectiveness of Using an Electric Toothbrush as a Plaque Control Tool in School-Autistic Children

Background: Autism is a condition of developmental abnormalities that have an impact on various aspects of life, including dental and oral health. An electric toothbrush is needed as a means of plaque control. Electric toothbrushes offer advantages such as timer features, increase accessibility, etc. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of electric toothbrushes as a means of plaque control in children with autism. Methods: This study used the One Group Pretest Posttest research design and consisted of 24 subjects. This study used the Loe and Silness plaque index measurement. Before the research, education was carried out on the research subjects. The study was conducted by comparing the effectiveness of manual and electric toothbrushes on research subjects. Index scores were recorded before and after treatment. Results: The use of manual and electric toothbrushes both reduced the Loe and Silness plaque index scores. The use of a manual toothbrush reduced the mean plaque index score by 0.828 (34.07%). The use of an electric toothbrush reduced the average plaque index score by 1.10 (48.24%). The results of the paired t test (P &lt;0.05) showed that there was a significant difference between the use of a manual toothbrush and an electric toothbrush. Conclusion: The use of an electric toothbrush can reduce plaque scores and is effective as a means of plaque control in school-age autistic children.

The Level of Knowledge and Decay Missing Filling -Teeth (DMF-T) Index in Children Aged 12-15 years old in Coastal Area of Southeast Minahasa Regency Indonesia

Plaque is a soft layer of a collection of bacteria and sticky that adheres to teeth. One of the efforts to control it is to brush your teeth regularly and regularly use mouthwash. Currently, many mouthwashes have been developed with traditional plant ingredients that have antiseptic and antibacterial properties with side effects. One of these traditional plants is Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt). The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of gargling with steeping green tea (C. sinensis) and nutmeg (M. fragrans Houtt) on the decline in plaque index of adolescents aged 17-19 years. The type of research used is quasi-experiment research one group pre-post test. This research was conducted in October-December 2022. The subjects of this study were Polytechnic students of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Manado aged 17-19 years and willing to be research subjects. The number of samples obtained in this study was 42 people. The treatment given is gargling with steeping green tea (C. sinensis) and nutmeg flowers (M. fragrans houtt). The variable measured is the plaque index. This research instrument uses diagnostic tools and plaque index assessment format. The data obtained were analyzed using a paired sample t-test statistical test. The results of this study showed that the average plaque index before gargling steeping green tea (C. sinensis) was 2.09 and after that was 1.35, had a difference in decrease of 0.74 points. The average plaque index of steeping nutmeg (M. fragrans houtt) before was 2.03 and after that was 1.03, had a difference of 1.00. Based on analysis using paired sample t-test shows there is a significant difference seen from the value of p = 0.00 (0.00&lt;0.05). It can be concluded that the gargling with steeping green tea (C. sinensis) and nutmeg flowers (M. fragrans houtt) can make the plaque index of adolescents aged 17-19 years better.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF CHLORHEXIDINE-BASED MEDICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS

The treatment of periodontal diseases remains a relevant issue today, as there is a wide range of therapeutic agents available for this pathology. Local therapeutic agents are commonly used in the oral cavity. Chlorhexidine is considered the gold standard in periodontology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of chlorhexidine-based medications in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis: Dentaid PerioAid Gel and Perio-Aid Protect. The study included 40 patients, with 20 diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis stage I-II and the other 20 with chronic generalized periodontitis stage II-III. All patients were further divided into 4 subgroups, with 10 patients in each subgroup.&#x0D; After 2 months of clinical research and patient examination, the following data were obtained for subgroup A1: the average plaque index (PI) was 31.82±0.96%, and the average bleeding on probing (BOP) was 18.67±2.47%. Among the patients in subgroup A1, the average depth of gingival sulcus was 96.41±0.76% for depths of 1-3 mm and 3.59±0.76% for periodontal pockets with depths of 4-5 mm.&#x0D; The measurements for subgroup A2 after 2 months of clinical research were as follows: the average PI was 32.16±1.10%, and the average BOP was 14.70±0.79%. Among the patients in subgroup A2, the average depth of gingival sulcus was 97.14±0.69% for depths of 1-3 mm and 2.74±0.68% for periodontal pockets with depths of 4-5 mm.&#x0D; The measurements for subgroup B1 after 2 months of clinical research were as follows: the average PI was 46.44±2.65, and the average BOP was 28.79±3.66%. Among the patients in subgroup B1, the average depth of gingival sulcus was 81.19±7.90% for depths of 1-3 mm, 14.06±5.50% for periodontal pockets with depths of 4-5 mm, and 4.55±3.13% for pockets with depths ≥ 6 mm.&#x0D; The measurements for subgroup B2 after 2 months of clinical research were as follows: the average PI was 44.09±1.00%, and the average BOP was 25.97±2.28%. Among the patients in subgroup B2, the average depth of gingival sulcus was 81.61±4.83% for depths of 1-3 mm, 15.96±4.90% for periodontal pockets with depths of 4-5 mm, and 1.18±0.52% for pockets with depths ≥ 6 mm.&#x0D; Comparing the obtained results of the clinical study in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis, it can be concluded that the treatment of this pathology with local application of chlorhexidine-based agents contributed to the improvement of clinical parameters after 2 months compared to the initial situation.

The Effectiveness of Gargling with Salam Leaf Boiled Water Reducing Plaque Score

Background: Health is the most important part in human life. Plaque is a soft deposit, which is firmly attached to the surface of the teeth. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) which contain active compounds such as tannins, flavonoids and essential oils that can inhibit bacterial growth. Title: The Effectiveness of Gargling with Bay Leaf Decoction on Decreasing Plaque Score in Adults in Sukabangun 1 RT 19 Sukarami District. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of gargling boiled water with bay leaves on reducing plaque scores. Methods: this study uses a quasi- experimental research method (quasi-experimental). Respondents: adults in Sukabangun 1 RT 19, Sukarami District. Results: The results of the One Way Annova statistical test on plaque index examination before gargling with boiled water, 1 hour after, and 2 hours after with good, moderate, and bad criteria, obtained a P-value of 0.010 which means significant, meaning for gargling water Salam leaf decoction with PHP can reduce plaque scores. Conclusions: 1. The average plaque index before gargling with bay leaf boiled water was 3.09 (Medium) 2. The average decrease in plaque index after gargling was 2.45 (Medium) 3. The effectiveness of bay leaf decoction is able to reduce plaque scores in the treatment before rinsing and after rinsing, this is evidenced by the decrease in plaque scores and the One Way Annova statistical test.

To Evaluate the Efficacy of Adjuncts Mouthwash along with Oral Hygiene Habits in Reduction of Peri-implant Mucositis - A Randomized Controlled Trial

Peri-implantitis is a site-specific condition that causes an inflammatory procedure in delicate tissues, and bone loss around an osseo-integrated implants in work. The etiology of the implant infection is caused by the status of the tissue encompassing the implants, implant design, degree of roughness, outer morphology, and excessive mechanical burden. Peri-implantitis can cause the loss of implant without multilateral expectation and treatment thoughts, Aim: the main aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of additional adjuncts (mouthwash) apart from the self administered oral health care in prevalence of peri-implantitis. Material and Methodology: a randomized controlled trial was done in Srinagar district of Jammu and Kashmir. Specific clinics which undergo additional implant placement with the help of a professional were selected. A total of 45 subjects were selected who had undergone implant placements and were divided into three groups on the basis of type of adjunct/ mouthwash given. Results: 45 periodontally healthy subjects were assessed for the presence of peri-implant mucositis. 100% of subjects were disease free within 12 weeks period. The prevalence of peri-implantitis was found to be much reduced in group 1, followed by group 2and group 3. Average plaque index and bleeding on probing index was also decreased in first two groups. Conclusion: within the limits of the said study, additional use of mouthwash along with other oral hygiene practices can reduce the prevalence and severity of peri-implantitis within a week’s period of time. Keywords: Bone-Loss, Chlorohexidine, Periimplantitis, Mouthwash

A SURVEY ON THE PERIODONTAL STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AT HUE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY HOSPITAL

Background: The relationship between periodontal disease and coronary artery disease has been suggested for more than a century. This study was carried out with the goal of surveying periodontal status in patients with coronary artery disease and understanding the relationship between periodontal status and severity of coronary artery disease. Subjects and methods: The study was conducted on two groups, including 50 patients with coronary artery disease, compared with control groups of the same age, sex. All subjects had a clinical dental examination to assess the periodontal indicators. Assessment of severity through coronary angiography in the group of diseases, thereby determining the relationships and correlations. Results: In the disease group, the average plaque index (1.96 ± 0.64), gingival index (1.49 ± 0.47) and clinical attachment loss (2.68 mm ± 1.12) was statistically significantly higher than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). There was no difference in the periodontal pocket depth index between the two groups (p&lt;0.05). The difference in the degree of gingivitis between the two groups was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). The average of periodontal indexes gradually increased according to the degrees of coronary artery stenosis (p&lt;0.05).There is a significantly moderate positive correlation between the degree of coronary artery stenosis and the degree of periodontitis. Conclusions: There is an relationship between periodontal status and severity of coronary artery disease. Recognizing this relationship, we need to take measures to change people’s awareness about oral health with coronary heart disease through periodic dental examination and treatment Key words: Periodontal disease, coronary artery disease, relationship

DAYA HAMBAT BERKUMUR EKSTRAK DAUN SALAM (SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM) TERHADAP PEMBENTUKAN PLAK PADA MAHASISWA JURUSAN KEPERAWATAN GIGI DI BUKITTINGGI

Bay leaves (Syzgium Polyanthum) contain flavonoids, tannins and essential oils which act as antibacterial. Plaque contains bacteria that stick closely to the surface of the teeth which can cause disease in the hard tissues of the teeth and the supporting tissues of the teeth. Plaque control is carried out mechanically and chemically, on of which is gargling bay leaf extract. Plaque measurement using the plaque index. The research objective was to determine the inhibition of gargling of bay leaf extract against plaque formation. This study used a quasi experimental method wth a post test control group design. The sampling technique was simple random sampling, the number of sample was determined Fredere’s formula, the sample devided into 3 groups, each group conssiting of 9 respondents.Group 1 rinsed with bay leaf extract, group 2 rinsed with antiseptic mouthwash and group 3 rinsed with aquadest. Data were tested by using Annova test. The result showed that the average plaque index after rinsing the bay leaf extract was 1.056, the average plaque indexgargling antiseptic mouthwash was 2.478, and the average plaque index after gargling with aquadest was 2167.The significance value is 0.178 and f count &gt; f table (6.238&gt; 3.403). The conclusion was garglingbay leaf extract wwas more effective in inhibiting plaque formation. It is recommended to use bay leaf extract as a mouthwash to maintain oral health.

Comparative Effectiveness of a Commercial Mouthwash and an Herbal Infusion in Oral Health Care

Mouthrinse solutions represent a group of products used for maintaining oral hygiene after tooth brushing. Substances contained by plants bring benefits for the whole mouth health. The purpose of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial mouthwash and of an herbal infusion on dental plaque formation and gingival inflammation. The participants in the study (90 patients) were divided into two groups, the CM group, which rinsed with a commercial fluoride-containing mouthwash and the IM group, which used an herbal infusion. The Silness–Loe plaque index (PI) and the Loe–Silness gingival index (GI) were assessed at baseline and in three following monitoring sessions. Both mouthwashes used had good results in reducing plaque index and gingival index values. In all monitoring sessions, the average PI value calculated in the CM group was relatively lower than in the IM group, probably because of the fluoride contained in the commercial mouthwash. The average GI value calculated in the CM group was slightly higher in showing gingival inflammation than that of the IM group, therefore the IM group had a better average result than the CM group in GI value. Herbal mouthwashes are adequate to induce proper oral prevention through the preservation of good oral health.

Effects of Self-ligating Orthodontic Appliances on the Periodontal Health of Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study.

To evaluate the association between orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and periodontal health during treatment by examining gingival inflammation indices and saliva properties. Thirty consecutive orthodontic patients, aged 11-18 years old, who were eligible for fixed orthodontic appliances, were included in the study. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), salivary pH and flow rate were recorded at three timepoints: immediately before placement of orthodontic fixed appliances (T0), and 1 (T1) and 3 months (T2) after bonding. The hypothesis that PI would remain constant across timepoints was rejected. PI increased over time (0 to 1 scale, T1-T0: mean diff. = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.18, p = 0.01; T2-T0: mean diff. = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.24, p < 0.001). On the other hand, GI changed statistically significantly over time (p = 0.05). Patients' age was not a predictor for PI change (p = 0.93), but it was for GI (p = 0.01). As anticipated, average PI was found to be higher for the mandibular dentition by 0.10 (95% CI = 0.04, 0.16) and the labial surfaces of teeth of both jaws by 0.51 (95% CI = 0.45, 0.57). Within the framework of the current study, orthodontic treatment appeared to affect the periodontal health of patients, but the changes were clinically negligible and not consistently statistically significant.

Perbedaan Indeks Plak pada Pemeriksaan dengan Bahan Disclosing Solution dan Biji Kesumba (Bixa orellana)

Dental health practitioners need to consider the use of alternative materials for the examination of plaque indexes derived from natural ingredients as a substitute for disclosing materials because they are not always available despite the high price. one example of this natural ingredient is the kesumba seed plant. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in plaque index on examination by disclosing solution and kesumba material. This type of research is quasi-experiment. This study used a sample of 47 students from Lawulo Elementary School-aged 9-12 years, data collection was done by checking the PHP plaque index. The results showed that the average plaque index score on examination with a disclosing solution was 3.08, and the average plaque index score on examination with the examination was 2.17 with a difference of 0.91. Statistical test results obtained ρ-value: 0,000 &lt;α (0.05) so that, it can be concluded there are differences in the plaque index on examination with Disclosing solution and examination with kesumba.

How effective are three methods of teaching oral hygiene for adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment? The MAHO protocol: an RCT comparing visual, auditory and kinesthetic methods

BackgroundFixed orthodontic appliances hamper oral hygiene procedures. The consequences are gingivitis and white spot lesions. Fifty to 70% of patients treated with braces encounter these problems. Their care in the USA represents an annual cost of five hundred million dollars. Initial education and motivation for oral hygiene depend on two categories of factors: firstly, practical prophylactic measures (instruments and medication, professional care) and secondly, the educational component: choice of communication technique, frequency, and nature of hygiene instructions. This trial aims to study this last component. Its main objective is to compare three methods’ effectiveness of oral hygiene education in adolescent patients treated with braces in terms of biofilm (plaque) control. The secondary objectives are the evaluation of these methods’ effectiveness regarding gingival inflammation and the maintenance of hygiene during the first 6 months of treatment.MethodsThis study is a prospective randomized controlled trial of superiority. It evaluates the effectiveness of three hygiene education techniques. A total of 90 patients from the University Hospital Center of Rennes will be randomized into 3 parallel groups with a 1:1:1 ratio. Each will benefit from a different educational method: oral and/or practical. The main outcome will be the average plaque index for each group after 6 months of treatment. Additional outcomes will be the average gingival index for each group and the plaque and gingival indices over 6 months.DiscussionThe effectiveness of preventive procedures for optimizing oral hygiene during orthodontics is based on ambiguous literature. As a result, it is difficult to draw conclusions and to translate them into everyday practice. Sixty-eight percent of the orthodontists support the development of guidelines for education. The aim of this study is to standardize methods of oral hygiene education during orthodontic fixed treatment. The purpose of this study would be to provide practitioners with a concrete education program through guidelines dedicated to the method having the best results.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04444154. Registered on 22 June 2020. SI CNRIPH ID 8011N° 20.04.27.58337. Registered on 29 July 2020

Efecto del extracto de cramberry sobre la capacidad adhesiva de la placa dental en dientes de niños de 10 años del colegio Horacio Morales Delgado. Arequipa-Peru 2016.

OBJETIVOS: Los objetivos de la presente investigación fue determinar el efecto del cranberry sobre la capacidad adhesiva de la placa dental en los niños del colegio Horacio Morales de la ciudad de Arequipa Perú. METODOLOGIA Y METODOS: Para esta investigación se probó el extracto de cranberry en 17 niños de 10 años del colegio Horacio Morales Delgado de Arequipa Perú. Esta investigación tuvo una duración de dos días, el primer día se procedió al cepillado de dientes a los niños los cuales permanecieron durante una hora sin ingesta de alimentos, al término de la cual se les tomo el índice de placa dental (grupo control). El segundo día se procedió también al cepillado de dientes a los niños e inmediatamente se les aplico el extracto de Cranberry como un colutorio, después de una hora sin haber ingerido ningún alimento ni bebidas, se les tomo el índice de placa dental. RESULTADOS: Los resultados obtenidos de la evaluación fueron medidos con el índice de placa dental el cual tiene valores de 0, 1 ,2, 3; dependiendo de cuanta placa se encuentre en la pieza dental (Índice de placa de Silness y Loe). El índice de placa dental promedio en los dientes de niños no tratados con el extracto de Cranberry y solo cepillados con pasta profiláctica fue 1.18. El índice de placa dental promedio en los dientes de niños tratados con el extracto de Cranberry fue de 0.18. Los resultados evidencian un contraste muy significativo en los dos días del experimento, llegando a la conclusión que usando el extracto de Cranberry reduce notoriamente el nivel de placa dental adherida al esmalte de las piezas dentales.

THE EFFECT OF DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION USING MUSIC IN DECREASING PLAQUE INDEX OF INTELLECTUALLY DISABLED

Background: Intellectually disabled (ID) children refer to special needs children whose intelligences are below the average. Poor dental and oral health conditions are a problem that is often found in ID children. Dental health education (DHE) on toothbrushing activity for ID children can be a solution for their dental and oral health problems, however ID children have limitation in receiving information caused by the deficit of cognitive functions covering perception, memory, idea development, evaluation, and reasoning. Effective learning processes in DHE for ID children can be achieved by using adaptive media like music adjusted to the condition of ID children. Objective: To analyze the effect of DHE using music in decreasing plaque index of mild-to-moderate ID children. Methods: Pre-experimental (one-group pre and posttest) and total sampling method were used. Thirty subjects, junior high school students with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability (9 females and 21 males), were given 15 sessions of DHE using music as adaptive media. The music was in the form of children's song, which contains stages of tooth-brushing using modified-bass technique, created specifically by adjusting to characteristics of ID children. Plaque index was measured using Quigley–Hein Turesky–Gilmore–Glickman modification on day-0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. Results: Average plaque index of all subjects (mean±SD): pretest (4.79±0.27), posttest-1 (4.37±0.36), posttest-2 (4.02±0.42), posttest-3 (3.39±0.46), posttest-4 (2.78±0.65), posttest-5 (2.29±0.86), Wilcoxon statistical analysis showed that there are significant differences (p&lt;0,05). Conclusion: DHE using music as adaptive media in the form of children's songs can affect the reduction in plaque index of mild-to-moderate ID children since the 3rd day. The decrease in male subjects' plaque index was slower than in female subjects. Grade level does not affect the decrease in plaque index of ID children. Lingual surface’s plaque index had higher score with slower decline than buccal surface.

Preventive hygiene protocol of University of Milan for women during pregnancy: A qualitative and quantitative bacterial plaque analysis prospective original study

IntroductionThe aim of this article is to describe the preventive hygiene protocol of University of Milan for women during pregnancy analyzing the bacterial plaque quantitatively and qualitatively. Materials and methodsA sample of 35 pregnant women following a protocol of periodic visits starting from the first month of pregnancy until the childbirth and in follow up controls were analyzed. Several samples (n = 4) of bacterial plaque for quantitative and qualitative analysis were taken, from the lingual surface of the lower first molar, during the first visit (T0), during the first trimester (T1), during the second or third trimester of pregnancy (T2), and one month after childbirth (T3). ResultsBy performing a quantitative analysis, it was calculated that the average plaque index (Fig. 1) was n = 48.1% (T0), n = 14.7% (T1), n = 18.4% (T2) and n = 18.9% (T3). The plaque index score presents a downward trend, passing from 48.1% (T0) to 18.9% (T3). The number of total cocci (Fig. 2) was n = 205.39 (T0), n = 57.5(T1), n = 74.6 (T2) and n = 75.4(T3). The number of total bacilli (Fig. 3) was n = 62.7 (T0), n = 23.1 (T1), n = 25.3 (T2), n = 27.1(T3). The total values of cocci and bacilli were correlated and the average trend of the various samples was calculated. By performing a qualitative analysis, the value of G+ cocci (Fig. 5) was n = 2.7 (T0), n = 1.4 (T1), n = 1.4 (T2) and n = 1.5 (T3). The value of G− cocci (Fig. 5) was n = 2.3 (T0), n = 0.7 (T1), n = 1.1 (T2) and n = 1.1 (T3). The value of G+ bacilli (Fig. 6) was n = 1.6 (T0), n = 0.9 (T1), n = 1.2 (T2) and n = 1.2 (T3). The value of G− bacilli (Fig. 6) was n = 1.3 (T0), n = 0.3 (T1), n = 0.7 (T2) and n = 0.7 (T3). ConclusionsThe preventive hygiene protocol used in the Dental Hygiene Department of the University of Milan, during the gestation period, is a suitable method for the control of the bacterial plaque. A considerably decrease of the plaque index and bacterial components between the first visit and the subsequent check-ups was calculated.

Profile of Medically Compromised Children Attending the Pediatric Dentistry Department of the Casablanca Dental Consultation and Treatment Center

Advances in pediatric medicine and medical technology have led to a spectacular reduction in morbidity and mortality among medically compromised children. As a result, dentists are facing the challenge of treating and managing more children with systemic conditions meeting affecting the dental treatment. Objective: To evaluate the medical profile of medically compromised children followed in the Pediatric Dentistry Department of the Casablanca Dental Consultation and Treatment Center and to assess their oral health. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 529 children treated in the pediatric dentistry department between 16 November 2016 and 16 January 2017. The general condition status, oral hygiene and dental condition were collected based on the anamnesis and oral examination. Results: From the 529 children included in the study, 1/3 of them have one or more systemic conditions. Patients with special needs represent 27.2% of the total of medically compromised children. The DMFT and dmft index ware respectively of 6.42 and 3.44. The average plaque index was 1.04. Conclusion: The oral status of medically compromised children is alarming with a large number of decayed teeth and few treated teeth. This is related to the quality of oral hygiene measures introduced by children and their parents, as well as the impact of the medical condition.

Prevalence of Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in a Sample of the Adult Egyptian Population.

AIM:The aim of this cross-sectional study is recording the prevalence and evaluation of the severity of plaque-induced gingival inflammation among a sample of the adult Egyptian population.PATIENTS AND METHODS:Four hundred and twenty-five subjects in this contemplate were seen from patients visiting the diagnostic clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University. The gingival and plaque indices for each patient diagnosed as having plaque-induced gingivitis were recorded. The pocket depth was also measured.RESULTS:The incidence of gingivitis was 100% amid adult subjects with an age range between 18-45 years. The average plaque index (PI) was 1.05 ± 0.43, which reflects relatively superior plaque control of the participants. The mean gingival index (GI) was 1.66 ± 0.40, which reflects the presence of moderate gingival inflammation. PD mean values confirmed limitation of inflammation to the gingiva. The sex was correlated to the condition of the inflamed gingiva (p = 0.014) and the quantity of biofilm build-up (p = 0.003). Females were less affected than males (p = 0.005).CONCLUSION:The outcomes of this contemplate demonstrated that biofilm build-up is stoutly accompanied with elevated incidence of modest to rigorous gingivitis amid adult Egyptian individuals.

PERBANDINGAN EFEKTIVITAS SIKAT GIGI KONVENSIONAL DENGAN SIKAT GIGI KHUSUS ORTODONTI TERHADAP PENURUNAN INDEKS PLAK PADA PEMAKAI PIRANTI ORTODONTI CEKAT MENGGUNAKAN METODE CHARTER

accumulation of plaque. The most simple and effective way to control plaque is tooth brushing. Manual toothbrush which is straight, straight brush handle with the brush head and bristles panel is recommended by the healthy department of Indonesia. Orthodontic toothbrush is designed specifically to eliminate plaque around the brackets. Charter methods is recommended for patient using fixed orthodontic appliance.&#x0D; Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of conventional toothbrush and orthodontic toothbrush in reducing average plaque index patient using fixed orthodontic appliance with Charter method.&#x0D; Methods: The research method was experimental with pre and posttest design. The study subjects were 30 people who were&#x0D; divided into two groups, 15 people usedconventional toothbrushes and 15 people usedorthodontic toothbrushes. Orthodontic&#x0D; Plaque Index (OPI) was used as plaque index in this research. Analysis of data was using T-test.&#x0D; Results: Pretest and posttest plaque index of conventional toothbrush were 70,94 and 40,20. Pretest and posttest plaque index of orthodontic toothbrush were 65,59 and 23,74. The average difference in pretest and posttest plaque index of conventional toothbrush was 30,74 and orthodontic toothbrush was 41,84. The result was tested by using independent t-test and produced a significant value (P value) of 0,001&#x0D; Conclusion: The use of orthodontic toothbrush with Charter method is more effective than conventional toothbrush in removing plaque.&#x0D; Keywords: Plaque index, conventional toothbrush, orthodontic toothbrush