Average Monthly Air Research Articles

Climate Response and Radial Growth Dynamics of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.) Plus Trees and Their Half-Sib Progeny in Periods of Severe Droughts in the Forest-Steppe Zone of Eastern Europe

The dendrochronological parameters of 97 pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) trees including 20 plus trees (142-year-old on average) and four half-sib families for four of them were analyzed considering also specifically years of the most severe droughts that were identified using average monthly air temperature and precipitation data. The tree-ring width (TRW) was mostly affected by air temperature that had the largest cross-dating indices (CDI), up to 78% maximum. However, the 32-year Brückner–Egeson–Lockyer cycle (a climatic cycle of approximately 30–40 years that correlates with sunspot activity) was more reflected in the TRW dynamics in plus trees than precipitation and air temperature. A high-frequency of abnormal TRW was clearly observed during drought periods and in the following 2–3 years. Tree radial-growth reduction due to drought stress varied significantly between families. The resistance to drought based on TRW was higher in the maternal plus oak trees than in progeny. Drought resulted in reduced growth during the subsequent year(s); hence, the minimum growth occurred after the actual climate event. Autumn–winter precipitation and weather conditions were of the greatest importance at the onset of active vegetation in April and May. The influence of air temperature on oak growth was the largest in March (r = 0.39, p < 0.05). The strongest positive correlation between precipitation and growth (with r up to 0.38) was observed in May 2023. Plus trees had a high adaptive potential due to the stability of radial growth during drought with high resistance (Rt = 1.29) and resilience (Rs = 1.09) indexes. The offspring of families 1 (Rt = 0.89, Rs = 0.89) and 2 (Rt = 1.04, Rs = 0.87) had similar resistance and resilience, but the recovery indices (Rc) for offspring in families 1, 2 and 3 exceeded the recovery values for plus trees. For offspring in families 3 and 4, the index values were lower. The revealed responses of wood growth of plus trees to climatic parameters estimated as resistance (Rt), resilience (Rs) and recovery (Rc) indexes and similar responses in their progeny can be used in breeding pedunculate oak for wood growth productivity and drought resistance.

Xylotrophic Agaricomycetes Monitoring in Some Types of Spruce and Birch Forests (Subzone of the Southern Taiga, Perm Territory, Russia)

We have summarized the results of xylotrophic agaricoid basidiomycetes long-term monitoring in some types of indigenous and derived forests in the southern taiga subzone of Perm Krai. We carried out the research by a stationary method on the test 50×20 m areas, one in each type of forest: spruce forest at the brook, sorrel spruce forest and birch forest. We did the work in three periods: I – 1975–1977, II – 1994–1996, III – 2010–2012. The collection of material was carried out annually: in August 3 times with an interval of 10 days (the species composition, number and air-dry biomass of basidiomes were taken into account), and in September once (only the species composition of fungi was taken into account). To date, we have established that the number of xylotrophic agaricoid fungi in the studied forest types varies from 60 (sorrel spruce forest) to 66 (birch forest). Most of the identified species belong to the Tricholomataceae family (37.7–43.3% of the total number of xylotrophic fungi species in each of the biogeocoenoses). There was an annual accumulation of detectable fungal species, with the largest number of species (67–75%) detected from 2 to 9 times, and 2–3% of them were permanent, occurring annually. There was relative stability of the species composition of higher vascular plants (Jaccard generality coefficient: J = 56–88) over time and more significant changes in the species composition of xylotrophic fungi (J = 36–50). The spruce forests had the most similarity of fungi species composition between the cenoses by periods (J = 44–52), and for the entire observation period, the sorrel spruce forest and birch forest had the maximum Jaccard index between cenoses (J = 56). The yield of xylotrophic agaricoid fungi in the studied cenoses varies by years of observation. The birch forest had the largest number and biomass of basidiomata for all the three periods of the research. A decrease in the number of basidiomes of xylotrophic fungi in the sorrel spruce forest was established with an increase in the average monthly air temperature in August (Spearman correlation coefficient: rs = −0.70). The sorrel spruce forest was the most favorable for the biota of xylotrophic agaricoid basidiomycetes, both in number (Shannon index: H = 1.23) and in biomass (H = 1.20), during all the research, since the biota of xylotrophes of the specified cenosis was more diverse and its components were most aligned.

ПОВТОРЯЕМОСТЬ АДВЕКТИВНО-РАДИАЦИОННЫХ ТУМАНОВ НАД АПШЕРОНСКИМ ПОЛУОСТРОВОМ (АЗЕРБАЙДЖАН)

The article examines the physical and meteorological characteristics of advective-radiation fogs formed on the Apsheron Peninsula and nearby islands, including the dependence of atmospheric elements that influence the formation of fogs on the meteorological visibility range, monthly and long-term fog trends. For this purpose, the initial data of aviation meteorological stations in the water area for 1999...2022 were used. The absence of a large morphometric unit on the Apsheron Peninsula and the archipelago, surroundings by the sea, and air masses affecting the area throughout the year determine its synoptic conditions. With the help of physical-meteorological and mathematical-statistical analyses, it has been established that the bulk of advective-radiation fogs formed in the Apsheron waters are repeated in march...april. With this type of fog, it has been established that the range of meteorological visibility varies depending on wind speed and sky conditions. During the period of advective-radiation fogs, south-eastern winds are most often observed in the water area. Analyzes show that an increase in average monthly and annual air temperatures on the peninsula has recently affected the frequency of advective-radiation fogs. Studying the spatiotemporal distributions of fogs can create conditions for the effective organization of aviation work.

Analysis of long-term dynamics of air temperature fluctuations in the Nura River basin

In recent decades, a different frequency of dry years has been observed in the Nura River basin in Central Kazakhstan. This article examines the trend of changes in temperature fluctuations over a long period using materials from a separate climate element from the Besoba and Karaganda meteorological stations located in the Nura River basin and the Arkalyk meteorological station located outside the basin, to the west of it, but characterized by similar natural conditions. In the course of research over an 81-year time interval from 1939 to 2019, the absolute and relative frequency of average monthly air temperatures in July in the Nura River basin were established. The meteorological stations under consideration are part of the global international network of meteorological data of Kazhydromet and have constant, accurate series of values of meteorological indicators. Based on the use of the method of statistical analysis, an assessment of the spatio-temporal fluctuations of the temperature regime over a long-term period in the Nura River basin was identified. The study expressed the formation of an arid climate associated with an increase in the average monthly air temperature in the basin of the study area.

Temperature Dependence of the Pre-Chromatographic ‘Lawrence’ Method for Bivalves Contaminated with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins

AbstractSaxitoxins are potent neurotoxins originating the acute human neurological syndrome of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) via bivalve vectors. The official testing method in the European Union, commonly known as the ‘Lawrence method’, involves pre-column oxidation steps. The Portuguese monitoring adopted the hydrogen peroxide oxidation screening approach for bivalves contaminated with Gymnodinium catenatum toxins, which can quantify chromatographically at once 6 out of 10 analogues commonly found in bivalves. Seasonal fluctuation in the fluorescence yield of calibration curves was observed across years in a consistent manner. It correlated with fluctuations in average monthly air temperature in Lisbon, highlighting the importance of recording the room temperature during the oxidation steps as a matter of routine practice. Incubation experiments also showed an increase in fluorescence yield with temperature, more pronounced for the 11-hydroxysulphate analogues (dcGTX2 + 3, C1 + 2, GTX2 + 3) than for the 11-H toxins (dcSTX, GTX5[B1], STX). Temperature can be exploited to increase fluorescence yield, assisting in spectral confirmation, but must not exceed 40–50 °C to avoid toxin decomposition or production of extra oxidation products.

Changes in the air temperature regime across the Dniester River basin at the beginning of the 21st century

The relevance of the chosen topic is based on the goals and objectives of the Water Strategy of Ukraine until 2050 that provides for promotion of studies on the impact of climate change on the water content of Ukrainian rivers. The Dniester River is a transboundary river. It supplies water to Moldova and several regions of Ukraine. Predicting possible changes in the Dniester River's runoff due to global warming will help our society adapt to new climate conditions and take preventive measures. The research of the mountainous part of the watershed is of particular importance, as it is the area of runoff formation. Warming can change contribution of the snow component to the river's feed pattern and affect the total river flow. The object of the study: changes in air temperature due to global warming. The subject of the study: assessment of changes in the temperature regime within the Dniester watershed and impact of such changes on formation of its mountainous part's runoff. The study is aimed at assessing the changes in the air temperature regime within the Dniester River watershed at the beginning of the 21st century and assessing the impact of warming during winter season on formation of mountain rivers' spring floods. The main research methods include the method of difference integral curves and the method of regression analysis. The research materials include average monthly and annual air temperatures at 13 meteorological stations located within the Dniester watershed for the period of 1947-2021. The research indicated that the Dniester watershed is subject to warming. Statistically significant changes in air temperature began in 1988. Fluctuations in average annual air temperatures occur synchronously. Positive statistically significant trends over the entire observation period (1947-2021) were found for average annual air temperatures, average monthly temperatures of both warm and cold periods, and for the winter season. When considering two measurement periods (before 1989 and after), it was found that no statistically significant trends were observed before 1989. They were formed after 1989. It was also discovered that mountainous watersheds of the Ukrainian Carpathians respond to warming by forming negative trends in the fluctuations of average monthly runoff of spring floods.

Analysis of the relationship between epistaxis and homocysteine and climatic factors in ultra-high altitude area

Objective:To analyze the related influencing factors of epistaxis in extremely high altitude area, and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of epistaxis in extremely high altitude area. Methods:From January 2021 to December 2022, 206 outpatients with epistaxis, 54 inpatients with epistaxis and 69 inpatients withoutepistaxis in theDepartment of Otorhinolarygology, Naqu People's Hospital were collected. The previous history, drinking history, smoking history, serum homocysteine（Hcy）, white blood cell count（WBC）, red blood cell count（RBC）, hematocrit（HCT）, hemoglobin（HGB） and mean hemoglobin concentration（MCHC） were compared between inpatients with or without epistaxis. The factors with significant differences were analyzed by binary Logistic regression. The monthly average temperature,air pressure, humidity and 2-minute wind speed were collected from January 2021 to December 2022 in Naqu City to analyze the correlation between epistaxis and climate factors. Results:The number of patients with hypertension in the case group was more than that in the control group, and the difference was significant（P=0.013）. Serum Hcy level in the case group was higher than that in the control group（P<0.001）. RBC, HCT, HGB and MCHC were lower than that in the control group（P=0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 0.039）, and the difference was significant. History of hypertension and Hcy were risk factors for epistaxis. Patients with a history of hypertension were 3.713 times more likely to suffer from epistaxis than those without a history of hypertension（P=0.022）. Each 1 increase in Hcy concentration increased the risk of epistaxis by 13.1%（P=0.001）. Conclusion:Patients with epistaxis in Naqu area had higher serum Hcy level and lower RBC, HCT, HGB and MCHC. History of hypertension and Hcy were risk factors for epistaxis. Patients with a history of hypertension were 3.713 times more likely to suffer from epistaxis than those without a history of hypertension. Every 1 increase in Hcy concentration increased the risk of epistaxis by 13.1%. Active intervention of hypertension and serum Hcy can effectively prevent the incidence of epistaxis.

Сравнительная оценка урожайности зерновых культур в зависимости от лимитирующих факторов в условиях почвозащитного земледелия

Abstract. The aim of work – to identify the influence of limiting factors on increasing the yield of grain crops in crop rotations and soil fertility in a sloping landscape. The following methods were used during the study: field, Kosyrev, thermostatic-weight, ionometric, Machigin, Tyurin, quantitative, balance calculations of yield. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the yield of field crops in grain-steam crop rotations was estimated from the influence of meteorological conditions, moisture, mobile forms of nutrients, humus, seedlings and weed infestation in the arid conditions of the Orenburg Trans-Urals. Results. As a result of research (2021–2023), it was revealed that during the growing season (May-August), the average monthly air temperature (18.6 ℃) and the number of dry days (76) adversely affect (55.85 and 67.50 %) the yield (1.00 t/ha) of barley in the lower part of the slope. In the upper and middle parts of the slope, dry days (56.75 and 64.45 %) negatively affect the yield (1.44 and 1.20 t/ha) of barley. Precipitation in the form of rain (116 mm) during the growing season has a beneficial effect (53.05 %) on the yield (1.34 t/ha) of durum wheat in the middle part of the slope. Spring moisture reserves (152.1 mm) in a meter layer of soil have a positive effect (75.15 %) on the yield (1.30 t/ha) of soft wheat in the upper part of the slope. The increase in yield (1.45 t/ha) of durum wheat and (1.44 t/ha) of barley in the upper part of the slope is due to the influence of (72.30 and 56.05 %) phosphorus content (4.7 and 4.1 mg / 100 g) in the arable soil layer by the end of the growing season. In the middle and lower parts of the slope, the yield of soft wheat (1.20 and 1.10 t/ha) depends on the effect (65.50 and 54.01 %) of the residual content (4.7 and 4.4 mg / 100 g) of phosphorus. The use of agrotechnical soil protection techniques increases the yield of grain crops in crop rotations and soil fertility on the slope, especially on the upper part.

Selection varieties of meadow clover with high productive qualities for the conditions of the Volgo-Vyatka region

The results of evaluation of five breeding varieties of meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in terms of fodder and seed productivity are presented. Breeding varietal populations of P-15, GPF-49-3, GPF-86-3 SGPF-159-3, SGPF-159-3 + SGP-117 of the double-cut type were investigated in comparison with the standard Dymkovsky for 3 years of economic use of grass stands (2020-2022) in a competitive varietal trial of 2019 sowing. The studies were conducted on strongly acidic (рНKC1 = 4,47) sod-podzolic soils with high content of exchangeable forms of phosphorus and potassium (192.5 and 217.9 mg/kg), low – humus (2.2%). The weather conditions in the years of research were characterized as moderately warm. The average monthly air temperature for April-August amounted to 13.0-15.6 °C with different precipitation supply: in 2020 – excessive, in 2021 – with a slight deficit, in 2022 – close to normal. During the years of research, high winter hardiness of all the studied varieties (more than 80%) was established. The duration of plant development periods in the varieties at mowed and seed use of grass stands was determined. The economic and biological characteristics of the varieties were given, describing the nature of the changes in plant height and foliage, fodder and seed productivity in comparison with the standard Dymkovsky. Two breeding varieties GPF-49-3 and P-15 have been identified based on the results of this research. The winter hardiness of these varieties was 92.6 and 96.9 %, total dry matter yield for 2 years – 21.90 and 21.56 t/ha (+12.7 and 11.0 % to the standard) and the seed yield on average for 2 years – 1.72 and 2.14 kg/ha (+8.9 and +35.4 % to the standard). These varieties are promising for testing in the Volga-Vyatka region and are suitable for state variety trials.

INFORMATION MATERIALS FOR ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE FACTORS ON FORMING SOIL WATER REGIME ON DRAINED LANDS

The research results on creating information materials for assessing the impact of modern climatic factors on the formation of soil water regimes on drained lands are presented. By the results of the research, carried out at the "Romen" drainage and irrigation system (Sumy region), it was established that over the past 34 years, the average air temperature during the growing season has varied from 14,2 to 19,4 oC. In general, there is a trend for its slight decrease (almost by 0,2 oC). The highest average monthly air temperatures are recorded in July and August, and the lowest ones - in April. It was specified that the water regime of the active soil layer during the growing season is formed mainly due to moderate (4–14 mm – 44%) and significant (15–49 mm – 40%) precipitation, the total share of which in water reserves is 84%. There is a trend towards an increase in the share of significant precipitation (on average, up to 46–60 % of the total amount during the growing season) in years with high-water growing seasons, and its predominant amount falls in the range of 15–29 mm. There is also an increase in the share of moderate precipitation (up to 49% of the total amount during the growing season) in years with low-water growing seasons. Information materials on the distribution of atmospheric precipitation by year in quantitative and percentage indicators, their recurrence in the growing seasons of 1990–2022 ("Romen" DIS, Sumy region), presented as an interactive visual report with graphic materials (dashboard) have been created. Informational materials in the form of dashboards enable us to monitor changes in climatic conditions, promptly providing up-to-date data when forecasting future trends in changes in the water supply of agricultural territories, in particular, the formation of the soil water regime on drained lands and addressing the challenges related to climate change.

Changes in precipitation and air temperature over Turkey using innovative trend pivot analysis method

Changes in precipitation and air temperature over Turkey using innovative trend pivot analysis method

A century-long tendency of change in surface air temperature on the territory of Ukraine

A century-long tendency of change in surface air temperature on the territory of Ukraine

Morphological, cytological, physiological, and molecular evidence to explain how underground fleshy roots expand in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)

The fleshy roots of herbaceous peonies serve as vital storage organs and are the primary source material for Chinese herbal medicine. Moreover, in certain cultivars, these roots can be propagated by root cuttings. However, the specific mechanisms governing the expansion and development of fleshy roots in herbaceous peonies currently remain unclear. To elucidate patterns of changes during the enlargement and development of herbaceous peony fleshy roots, this study assessed fleshy roots in six growth and development periods (P1–P6). By integrating environmental monitoring data, morphological, cytological, physiological and biochemical, as well as molecular characteristics across these developmental periods were compared. Both precipitation and temperature influenced the development of fleshy roots. The fastest enlargement of fleshy roots occurred under the following growth conditions: daily average precipitation = 5.6 mm; monthly average air temperature = 25.6°C; monthly average soil temperature = 26.3°C. Phloem and xylem, produced by the activity of vascular cambium, are important components of fleshy roots. Secondary xylem thickness consistently increased across the six developmental periods, resulting in the radial expansion of fleshy roots. When average monthly air and soil temperatures were about 26°C, starch accumulated gradually in fleshy roots, and carbohydrates were mostly starch-based. However, when the average monthly air and soil temperatures decreased to about 11.0°C, soluble sugar content increased. Endogenous hormones such as IAA, ZR, GA3, MeJA, and ABA played regulatory roles throughout the development of fleshy roots, and their levels and dynamic equilibrium were correlated with expansion rate. Elevated IAA and ZR content, and stabilized IAA/ABA and MeJA/ABA ratios, favored fleshy root expansion. Trends in the expression of three genes that play key roles in the expansion of fleshy roots (PlEXLB3, PlAUX1 and PlWRKY13) were consistent with morphological and physiological data, but PlHXK1 and PlIPT3 also play important roles. These findings lay a foundation for studying, in greater depth, the regulatory mechanisms governing the enlargement of herbaceous peony fleshy roots, and offer practical advice pertaining to field cultivation and management practices of this ornamental plant.

The Prevalence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Wild Rodents Captured in Tick-Borne Encephalitis Foci in Highly Endemic Lithuania.

Wild rodents are considered to be one of the most important TBEV-amplifying reservoir hosts; therefore, they may be suitable for foci detection studies. To investigate the effectiveness of viral RNA detection in wild rodents for suspected TBEV foci confirmation, we trapped small rodents (n = 139) in various locations in Lithuania where TBEV was previously detected in questing ticks. Murine neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells were inoculated with each rodent sample to maximize the chances of detecting viral RNA in rodent samples. TBEV RNA was detected in 74.8% (CI 95% 66.7-81.1) of the brain and/or internal organ mix suspensions, and the prevalence rate increased significantly following sample cultivation in Neuro-2a cells. Moreover, a strong correlation (r = 0.88; p < 0.05) was found between the average monthly air temperature of rodent trapping and the TBEV RNA prevalence rate in cell culture isolates of rodent suspensions, which were PCR-negative before cultivation in cell culture. This study shows that wild rodents are suitable sentinel animals to confirm TBEV foci. In addition, the study results demonstrate that sample cultivation in cell culture is a highly efficient method for increasing TBEV viral load to detectable quantities.

ГИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ФАКТОРЫ И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ХЛОРОФИЛЛА-α В АЗОВСКОМ МОРЕ В 2006–2022 ГГ.

Background. Chlorophyll-α concentration is a key environmental parameter used to calculate the primary production of a water body, which, in turn, determines phytoplankton biomass. The fields with increased chlorophyll concentration can develop under the influence of various hydrometeorological factors considered in this work, such as air and water temperatures, cloud amount, wind-driven water mixing, and precipitation affecting the surface water layer. Relevance. Monitoring of chlorophyll distribution as it is influenced by hydrometeorological factors facilitates the rational fisheries management on account of their relation to the phytoplankton biomass providing fish and zooplankton with a food source. The aim of this work is to analyze the inter-annual variability of the average monthly hydrometeorological factors and their influence on the chlorophyll-α concentration in the Azov Sea (excluding Taganrog Bay) for the time range from 2006 to 2022. Methods. Spatial and temporal analysis of the average monthly water temperatures and chlorophyll-α concentrations has been conducted based on the daily satellite images of the sea surface taken by MODIS spectroradiometer in the Azov Sea; the analysis of the meteorological characteristics has been carried out using the weather observation data from international data exchange and reports (SYNOP, METAR) posted on the website pogodaiklimat.ru for the time range from April 2006 to September 2022. Results. It is shown that, for the entire investigated time range (2006–2022), the trends of the inter-annual variability of the average monthly air and water temperatures were not significant. An increase in water temperature that started in the middle of 1990s changed for the opposite in 2011, i. e. turned into a decrease. The wind velocity above the Azov Sea (excluding Taganrog Bay) over the investigated time range gradually decreased, which fell in line with the decrease in the chlorophyll-α concentrations. The average monthly cloud amount in the area has shown a weak inter- annual and considerable seasonal variability with relatively low values in the summer season and high values in the winter season. A positive trend of the monthly amount of atmospheric precipitation was observed, in contrast with the negative trend of the chlorophyll-α concentration. Conclusion. A significant positive correlation of the average monthly chlorophyll-α values with water and air temperatures has been identified, as well as a negative one with the wind velocity and cloud amount over the Azov Sea (excluding Taganrog Bay) — both in the individual investigated areas and in the sea as a whole.

Air temperature change manifestation at the Zhytomyr territory

The territory of cities with a changing environment, a significant density of population, industrial and transport facilities, daily activities that ensure its vital activity and cause significant greenhouse gas emissions, causes a significant contribution to climate change, which is one of the most acute environmental problems of our time. Purpose. To assess the manifestations of air temperature changes in the city of Zhytomyr for the period 2000-2022. Methods. Statistical, the coefficient of deviation essentiality of air temperature from the average long-term values was calculated in accordance with the methodology of Pede D.A. . Results. The information base of the research was the data on average annual and average monthly air temperatures in Zhytomyr of the Zhytomyr Regional Centre for Hydrometeorology. It was determined that in the period 2000–2022, the air temperature in the city increased by 1.9 °C compared to the climatic norm. 2015, 2019, and 2020 were the warmest during the period of our observations. Based on the calculation of the coefficients of of deviation essentiality of air temperature deviations from long-term average values, it was determined that for individual months of the year for the period 2000–2022, 2.9% of recorded conditions were close to extreme, and 31.9% – recorded conditions that differ significantly from the perennial average, the remaining 65.2% have conditions close to normal. According to the years of observation, temperature conditions that are significantly different from the long-term average occurred in 2002, 2007, 2008, 2015-2020, close to normal - during the rest of the years. Conclusion. The obtained results are important for understanding the problem of increasing air temperature in Zhytomyr and developing measures to adapt to climate change at the local level.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE PRODUCTIVITY OF AGROPHYTOCENOSES WITH PEAS DEPENDING ON HYDROTHERMAL RESOURCES

In the soil and climatic conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, regardless of the influence of abiotic and biotic factors, high adaptability of annual agrophytocenoses of spring oats and spring triticale with seed peas was established during the growing season. It is important to note the response of oat and pea plants to changes in moisture supply and temperature during the growing season, provided that the biological characteristics of the crop are maintained, to form an average yield of dry matter and digestible protein within 5.81 and 0.619 t/ha over 24 years of observations, respectively. During the long-term research period, the sum of active temperatures was 874 oC, precipitation was 124 and the hydrothermal coefficient was 1.46. Long-term studies have shown that during the formation of vegetative mass by agrophytocenoses (May-June), the distribution of precipitation was uneven against the background of an increase in the average monthly air temperature, which was reflected in the yield of dry matter and its quality. During the 10 years of research, the highest amount of precipitation was observed - 159-204 mm. The most critical period for growth processes and crop formation was 1999, 2003, 2004, when 37-53 mm of precipitation fell with the sum of active temperatures of 762-880 mm and the GTC of 0.46-0.69. Over the past 9 years (2011-2019), the temperature has increased to 1021°C. Comparing the fodder productivity of binary mixtures of annual crops, it can be stated that with early spring sowing, the yield of fodder units and crude protein in fodder oats was higher compared to spring triticale. This is primarily due to the biological characteristics and duration of the vegetation period of the studied crops, which in spring triticale, unlike oats, the earing phase occurs 8-10 days earlier. The research gives grounds to conclude that it is agrobiologically expedient to use binary grass mixtures with different types of cereal crops in the raw material conveyor. The use of cereal crops that mature at different times ensures the production of plant material for harvesting fodder (green mass, silage, hay or haylage from dried grasses) between the first and second mowing of perennial grasses. In particular, it is also important to note that biological groups of plants effectively use agrometeorological resources during the stages of organogenesis, forming a sustainable crop with high quality indicators. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to predict the productivity of annual agrophytocenoses for the following years.

THE NUMBERS DYNAMICS OF ANATIDS (ANSERIFORMES, ANATIDAE, AVES) IN MODEL AREAS IN DAGESTAN, NORTHEASTERN CAUCASUS, RUSSIA

The numbers of waterfowl and shorebirds declining on a global scale is largely due to the reduction in wetland areas in the era of climate warming. Long-term monitoring data obtained in 1995–2020 in two Key Bird Areas of Russia of international importance, i.e. the Sulakskaya and Turalinskaya lagoons, the Republic of Dagestan, are presented, the transboundary populations of Anseriformes (Anatidae) taken as examples, Both model lagoons are located in one of Russia’s largest bottleneck places of the western Caspian flyways, where the fly routes of European and Asian migrants intersect. The Anseriformes model group, which includes 18 predominantly background species, was chosen based on their regular encounters during migration. According to the information on the ring returns obtained from the Research and Information Center for Bird Ringing at the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, a conditional outline of the generalized distribution range of Anseriformes was revealed, the faunogenetic basis of which is composed of widespread representatives of Arctic or Siberian fauna types. Based on all available data, including the information derived from literature sources, the geographic location both of populations and their regular migration areas was determined. The rating of 12 of all 18 study species was found to have significantly decreased, vs 2 that increased, and further 4 that remained stable. The resulting trends were synchronized with data available from literary sources on the same species of Anseriformes in their nesting areas. The coincidence of the corresponding trends with the distribution trends of the same anatid species in their nesting areas ensured the distance of distant populations of Anseriformes obtained along their flyways in the model lagoons to be correctly measured. This was found to correlate with the average monthly air temperatures in the autumn-winter period in the Primorskaya Lowland of Dagestan, 12 model species being associated with temperature fluctuations. The numbers of migratory populations of anatids in cold years are shown to lead to their increased migration in the study area, as a result the migration of migrants along the flight routes slowing down and their wintering places being changed. Correlation analysis showed a significant relation between the increased areas of Anseriformes wintering in the Caspian Sea with sea-level regression, in which the shallowing areas of marine waters limited the access of anatids to food resources (benthos). Three key factors determining the dynamics of a group of Anseriformes populations are discussed: hydroclimatic cycles, anthropogenic influence and foraging. A temporary ban on the hunting removal of 8 vulnerable species of anatids (the Greylag Goose, the Common Teal, the Garganey, the Gadwall, the Eurasian Wigeon, the Northern Pintail, the Northern Shoveler, and the Common Pochard) is proposed to be imposed in Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Urals Federal District, the Cis-Urals, the Volga region, and the Southern and North Caucasus federal districts until their populations become sufficiently restored.

Features of the vital activity of cereal aphids in the North-West of Russia

The publication presents data on long-term monitoring of the dynamics of the number of cereal aphids on spring grain crops in the Pushkinsky district of St. Petersburg and the Tosnensky district of the Leningrad region. The appearance of winged parthenogenetic females in the fields in the biotope of grain crops was noted in the first decade of June, the maximum number of aphids - in the second decade. Over the years of observations, outbreaks of mass reproduction were in 1999, 2002, and 2021. The analysis is carried out of the dependence of the number of aphids Rh. padi on the weather conditions of the region. The correlation between the number of aphids on wheat plants and the average monthly April air temperatures was low (r= 0.31), it was higher between the number of insects and the June average monthly air temperatures (r=0.57). At the same time, the average monthly air temperature in April and June 1999 and 2002 were higher than the average long-term indicators. This indicator turned out to be the most effective between the sum of effective temperatures for the spring-summer period (April May, June) and the number of aphids (r= 0.77). The correlation coefficient between the amount of precipitation during this period and, accordingly, the number of aphids turned out to be negative (– 0.6). It is assumed that the degree of pest population of plants in the summer period depends on the number of eggs laid by oviparous females in the previous autumn. In our studies, the correlation coefficient between these indicators was 0.52. One of the most important entomophages of cereal aphids is the beetle Coccinella septempunctata L. Over the years of observations, the number of predators varied from 0.2 to 5 individuals per 1 model site. During the years of mass reproduction of aphids in 2002 and 2021, the number of coccinellids per model site was low and equal to 0.2-0.5. The large grass aphid Sitobion avenae F. appears in the fields of the region in early July. The largest number of species was recorded in 2016, 2020,2022. In the experiments of 2022, the insect preferred spring wheat and oats, compared with barley.

INFLUENCE OF PLANTING SCHEMES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF POTATOES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASIA

. The influence of potato planting patterns on yield and quality was revealed in the steppe zone of the Republic of Khakassia on dark chestnut soils. In addition, varieties of Siberian selection of different maturity groups were studied as an object of study: Krasnoyarsk early - early ripening, Tanai - medium before, and Nakra - mid-ripening. The experiments were laid in 2020 - 2022 on light sandy, loamy dark chestnut soils with a humus content of 2.8% at a slightly alkaline pH. The technology recommended for the steppe zone of Khakassia was used for cultivation. Potato planting schemes were selected for cultivation for food and seed purposes. During the years of research, the average monthly air temperatures during the growing season were close to the long-term averages. The amount of precipitation was close to the norm. However, there were also significant excesses (July 2020 - 268%) and half the bars (July 2021). A decrease in the feeding area increased the height of plants due to a lack of light, with a significant reduction in the parameter of the average leaf area to 12.6%. Due to the optimal feeding area choice, the yield increase was from 1.9 to 3.2 t/ha. The variation in the yield between the planting patterns of varieties of different ripeness groups ranged from 22.7 to 30.5%. Statistical calculations showed that the yield value depends on the array by 21.6%, by 28.5% - from the planting pattern and by 22.8% - from the conditions of the growing season. With the decreased distance between plants in a row, dry matter and starch content increased, and the amount of vitamin C in tubers increased. However, the accumulation of nitrates by tubers in all variants of the experiment and all varieties did not exceed 126 mg/kg at the maximum allowable concentration of 250 mg/kg.