Average Number Of Live Births Research Articles

Analysis of Factors That Influence Fertility in Women in North Kuta District Badung Regency

Fertility is a crucial indicator in demographic studies and has direct implications for population development. The fertility rate refers to the average number of live births that a woman or a population in a specific area and time period can produce. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Badung is relatively low compared to other regions, standing at 1,93. This may influence slower population growth. However, it's important to note that low TFR is not the sole factor affecting population growth. Other factors such as migration, mortality, birth rates, and population mobility can also impact population growth. This research aims to analyze the factors influencing fertility rates in the North Kuta District of Badung Regency. The variables considered in this study include education, family income, age at first marriage, and contraceptive use concerning fertility rates in the North Kuta District of Badung Regency, both simultaneously and partially. The data for this study are entirely based on primary and secondary sources. The research was conducted in the North Kuta District of Badung Regency, with a sample size of 100 couples of childbearing age, using purposive sampling. The analytical technique employed in this research is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The findings indicate that education has a negative and non-significant influence on fertility, while income, age at first marriage, and contraceptive use have a positive and significant impact on fertility. This research is expected to contribute significantly to improving women's reproductive health in controlling birth rates and enhancing family well-being.

Estimate of the Prevalence of Vascular Malformations

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of vascular malformations using retrospective data collected from 1999 to 2020 in a specialty vascular anomalies service. Methods: The vascular anomalies service associated with the Royal Children’s Hospital provides a reference service to both adults and children, covering the entire state of Victoria, Australia, which has a population of 6.7 million and around 70,000 births per year. A database of patients was interrogated to identify those treated by the service over the study period with a diagnosis of vascular malformation, excluding capillary malformations. A total of 1501 patients were identified, including 1233 with slow-flow malformations and 147 with arteriovenous malformations. Prevalence was calculated as the number of cases born per year who attended the service plus those estimated as yet to attend for assessment, divided by the average number of live births each year. This was calculated for a selected period comprising the years when the numbers were expected to be most stable. Results: The prevalence of slow-flow malformations is estimated to be 1 case per thousand livebirths. Approximate estimates of cases per 100,000 births for individual lesions are: venous malformation 45, lymphatic malformation 35, intramuscular slow-flow malformation 10, complex malformations (Klippel-Trenaunay and CLOVES) 4, glomuvenous malformation 5, and verrucous venous malformation 2. The prevalence of extracranial arteriovenous malformation is estimated to be around one case per 10,000 population. Conclusions: An updated estimate, more accurate than those previously published, of the prevalence of vascular malformations has been obtained.

Impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on birth rates in Europe: a time series analysis in 24 countries.

Did the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic have an impact on monthly birth rates in Europe? Using datasets on live births per month in Europe, collected from the Human Fertility Database, we found a -14.1% decline in live births in January 2021 (i.e. 9-10 months after the epidemic peaks and first lockdowns), compared to the average number of live births in January 2018 and 2019. Previous pandemics in the 20th and 21st centuries have been associated with a decline in birth rates 9 months after their peak, and a rebound in births over time. Lockdowns were necessary to control the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and may have had an impact on subsequent birth rates. Monthly time series data on live births from January 2018 to March 2021 were extracted to provide a time-series analysis of birthrates during and after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 24 European countries. We conducted a random-effect generalized least squares regression to assess the seasonality of births from January 2018 to March 2021, and to identify potential differences in monthly live births after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the seasonality of births. To quantify these potential differences, we estimated the variation rate between the monthly live births observed during 2020 and 2021 and the mean of the 2018-2019 monthly live births in Europe. Factors potentially associated with a variation in monthly birth rates were assessed using univariable and multivariable generalized linear regressions. When considering the seasonality of births, January 2021 was the only month with a significant difference in live births. A drop of -14.1% was observed compared to the average number of live births in January 2018 and 2019. At the national level, this drop was observed 9-10 months after the epidemic peaks in 13 countries. The duration of lockdowns was the variable that had the stronger association with this decrease, whereas higher incomes per capita could be a factor limiting this decline. A rebound in births compared to the previous years occurred in March 2021 in 13 countries. Our data are based on national data, limiting the power in the multivariable models used and the identification of other potential factors contributing to a decrease or an increase in birth rates. In addition, we collected only live births up to April 2021, which precludes the identification of a difference in births seasonality in 2021. As with previous pandemics, the COVID-19 outbreak was associated with a decline in births 9 months after its first wave. This trend may be associated with the duration of the lockdowns. Although there was a rebound in births in the following months, it does not seem to compensate for this decline. The authors receive no external funding and have no conflict of interest to declare. N/A.

Fertility Dynamics and Life History Tactics Vary by Socioeconomic Position in a Transitioning Cohort of Postreproductive Chilean Women

Globally, mortality and fertility rates generally fall as resource abundance increases. This pattern represents an evolutionary paradox insofar as resource-rich ecological contexts can support higher numbers of offspring, a component of biological fitness. This paradox has not been resolved, in part because the relationships between fertility, life history strategies, reproductive behavior, and socioeconomic conditions are complex and cultural-historically contingent. We aim to understand how we might make sense of this paradox in the specific context of late-twentieth-century, mid–demographic transition Chile. We use distribution-specific generalized linear models to analyze associations between fertility-related life-history traits—number of offspring, ages at first and last reproduction, average interbirth interval, and average number of live births per reproductive span year—and socioeconomic position (SEP) using data from a cohort of 6,802 Chilean women born between 1961 and 1970. We show that Chilean women of higher SEP have shorter average interbirth intervals, more births per reproductive span year, later age at first reproduction, earlier ages at last reproduction, and, ultimately, fewer children than women of lower SEP. Chilean women of higher SEP consolidate childbearing over a relatively short time span in the middle of their reproductive careers, whereas women of lower SEP tend to reproduce over the entirety of their reproductive lifespans. These patterns may indicate that different SEP groups follow different pathways toward declining fertility during the demographic transition, reflecting different life-history trade-offs in the process.

Paradigm Shifts in Demographic Components in the New Millennium and Possible Implications: A Case Study of Sri Lanka

This paper, using Demographic and Health Surveys, population censuses, and results of two population projections, attempts assess future population dynamics of Sri Lanka. Since the turn of the new millennium, fertility demonstrated an increasing trend where the average number of live births per woman increased from 1.9 in 1995-2000 to 2.4 in 2012. Although there was an increase in life expectancy of both sexes, after the cessation of civil war in 2009, male life expectancy increased significantly. At the same time departures of labour migrants dropped from 300,000 in 2014 to 200,000 in 2019. As per the population projection of 2015, which captured fertility upturn, the size of the population of the country was expected to increase significantly to 24 and 25 million by 2032 and 2042 respectively. On the other hand, the population projection of 2007, which did not capture the fertility upturn, indicated that the country was reaching population stability by the early 2030s with a population even below 22 million. However, with the increase in fertility and life expectancy, and drop in labour migration, significant growth of the country’s population is now expected to be eminent. The aging process and the unexpected fertility upturn have contributed to overall dependency on these increases significantly, which would generate more pressure on the working age population and the State. It is not only that Sri Lanka at present stands at the last phase of the demographic dividend, other factors required for economic take-off such as political stability, investment, savings, and productivity, also not demonstrating an adequate improvement to harness this window of opportunity. Failing to implement appropriate policies and programmes, the rapid growth of the population and aging would also create serious socio-economic and environmental issues in the near future.

Trends and specifics in the reproductive behaviour of the bulgarian population at the beginning of the 21-st century

The concept of reproductive behaviour of the population is closely linked to the process or reproduction. In a demographic sense, this is the realization of reproductive attitudes in terms of number of children desired by married couples or co-habiting partners. Several synonyms to the term “reproductive behaviour” are used in demographic, geodemographic and sociological research, such as generative, procreative and proliferative behaviour. These serve to express the processes and practical actions involved in the birth and raising of children. In a wider sense, child rearing includes also upbringing and education and even the passing on of certain attitudes toward future reproductive behaviour. Viewed in its narrower essence, reproductive behaviour has two manifestations. The first finds expression in actions ensuring the reproductive process and the second – in actions restricting and impeding this process. These actions are defined with the terms ‘birth regulation’, ‘family control’ or ‘family planning’. Changes in the social and economic situation in Bulgaria after 1989 led to changes in the reproductive behaviour of the population. The transition from centrally planned economy to market economy and the accompanying economic crisis created conditions for a rapid drop in the economic activity of the population and an increase in unemployment. The sharp decrease in actual income had a very direct impact on the reproductive behaviour of the population during this period. As a result, birth rates rapidly deteriorated, reaching an all-time low of 7.7 ‰ in 1997. The negative changes in the living standard of the population altered the reproductive attitudes of single-child families. Material difficulties experienced during raising of the first child resulted in temporary or permanent refrainment from the birth of a second child. The relative stabilization of the economic situation, which commenced in the beginning of this century resulted in the moderate improvement of some of the indicators related to reproductive behaviour. The birth rate registered at that time (9.8 ‰ in 2007) owes mainly to an increase in the fertility of the childbearing population, measured through the total fertility coefficient. In 2001 the average number of live births per woman was 1.24 and in 2007 – 1.42. Although this small increase in fertility was maintained in the course of the following decade (1.56 children in 2007), Bulgaria remains among the countries with lowest birth rate in the EU. The main issues of the current demographic situation are the increase in the median age of women at first birth, the large share of children born out of wedlock with no registered data on the father and early age at first childbirth. These negative specifics of the reproductive behaviour of the population are further exacerbated by the significant differences in birth rates between towns and villages and different regions and districts within the country.

Human papillomavirus type 18/16 infection and prevalence among middle-aged and older Chinese rural women: a cross-sectional survey in Wufeng, Hubei Province

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to measure the prevalence and potential factors related to HPV 16/18 infection among middle-aged and older Chinese rural women. The study was conducted among women aged 35–65 years in rural villages within Wufeng in Hubei Province. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire between July and August 2015. Cervical specimens were collected for HPV DNA detection and typing by using careHPV. Pearson’s Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations with HPV positivity. Among 1001 participants, the prevalence of HPV 18/16 positive genotyping was 15.88% (n = 159). Husbands’ extramarital sex (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 15.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.76–43.59), cervicitis (adjusted OR = 9.27, 95% CI 5.06–16.99), condom usage (adjusted OR = 0.16, 95% CI 0.05–0.53), higher average number of live births (adjusted OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.32–2.96 for two live births; adjusted OR = 3.29, 95% CI 1.39–7.81 for three or more live births) were associated with HPV infection. The prevalence of HPV infection among participating women from rural areas was higher than that in several other areas in China. Our findings can aid efforts to prevent HPV infection to lower the risk of cervical cancer.

Temporal Trends in Geographical Variation in Breast Cancer Mortality in China, 1973-2005: An Analysis of Nationwide Surveys on Cause of Death.

To describe geographical variation in breast cancer mortality over time, we analysed breast cancer mortality data from three retrospective national surveys on causes of death in recent decades in China. We first calculated the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for each of the 31 provinces in mainland China stratified by survey period (1973–1975, 1990–1992 and 2004–2005). To test whether the geographical variation in breast cancer mortality changed over time, we then estimated the rate ratio (RR) for the aggregated data for seven regions and three economic zones using generalized linear models. Finally, we examined the correlation between mortality rate and several macro-economic measures at the provincial level. We found that the overall ASMR increased from 2.98 per 100,000 in 1973–1975 to 3.08 per 100,000 in 1990–1992, and to 3.85 per 100,000 in 2004–2005. Geographical variation in breast cancer mortality also increased significantly over time at the regional level (p = 0.002) but not at the economic zone (p = 0.089) level, with RR being generally lower for Western China (Northwest and Southwest) and higher in Northeast China over the three survey periods. These temporal and spatial trends in breast cancer mortality were found to be correlated with per capita gross domestic product, number of hospitals and health centres’ beds per 10,000 population and number of practicing doctors per 10,000 population, and average number of live births for women aged 15–64. It may be necessary to target public health policies in China to address the widening geographic variation in breast cancer mortality, and to take steps to ensure that the ease of access and the quality of cancer care across the country is improved for all residents.

Risk of microcephaly after Zika virus infection in Brazil, 2015 to 2016.

ObjectiveTo estimate the risk of microcephaly in babies born to women infected by the Zika virus during pregnancy in Brazil in an epidemic between 2015 and 2016.MethodsWe obtained data on the number of notified and confirmed microcephaly cases in each Brazilian state between November 2015 and October 2016 from the health ministry. For Pernambuco State, one of the hardest hit, weekly data were available from August 2015 to October 2016 for different definitions of microcephaly. The absolute risk of microcephaly was calculated using the average number of live births reported in each state in the corresponding time period between 2012 and 2014 and assuming two infection rates: 10% and 50%. The relative risk was estimated using the reported background frequency of microcephaly in Brazil of 1.98 per 10 000 live births.FindingsThe estimated absolute risk of a notified microcephaly case varied from 0.03 to 17.1% according to geographical area, the definition of microcephaly used and the infection rate. Assuming a 50% infection rate, there was an 18–127 fold higher probability of microcephaly in children born to mothers with infection during pregnancy compared with children born to mothers without infection during pregnancy in Pernambuco State. For a 10% infection rate, the probability was 88–635 folds higher.ConclusionA large variation in the estimated risk of microcephaly was found in Brazil. Research is needed into possible effect modifiers, reliable measures of Zika virus infection and clear endpoints for congenital malformations.

Association of breastfeeding with postmenopausal visceral adiposity among three racial/ethnic groups.

ObjectiveWe examined the association between breastfeeding and visceral adiposity postmenopause.Design and MethodsParticipants were community-dwelling women aged 55–80 from the Caucasian Rancho Bernardo Study, the Filipino Women’s Health Study, and the Health Assessment Study of African-American Women who had visceral adipose tissue (VAT) measurements by computed tomography between 2000–2002. Linear regression was used to determine the association between average breastfeeding duration per child and VAT.ResultsIn Caucasian, Filipino and African-American women, average number of live births was 3, 4 and 3; average breastfeeding duration was 4.3, 1.8 and 5.1 months, respectively. Filipino women had more live births, were more likely to breastfeed, and breastfed shorter durations. African-American women had lower VAT, despite higher subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), BMI and waist girth. Women who breastfed >3 months on average had 8.8 cm3 lower VAT than women who breastfed ≤3 months, independent of covariates. Women who initiated breastfeeding had lower BMI and waist girth than those who did not, but did not differ by VAT unless they breastfed >3 months. Associations were independent of race/ethnicity.ConclusionsResults suggest breastfeeding initiation is associated with reduced BMI and smaller waist girth and breastfeeding >3 month is associated with lower VAT postmenopause.

Can Family Planning Programs Reduce High Desired Family Size in Sub-Saharan Africa?

During the past half century, fertility declines have been pervasive in Asia and Latin America. Between the early 1950s and the early 2000s, the total fertility rate (TFR)-the average number of live births a woman would have during her lifetime, assuming constant fertility rates-dropped from 5.7 to 2.4 births per woman in Asia and from 5.9 to 2.3 births per woman in Latin America.1 Only a handful of countries in these regions still have fertility rates higher than four births per woman. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, fertility remains high in the large majority of countries. Although some declines have occurred, the average total fertility rate in 2005-2010 exceeded 5.1 births per woman-more than double the levels observed in Asia and Latin America.

When was the Baby Born? Reflecting on the Time of Day, Day of Week, Mode of Delivery, and Birth Outcomes

When was the Baby Born? Reflecting on the Time of Day, Day of Week, Mode of Delivery, and Birth Outcomes

Reproductive Performance of the Bhumija Women: An Empirical Study of a Tribal Village, Baleswar, Orissa

This paper reflects the reproductive per-formance of the Bhumija women of a tribal village of Baleswar. Efforts have been made to find out the factors affecting fertility, such as the age at marriage, family planning practices, etc. Average number of conception, average life birth, uterine wastage and surviving offsprings are considered as reproductive measures. The study reveals that the mean age at marriage is 16 years; the mean age at first child-birth is 18.14 years. There is less number of uterine wastage and post-natal death. The average number of conception per woman is 3.87 and the average number of live births per woman is 3.28. The Bhumija population exhibits very low pre-partum reproductive loss (0.13) and post-natal loss (0.10).

PATTERN OF FERTILITY IN BASRAH-SOUTHERN IRAQ

The results reported in this paper are part of a comprehensive cross-sectional study carried out in Basrah governorate-Southern Iraq to quantify specific aspects of fertility. The study covered 2670 ever married women aged 15-60 years. The studied women were interviewed regarding demographic characteristics and detailed history of their pregnancy experience. The results showed that the crude birth rate was 36.4 per 1000 population, the general fertility rate was 139.3 per 1000 women, the average number of pregnancies per woman was 4.3 and the average number of live births was 3.4 per woman. About 37.9% of women had at least one lost pregnancy (abortion or still birth) and pregnancy wastage accounted for 14.1% of all reported pregnancies. The total fertility rate was 6.4 per woman and showed some degree of decline over the last two decades. About 70% (R2=0.70)of fertility variation among women could be explained by variables related to envisaged ideal family size, duration of use of family planning methods, pregnancy wastage, number of women siblings, duration of couple separation, education of woman father, education of woman and education of husband.

Analysis of reproductive and age-parameters in Kalmyk rural populations

Questionnaire data of 704 women of postreproductive age were used in this study. Questionnaire involved 462 Kalmyks, 119 Russians, 43 Kazakhs, 52 representatives of Northern Caucasus ethnic groups and, 28 other ethnic groups. The average number of pregnancies in Kalmyks was 5.49; the average number of live births was 3.21. The Crow index for Kalmyks was I(m) = 0.038, I(f) = 0.300, I(tot) = 0.350; and for Russians in Kalmykia, I(m) = 0.030, I(f) = 0.264, I(tot) = 0.302.

Postponing of childbearing in the optimal life age: A basic demographic consequence of the 1990s in Serbia

The 1990s represent an exceptionally complex period for the population of Serbia. In addition to the impact of long-term factors, various tumultuous events affected its demographic development. How have these changes, or better to say dramatic events, affected an individual?s decision to have children? We tried to get an answer to the set question by analyzing cohort fertility rates. Examination of the average number of live births for women ages 35-39, 40-44, 45-49 and 50-54 in the year 2002 indicated that demographic cost was almost unregistered. However, as for the younger age cohorts of women, between 25 and 34 years old, the average number of live births in 2002 was lower than in 1991 for women of the same age group. The results of an in-depth non-representative research carried out during the nineties indicate that parenthood is the most important life aspiration and goal per se in the individual system of values, independent from age in our country. Therefore it seems that postponing births in conditions of long-term and great social crisis during the 1990-s, was an important reason of lower rates of cohort fertility of women born between 1977 and 1968. But certainly not the only reason. This is also seen in the low rates of cohort fertility of women of age 20-24 in the year 2002, in relation to the average number of live births of women of the same age group in 1991.

ABO BLOOD GROUPS AND COMPLETED REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF RURAL HARYANAVI COUPLES: ANALYSING MEASURES OF SELECTION INTENSITIES

The possible differential effects of ABO blood group materno-paternal (fetal) incompatibility on completed reproductive performance were investigated on a sample of 100 couples (100 fathers and 100 mothers) from three villages in the Jind district of Haryana state, India. The average number of live births per mating couple was slightly higher for the incompatible matings (5.32) than the compatible ones (5.05). This advantage was offset by higher postnatal mortality in the former. Consequently, the average number of living children in the compatible matings (4.64) was higher than in the incompatible ones (4.18). With reference to individual ABO matings, the index of relative fertility (Irf) was the highest in A x AB followed by B x A type of incompatible matings. No decrease in live births in O x A and O x B incompatible matings was observed compared with their reciprocal compatible ones, i.e. A x O and B x O matings, as has been hypothesized in previous studies. The total pregnancy wastage was substantially higher in ABO-incompatible matings (24.59%) than compatible matings (8.45%). About 71% of the postnatal deaths took place within one year of the birth in the case of incompatible matings compared with 50% in the case of compatible matings. The study supports the hypothesis that selection is operative at the ABO locus as revealed by the measures of selection intensity. The loss of fitness in the present sample was associated with differential mortality. There were no differences in the proportions of average number of male live births in the compatible (0.55) and incompatible matings (0.58). However, in the individual mating types, there was some evidence of higher or lower proportions of male live births.

Live Birth in Association with Socio-Cultural Attributes of Mother: A Study on the Bhatra Tribes of Bastar, Chhattisgarh

In the present paper an attempt has been made to examine an association between an average number of live births and socio-cultural attributes of mothers in the Bhatra tribes of Bastar. The average size of household is observed higher in joint families as compare to nuclear families. Illitrate mothers are more frequent having lower number of an average live births as compare to primary educated mothers. 35.96% of total Bhatra mothers have supported economically their families as labourer having the lowest number of an average live births. Most of the mothers in the Bhatra tribes like tobacco and liquor are found with comparatively lower number of an average live births. However the average number of live births is observed gradually in increasing order as room increases in the houses. Means of recreation, lighting facilities in the houses and fasting behaviour of mothers are also observed assocated with an average number of live births of mothers in the Bhatra tribes of Bastar.

A New Look at the Asian Fertility Transition (Distinguishedl Lecture)

The significance of the Asian fertility transition can hardly be overestimated. The relatively sanguine view of population growth expressed at the 1994 International Conference for Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo was possible only because of the demographic events in Asia over the last 30 years. In 1965 Asian women were still bearing about six children. Even at current rates, today’s young women will give birth to half as many. This measure, namely the average number of live births over a reproductive lifetime, is called the total fertility rate. It has to be above 2— considerably above if mortality is still high—to achieve long-term population replacement. By 1995 East Asia, taken as a whole, exhibited a total fertility rate of 1.9. Elsewhere, Singapore was below long-term replacement, Thailand had just achieved it, and Sri Lanka was only a little above. The role of Asia in the global fertility transition is shown by estimates I made a few years ago for a World Bank Planning Meeting covering the first quarter of a century of the Asian transition [Caldwell (1993), p. 300]. Between 1965 and 1988 the world’s annual birth rate fell by 22 percent. In 1988 there would have been 40 million more births if there had been no decline from 1965 fertility levels. Of that total decline in the world’s births, almost 80 percent had been contributed by Asia, compared with only 10 percent by Latin America, nothing by Africa, and, unexpectedly, 10 percent by the high-income countries of the West. Indeed, 60 percent of the decline was produced by two countries, China and India, even though they constitute only 38 percent of the world’s population. They accounted, between them, for over threequarters of Asia’s fall in births.

Effects of a Comprehensive Program for Teenage Parents: Five Years After Project Redirection

A fifth-year follow-up of teenage mothers who had enrolled in Project Redirection, a comprehensive program of services for pregnant and parenting teenagers, revealed many long-term benefits of the program. Administered when the young mothers were, on average, 22 years old, the follow-up found that program participants had better employment records, higher average earnings and lower rates of welfare dependency than a comparison group of similar young mothers who had not enrolled in Project Redirection. Moreover, participants had higher scores on a test of parenting, were more likely to have breastfed their infants and were more likely to have registered their children in Head Start. The children of the Project Redirection participants (whose average age was five and one-half) were better off than their comparison-group counterparts in terms of cognitive, social and emotional development. The two groups of young mothers were similar in terms of their educational attainment after five years, but differences in fertility were observed. Although the two groups had experienced similar numbers of pregnancies, Project Redirection participants were less likely to have terminated a pregnancy by means of induced abortion, and as a result had had a higher average number of live births. The economic status of women who were able to limit their child-bearing was generally more favorable than for those who were not able to do so, but participation in Project Redirection was associated with improved employment outcomes and greater self-sufficiency among all of the women, regardless of the size of their family.