Average Monthly Household Income Research Articles

Knowledge of Alzheimer’s disease and associated factors among adults in Zhuhai, China: a cross-sectional analysis

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the public knowledge regarding Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in Zhuhai, China, focusing on identifying knowledge gaps and the influence of demographic and health factors.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Zhuhai, China, from October to November 2022. A total of 1986 residents from 18 communities were selected employing stratified multi-stage equi-proportional sampling. Questionnaires covering general information and the Alzheimer’s Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) were investigated face-to-face. Ordinal multiclass logistic regression was applied to assess the relationship between AD awareness and demographic and health characteristics.ResultsThe average ADKS score was 18.5 (SD = 3.36) in Zhuhai. The lowest awareness rates were observed in the “Symptoms” and “Caregiving” subdomains of ADKS, with rates of 51.01% and 43.78%, respectively. The correct rates for the 30 ADKS questions ranged from 16.62 to 92.6%, showing a bimodal pattern with clusters around 80% and 20%. Women (OR = 1.203, 95% CI: 1.009–1.435), individuals aged 60 years or older (OR = 2.073, 95% CI: 1.467–2.932), those living in urban areas (OR = 1.361, 95% CI: 1.117–1.662), higher average monthly household income per capita (OR = 1.641, 95% CI: 1.297–2.082), and without any neurological or mental disorders (OR = 1.810, 95% CI: 1.323–2.478) were more likely to have higher levels of awareness about Alzheimer’s disease.ConclusionsAdults in Zhuhai show a limited knowledge of AD, particularly in the ‘Symptoms’ and ‘Caregiving’ subdomains. Upcoming health campaigns must focus on bridging the knowledge gaps in different subdomains of AD, especially among subgroups with lower awareness, as identified in our study.

Unraveling the threads of corruption perception: effects of age and cohort

ABSTRACT This study aimed to empirically analyze the individual effects of age effect and cohort effect on corruption perception. Given the importance of comprehending the process of corruption perception formation, this study treated age groups as an independent variable impacting corruption perception, and sex, education level, and average monthly household income as control variables. The analysis aimed to understand if corruption perception varied among age groups and whether disparities were due to cohort effect or age effect. Results showed that age had a negative impact on corruption perception. When comparing two generations across different years, age effect was found to have a greater influence than cohort effect. Despite certain limitations, this study highlighted the significant role of age in shaping corruption perception and emphasized the policy implications of formulating corruption prevention strategies that accommodate shifts in corruption perception across the life cycle.

Factors Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in Postpartum Women: A Crossectional Study

Abstract Objective This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with poor sleep quality in women in the postpartum period who were assisted in a municipality in central Brazil. Material and Methods This is a cross-sectional study (n = 400) conducted virtually from 2020 to 2021. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, self-perceived sleep, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were assessed. Results It was identified that 82% of postpartum women were between 18 and 35-years-old and had an average monthly household income of R$2,339.27 ± 1,812.95. It was also found that 33.50% (95% CI: 28.7–38.0) had sleep disorders (PSQI >10); 70.25% (95%CI 65.8–74.8) had poor sleep quality (PSQI >5); 57.4% (95% CI: 52.0–63.1) had inadequate sleep on weekdays/workdays; and 64.1% (95% CI 59.3–69.2) had unsuitable sleep on weekends/days off. It was found that the factors associated with sleep disturbance were: age between <18 years and >35 years (p = 0.048); difficulty to think clearly (p = 0.043); frequent sadness (p = 0.046); poor sleep quality; low income (p = 0.030); difficulty to think clearly (p = 0.013); and loss of interest in things (p = 0.030). As for sleep on weekdays, the associated factors were: marital status without a partner (p = 0.008); and being a victim of physical violence (p = 0.003). Finally, for sleep on weekends/off: nonwhite skin-color (p = 0.039); and having postpartum depression (p = 0.029). Conclusion The findings of the present study call attention to the impacts of changes in women's bodies, behavior, and interpersonal relationships caused by the arrival of a newborn. We also highlight the need for a multidisciplinary and comprehensive medical approach in this period.

Mental Health of Teachers during the First Wave of COVID-19 in Daegu, Korea: Challenges in Reopening Schools

This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the psychological states of teachers during the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using data on school mental health projects related to COVID-19 in Daegu from May to June 2020. The participants comprised 811 (34.9%) male and 1,511 (65.1%) female teachers in 1,041 (44.8%) middle and 1,281 (55.2%) high schools. After schools reopened, the most common causes of unbearable stress were unusual experiences, fear of infection, and negative emotions. Moreover, 41.5%/40.4% reported experiencing anxiety/depression, out of which 25.1%/23.6%, 10.0%/14.0%, and 6.4%/2.8% exhibited mild, moderate, and severe levels, respectively. The study identified the following influencing factors of anxiety: being female (OR: 1.52), years of employment (≤5 and <15; OR: 1.36; reference: <5), average monthly household income (≤3,000,000 and <5,000,000 [OR: 0.69], 5,000,000 ≤ [OR: 0.67]; reference ≤1,000,000 and <3,000,000 won), depression (OR: 19.14), posttraumatic stress symptoms (OR: 11.65), job stress (OR: 9.13), resilience (OR: 0.37), and subjective well-being (OR: 0.45). We identified the following factors for depression: being female (OR: 1.51), aged 40s (OR: 1.70; reference: 20s), average monthly household income (≤3,000,000 and <5,000,000 [OR: 0.75], ≤5,000,000 [OR: 0.66]; reference: ≤1,000,000 and <3,000,000 won), anxiety (OR: 19.14), posttraumatic stress symptoms (OR: 4.03), job stress (OR: 14.04), resilience (OR: 0.29), and subjective well-being (OR: 0.33). The findings suggest a necessity for specific, systematic measures and psychological support to teachers vulnerable to the impact of disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, to cope with disasters and improve school adaptation.

Factors related to preoperative anxiety in older patients with sensory impairment: A cross-sectional study.

To identify the factors related to preoperative anxiety in older adults with sensory impairment. Descriptive quantitative research design. Study participants were 120 older adults admitted to a tertiary hospital in Seoul, South Korea to undergo eye or ear surgery. Data were collected from 11 February to 30 April 2023. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 28.0. The study was reported following the STROBE checklist. Preoperative anxiety differed significantly according to gender (p = .002), average monthly household income (p < .001), subjective health status (p = .003), subjective vision loss (p = .004), one-sided or both-sided eye discomfort (p = .002), use of glasses (p = .010), subjective hearing loss (p = .022) and anxiety coping mechanisms (p < .001). The results of a multiple regression analysis on the significant variables identified that gender (β = .178, p = .036) and anxiety coping mechanisms (β = .336, p < .001) had the most significant effect on preoperative anxiety, with an explanatory power of 34.5%. The development and practical application of tailored nursing interventions catering to specific genders and anxiety coping mechanisms would contribute to reducing preoperative anxiety and providing efficient nursing care for older adults with sensory impairment.

혈액투석 환자의 신체상, 증상 경험이 삶의 질에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of hemodialysis patients' body image and symptom experience on their quality of life. The data was targeted at patients who were diagnosed with end-stage renal failure at a tertiary general hospital located in J province and receiving regular hemodialysis treatment. The data collection period was from July 20, 2023 to August 11, 2023, and 160 structured questionnaires were distributed, of which 153 were used in the final analysis. Data were analyzed using t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis with the SPSS 28.0 program. Through multiple regression analysis, the factors influencing quality of life were body image (β=.46, p&lt;.001), having an average monthly household income (over 3 million won)(β=.22, p=.002), and symptom experience (β=-.20, p=.001). The combined explanatory power for quality of life was determined to be 47%. It is necessary to accurately assess and intervene, develop educational programs and integrated management programs that reduce symptom experience and improve body image, and establish work standard guidelines.

Research on factors influencing Chinese parents' support for death education: a cross-sectional survey.

This study aims to explore the factors influencing Chinese parents' attitudes toward death education. Given the current lack of such education in China, this research is particularly significant. Death education is vital for shaping the values of young people and alleviating mental health issues, such as depression and suicidal tendencies. By identifying these influencing factors, this study seeks to provide guidance for policymakers and educators in promoting the development and widespread adoption of death education. To do so, a national cross-sectional quota sample of 12,435 Chinese parents was used. Borrowing from social-ecological theory, the researchers carried out multiple stepwise regression analyses to examine the individual, family, and social-level factors that shape the supportive attitudes of Chinese parents toward death education. The findings revealed that at the individual level, parent (β = 0.04, p < 0.001), education level (β = 0.07, p < 0.001), and religious belief (β = -0.02, p < 0.05) were significant predictors of Chinese parents' support for death education. Meanwhile, at the family and social level, average monthly household income (β = 0.07, p < 0.001), family health (β = 0.03, p < 0.05), family communication (β = 0.02, p < 0.05), social support (β = 0.15, p < 0.001), neighborhood relations (β = 0.11, p < 0.001), and social network size (β = 0.05, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of Chinese parents' supportive attitudes toward death education. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the relevant development, planning, publicity, and public welfare groups and government departments should promote death education, provide more social support, and encourage neighborhood harmony. As higher education and average monthly household income were found to significantly impact the support, the government should improve access to higher education and actively work to increase residents' income to facilitate the development of death education.

A latent profile analysis of resilience and their relation to differences in sleep quality in patients with lung cancer.

Sleep problems are a significant issue in patients with lung cancer, and resilience is a closely related factor. However, few studies have identified subgroups of resilience and their relationship with sleep quality. This study aimed to investigate whether there are different profiles of resilience in patients with lung cancer, to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of each subgroup, and to determine the relationship between resilience and sleep quality in different subgroups. A total of 303 patients with lung cancer from four tertiary hospitals in China completed the General Sociodemographic sheet, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Latent profile analysis was applied to explore the latent profiles of resilience. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the sociodemographic variables in each profile, and ANOVA was used to explore the relationships between resilience profiles and sleep quality. The following three latent profiles were identified: the "high-resilience group" (30.2%), the "moderate-resilience group" (46.0%), and the "low-resilience group" (23.8%). Gender, place of residence, and average monthly household income significantly influenced the distribution of resilience in patients with lung cancer. The resilience patterns of patients with lung cancer varied. It is suggested that health care providers screen out various types of patients with multiple levels of resilience and pay more attention to female, rural, and poor patients. Additionally, individual differences in resilience may provide an actionable means for addressing sleep problems.

저소득층 학생의 디지털 정보격차에 미치는 요인 분석 연구

Objectives This study was conducted to analyze the types and causes of the digital information gap among low- income students, identify prerequisites for resolving the digital information gap, and derive implications to help with subsequent research related to this.&#x0D; Methods Using the digital information gap survey data collected by the Korea Intelligence Information Society Promotion Agency in 2021, a factor analysis of 22 questions was conducted to determine the types of digital information gap, and a step-by-step selection method was used to analyze the causes of each type of digital information gap. Multiple regression analysis was performed using.&#x0D; Results The average monthly household income of low-income students was analyzed to affect the access gap. In addition, it was found that the older the age, the higher the ability to use PCs and mobile devices, and the higher the household average monthly income, the relatively higher the ability to use PCs and mobile devices. On the other hand, it was found that women were less capable of using PCs. Additionally, students with a positive attitude toward digital technology say they are familiar with the basic functions of digital devices, and the efficacy of using digital devices appears to have an impact on the gap in use of low-income students.&#x0D; Conclusions The types of digital information gap among low-income students were classified into ‘access gap’, ‘use gap’, and ‘utilization gap’, which were discussed in existing information gap research. This implies that students from low-income families also have access problems related to physical access and are experiencing difficulties in accessing and utilizing digital devices and networks. Moreover, the gap in use and utilization of low-income students was identified as containing problems caused by the absence of a digital education environment, and as a way to resolve this, a digital education plan to strengthen attitudes toward digital technology and efficacy in using digital devices can be expected.

Social determinants of health and glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary hospital in Nepal: A cross-sectional study.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an emerging global public health challenge worldwide, including Nepal. Social determinants of health (SDOH) play a major role in glycemic control among persons with type 2 DM (T2DM). However, little is known about the association between SDOH and glycemic control among individuals with T2DM in Nepal. This study aimed to identify the level of glycemic control and SDOH associated with glycemic control among Nepalese with T2DM. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal, among 135 Nepalese diagnosed with T2DM who attended follow-up appointments. Convenience sampling and inclusion criteria were utilized for participant selection. Data were collected from April to June 2021 using validated scales. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression were employed to analyze the data. The mean age of the participants in this study was 53.84 (SD = 11.78) years, and the average monthly household income was 567.64 (SD = 362.30) USD. The majority of the participants (77.8%) were literate and had no health insurance coverage (73.3%). Approximately 64.4% of the participants showed suboptimal glycemic control indicated by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7%. The significant determinants of good glycemic control included monthly household income of >850 USD (odds ratio [OR] = 12.20, 95% confident interval [CI] = 1.76-84.61, p = 0.011) and 341-600 USD (OR = 7.64, 95% CI 1.35-42.98, p = 0.021), being literate (OR = 6.37, 95% CI = 1.65-24.49, p = 0.007), having health insurance (OR = 5.82, 95% CI = 1.49-22.65, p = 0.011), sufficient health literacy (OR = 3.46, 95% CI = 1.10-10.83, p = 0.03), and high (OR = 16.17, 95% CI = 2.36-110.67, p = 0.005) and moderate (OR = 7.02, 95% CI = 1.26-39.07, p = 0.026) food availability, respectively. The study revealed suboptimal glycemic control in Nepalese with T2DM. This study presents essential social determinants of glycemic control in this population. Therefore, healthcare providers, particularly nurses, should pay more attention to assessing social determinants and provide targeted interventions to patients with T2DM who have low income, are illiterate, have no health insurance coverage, have insufficient health literacy, and have low resources for food availability.

Prevalence of falls, injury from falls and associations with chronic diseases among community-dwelling older adults in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study.

As a developing country with the largest older adult population in the world, strengthening the research on falls among the older adults is undoubtedly an urgent item in China. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors associated with falls and injury from falls among community-dwelling older adults in Guangzhou, China, particularly focusing on their associations with chronic diseases. A total of 1,629 participants aged 65 years and above were selected from 11 counties in Guangzhou by the multi-stage stratified random sampling method in 2021. Socio-demographic characteristics, health and lifestyle factors, the status of falls, and injury from falls were measured by structured questionnaires through face-to-face interviews. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with falls and injury from falls. Chord diagrams were used to explore their associations with chronic diseases. A total of 251 participants (15.41%, 95% CI: 13.98%-17.25%) reported falls, and 162 participants (9.46%, 95% CI:7.72%-11.55%) indicated an injury from falls. Logistic regression analysis showed the results as follows: female patients (adjusted OR = 1.721, 95% CI: 1.681-1.761) aged ≥80 years (1.910, 1.847-1.975), unemployed (1.226, 1.171-1.284), uninsured (1.555, 1.448-1.671), average monthly household income of 2,001-4,000 CNY (1.878, 1.827-1.930), number of services provided by the community health center ≥13 times per year (1.428, 1.383-1.475), illness within 2 weeks (1.633, 1.595-1.672), high-intensity physical activity (2.254, 2.191-2.32), sedentary (1.094, 1.070-1.117), and number of chronic disease illnesses ≥3 (1.930, 1.870-1.993). Meanwhile, those risk factors were also associated with injury from falls. The older adults with medium-intensity physical activity were at lower risk (0.721, 0.705-0.737) of falls and higher risk (1.086, 1.057-1.117) of being injured from falls. Chord diagrams showed the correlations between chronic diseases and falls and injury from falls among community-dwelling older adults in Guangzhou, China. The high prevalence of falls is found among community-dwelling older adults in Guangzhou, China, which is related to multiple factors such as demographic variables, lifestyle, and health status, especially for chronic diseases. Therefore, targeted interventions should be developed and implemented urgently.

Mental health and cognitive function among medical students after the COVID-19 pandemic in China.

Chinese people experienced a nationwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic after the adjustment of epidemic response policies from December 2022 to January 2023. This study aims to explore the prevalence of mental and cognitive symptoms and their associated factors among medical students after the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted between February 27th and March 8th, 2023. The symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and cognitive function among medical students were examined using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), the Impact of Event Scale-6 (IES-6), and the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression-5 (PDQ-D-5). Data on demographic information was also collected. Statistical analyses were conducted to describe the prevalence and explore the associated factors of mental and cognitive symptoms. Among 947 participants, the proportion of students experiencing anxiety, depression, insomnia, and PTSD symptoms was 37.8, 39.3, 28.3, and 29.5%, respectively. The self-reported COVID-19 infection rate was 72.2%. Higher grades, childhood, and current rural residence were identified as potential risk factors for mental and cognitive symptoms. Gender, age, average monthly household income, and COVID-19 diagnosis were not associated with mental and cognitive symptoms among medical students. Our findings revealed a high prevalence of mental and cognitive symptoms among Chinese medical students after the COVID-19 pandemic. Special attention should be paid to the mental health of higher-grade students and those residing in rural areas.

Survey on the current situation and influencing factors of humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses in tertiary Grade A hospitals in Zhengzhou City

Objective: To investigate the humanistic care consciousness and ability of outpatient and emergency nurses in tertiary Grade A hospitals in Zhengzhou City. Methods: In June 2021, a total of 345 outpatient and emergency nurses from 6 tertiary Grade A hospitals in Zhengzhou City were selected as the survey objects by random number table method. The humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses was investigated. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the related factors influencing the humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses. Results: The total score of humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses in Zhengzhou tertiary Grade A hospital was (194.18±30.53). The scores of humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses with different gender, age, educational background, professional title, length of service, night shift frequency, marital status, children's status, employment patterns and average monthly household income were significantly different (P<0.05). Regression analysis showed that education background, length of service, professional title and night shift frequency were independent influencing factors for outpatient and emergency nurses' humanistic care ability (β=0.243, 0.139, 0.163, -0.126, P<0.05) . Conclusion: At present, the humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses in tertiary Grade A hospitals in Zhengzhou City is still low. Education, length of service, professional title and night shift frequency are independent influencing factors affecting the humanistic care ability of nurses.

The influence of nutrition literacy, self-care self-efficacy and social support on the dietary practices of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A multicentre study.

Breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy experience adverse reactions, which lead to poor nutritional status. The objective of this study was to explore the dietary practice of Chinese breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and to analyse the influence of nutrition literacy, self-care self-efficacy and perceived social support on dietary practice. A total of 295 participants from three hospitals in China were enrolled. The Dietary Nutritional Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Questionnaire; Nutrition Literacy Measurement Scale for Chinese Adults; Strategies Used by People to Promote Health and Perceived Social Support Scale were administered. Multiple linear regressions were used to identify influencing factors. The dietary practice of patients were generally satisfactory. Nutrition literacy (r=0.460, p<0.001), self-care self-efficacy (r=0.513, p<0.001) and perceived social support (r=0.703, p<0.001) were positively correlated with dietary practice. The main factors influencing participants' dietary practice were nutrition literacy, self-care self-efficacy, perceived social support, living environment, cancer stage, body mass index, chemotherapy cycle and average monthly household income (all p<0.05). The model explained 59.0% of the variance in dietary practice. Health professionals should emphasize breast cancer patients' dietary practice throughout the entire chemotherapy course, and dietary interventions should be designed by oncology nurses based on patients' nutrition literacy, self-care self-efficacy and perceived social support. Female patients who have a higher body mass index and income, live in rural areas, have a lower education level, have stage I cancer and have undergone numerous chemotherapy cycles are the focus population of intervention.

Genelleştirilmiş regresyon modelleri kullanılarak enerji talebi ve tüketimi için bir modelleme yaklaşımı

Energy management is an important process for maintaining available energy resources and meeting basic household energy needs. Many studies seek to optimize the household energy consumption patterns to manage the load demand and minimize energy costs. Adopting such optimizations in conflict-affected countries is more beneficial due to limited energy sources. This study identifies the optimal energy consumption model for households in northern Syria. The objective is to identify the most cost-efficient energy sources while considering the prices, average monthly household income, the main source of electricity, battery storage capacity, and energy demands for space heating, water heating and cooking. One hundred and thirty-six (136) standardized surveys of residential households are collected and used as a test case. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using the R-Studio software, where Poisson regression and negative binomial regression were employed. Findings revealed that the Negative Binomial (NB) model used has high explanatory power. In addition, the energy sources used for space heating and water heating have a direct impact on monthly expenditures. The produced model showed that the most cost-effective energy sources are coal for space heating and natural gas and kerosene for water heating.

실직을 경험한 중년남성의 정신건강에 영향을 미치는 요인연구

Objectives This study aims to examine at the factors that affect the mental health of middle-aged men who have experienced unemployment.&#x0D; Methods Data from a total of 284 middle-aged men over the age of 40 and under the age of 60 residing in Daegu and Gyeongsangbukdo who have been unemployed for less than one year were used for the final study. To figure out the factors affecting mental health, it was studied by dividing them into demographic, unemployment-related, job seeking activities, and family support as independent variables, and hierarchical regression analysis was used as the main statistical method.&#x0D; Results Factors affecting the mental health of middle-aged men who experienced unemployment were statistically significant in terms of demographic and socialogical factors, average monthly household income, unemployment in terms of unemployment-related factors, and employment-related certificates in terms of job seeking activities. in addition, family support were found to have a positive effect on mental health.&#x0D; Conclusions Based on the results of the study, for the mental health of middle-aged men who have experienced unemployment, strengthening information collection and education programs for obtaining employment-related, additional support policies are needed to reduce economic difficulties other than unemployment benefits in unemployment situations. In addition it was proposed to develop and expand marital counseling and family ties programs to strengthen family support and various programs to improve the physical health of the unemployed.

Epidemiological characteristics of cardio-metabolic risk factors among children and adolescents aged 7-17 years in 4 provinces of China

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of cardio-metabolic risk factors among children and adolescents aged 7-17 years in (Hebei, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Hunan) 4 provinces of China and the influence of demographic and economic characteristics on them. Methods: A total of 1 747 children and adolescents aged 7-17 from a Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Disease in 2018 were selected. High waist circumference, central obesity, elevated TG, elevated TC, elevated LDL-C, decreased HDL-C, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and clustering of risk factors was analyzed. χ2 test was used for univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between demographic and economic factors and risk factors, and the Cochran-Armitage trend test was used for trend analysis. Results: The detection rates of high waist circumference, decreased HDL-C, elevated blood pressure, elevated TG, elevated blood glucose, central obesity, elevated TC, and elevated LDL-C were 29.08%, 15.28%, 13.17%, 13.05%, 11.79%, 7.33%, 6.53%, and 5.15%, respectively. The rate of clustering of risk factors was 18.37%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of high waist circumference in girls was higher than that in boys (OR=1.67, 95%CI: 1.26-2.22), and the risk of elevated blood glucose and clustering of risk factors was lower than that in boys (OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.49-0.99; OR=0.72, 95%CI: 0.53-0.99). The risk of high waist circumference, decreased HDL-C, and clustering of risk factors in 13-17 years old group was higher than that in the 7-year-olds group (OR=2.24, 95%CI: 1.65-3.04; OR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.20-2.11; OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.26-2.44), but the risk of central obesity was lower (OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.37-0.78). The risk of elevated TC, elevated TG, and decreased HDL-C in children and adolescents in southern was higher than that in northern parts of China (OR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.25-2.83; OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.17-2.22; OR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.19-2.04), but the risk of high waist circumference and central obesity was lower than that in northern China (OR=0.57, 95%CI: 0.43-0.75; OR=0.62, 95%CI: 0.42-0.90). The risk of decreased HDL-C in rural children and adolescents was higher than in urban children and adolescents (OR=1.36, 95%CI: 1.02-1.83). The risk of multiple risk factors increased with the increase in average monthly household income per capita and BMI level. Conclusions: High waist circumference, decreased HDL-C and elevated blood pressure were prominent cardio-metabolic risk factors among children and adolescents aged 7-17 years in 4 provinces of China in 2018. The region, average monthly household income per capita, and BMI were the main influencing factors of cardio-metabolic risk factors.

Experience of Social Discrimination in Leisure Activities of Persons with Mental Disabilities Compared with Persons with Physical Disabilities

Purpose: To compare experiences of social discrimination in leisure activities between persons with mental disabilities and those with physical disabilities.Methods: This study analyzed data of the National Survey of People with Disabilities in 2020. Data from 311 persons with mental disabilities and 2,488 persons with physical disabilities were subjected to frequency analysis, &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; test, and hierarchical logistic regression.Results: In model 1, the experience of social discrimination in leisure activities was higher for persons with mental disabilities than for persons with physical disabilities (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.14~1.88). In model 2, the experience of social discrimination in leisure activities was higher for persons with mental disabilities than for persons with physical disabilities (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.00~1.72). In model 3 and model 4, there was no significant difference in the experience of social discrimination in leisure activities between the two groups (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.92~1.61 in model 3; OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.94~1.66 in model 4).Conclusion: It was found that average monthly household income, residence area, and community medical staff's understanding of disability had more impact on the experience of social discrimination in leisure activities of persons with mental disabilities.

Socioeconomic Conditions of Migrants and Non-Migrants in Haryana

Purpose : Internal migration is considered an essential factor that significantly affects the origin and destination areas in varying degrees depending upon the employment situation in the destination region and the characteristics of migrants themselves. Haryana has the highest per-capita income among the major states in India and witnessed increased mobility over the years due to its advanced agricultural base, highly developed industrial sector, and proximity to the National Capital Region. Therefore, the present study examined the socioeconomic conditions of migrants and non-migrants in Haryana. Methodology : The study is based on secondary as well as primary data. The survey was conducted in four districts randomly selected in the state. A total of 509 households were surveyed from June 2021–February 2022. A detailed questionnaire was used to collect information about the socioeconomic conditions of the migrants and non-migrants. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques. Findings : The results suggested that most migrants were male heads of households who moved for work/employment to provide better living conditions. There were wide variations among inter-state and intra-state migrants. The level of education was significantly lower among inter-state migrants compared to non-migrants and intra-state migrants. Most inter-state migrants’ heads of households were illiterate or literate up to the middle, employed as daily wage casual laborers working in the informal sector, and living in precarious conditions. Such workers generally suffered from low earnings, lack of stability, and durability of employment. The average monthly household income and expenditure of the inter-state migrant household were lower than that of the non-migrants. The reason for low per capita household consumption among inter-state migrant families was that some portion of their relatively low income was also repatriated to the point of origin. Practical Implications : The findings highlighted that inter-state migration plays an important role in developing the state’s economy by providing cheap and flexible labor ready to take up any work. Originality : This is the only study that attempted to examine the socioeconomic conditions of migrants in various districts of Haryana and their comparison with non-migrants.

국민생활체육조사를 활용한 노인집단의 체력실태 분석연구

This study drew the following conclusions on the analysis of the physical fitness status of the elderly group using data from the National Sports Survey. In the perception of the physical fitness of the elderly group itself, the average was the highest at 45.2% of the total. Regular sports activities were the highest as an important point to maintain physical fitness. In the frequency of participating in regular sports activities over the past year, the proportion of the elderly (33.5%) who do not do it at all was the highest.BR The results of the decision tree analysis on the subjective physical fitness state are as follows. Looking at the overall physical f itness s tatus due to demographic characteristics, 60.9% of them h ad a negative physical fitness status. For the group with an average monthly household income of less than 1.85 million won, the negative rate was 80.3%, which was higher than the whole. On the other hand, the average monthly household income exceeded 1.85 million won, and the negative rate of the group with jobs was 34.0%, which was lower than that of the whole. In the analysis of physical fitness according to physical fitness factors, the negative rate of the group with positive performance of “regular meals and nutrition supplementation” and “regular sports activities” to maintain physical strength was 23.5%, which was lower than that of the whole. Therefore, life sports programs, including health education, are needed to maintain and improve physical strength, and financial support is required for exercise programs that anyone can participate in.