Average Consumption Levels Research Articles

Festival games: Inebriated and sober altruists

We report a staged field experiment during three concerts in the South of Italy characterized by the same traditional music and a comparable average level of alcohol consumption by attendees. Individual blood alcohol concentration is measured with electronic breathalyzers. The experimental games are payoff-equivalent private property and common property trust games. We find that alcohol consumption is associated with less sharing in the private property game and lower efficiency in the common property game. There is a game-form effect for sober participants who share less in the common property game than in the private property game. This finding is consistent with revealed altruism theory as more sharing reveals more altruistic behavior. The absence of such game-form effect among non-sober participants is consistent with alcohol myopia. Tourists share more than local residents, significantly so for sober participants. The private property game elicits more efficiency than the common property game. This game-form effect is robust across sober and non-sober participants.

IoT Sensor Network Electricity Consumption Behaviour Using ClusterAnalysis Algorithm for Network Environment

The Internet of Things (IoT) sensor network plays a crucial role in monitoring electricity consumption behavior by collecting real-time data from various connected devices. Utilizing cluster analysis algorithms, researchers can effectively segment and analyze consumption patterns within a network environment. By grouping similar usage behaviors, these algorithms reveal insights into energy efficiency, peak usage times, and anomalies in consumption. The paper presents a novel methodology for analyzing and classifying users' electricity consumption behavior, utilizing the Clustering Behavior Analysis Weighted Classification (CBAWC) algorithm. By leveraging cluster analysis techniques and weighted classification, the proposed approach allows for the segmentation of consumers into distinct clusters based on their consumption patterns. Through the application of CBAWC, the study provides insights into the diverse behaviors exhibited by consumers, ranging from moderate to high consumption levels, varied peak hours, and peak days. The classification results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in accurately assigning users to their respective clusters, enabling stakeholders to better understand consumption trends and tailor energy management strategies accordingly. Through the application of CBAWC, consumers are segmented into distinct clusters based on their consumption patterns. For example, clusters exhibit varying average daily consumption levels, with Cluster 1 consuming around 300 kWh, Cluster 2 consuming approximately 450 kWh, and Cluster 3 consuming about 280 kWh on average. Additionally, clusters display different peak hours per day and peak days per month. The classification results demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness, with high accuracy scores ranging from 0.86 to 1.00 across different user groups.

Living in a Diverse Community: Effects of Geographical Variations in Diversity on Partisan Communication

This study examines the effects of geographical variations in diversity on political communication within the context of partisan media and audiences. Partisan heterogeneity, as an indicator of political diversity, was conceptualized as a geographical context of the distribution of party preferences within a county. Using a set of nationwide panel survey data with county-level statistics, we conducted multilevel modeling to test its effects on partisan news use, political discussion, knowledge, and affective polarization. The results indicate that county-level partisan heterogeneity reduced the average levels of like-minded news consumption. Moreover, it attenuated the positive relationship between like-minded news use and political talk with strong ties. Additionally, we found that the context of partisan heterogeneity significantly moderated the mediation effects of partisan news use on political knowledge and affective polarization through political discussion. Implications of these results on partisan communication were discussed.

Alcohol consumption in cancer patients receiving psycho-oncologic care analysis of socio-demographic, health-related and cancer-related factors.

The carcinogenic effects of alcoholic beverages and the negative impact of alcohol consumption on cancer progression and treatment outcomes are well established in oncology research. Many cancer patients experience significant psychological distress, often manifesting as elevated levels of depression and anxiety. In the general population, alcohol consumption is commonly used as a coping mechanism for such distress. For cancer patients facing substantial psychological challenges, psycho-oncology care is available to help manage their symptoms and the overall impact of their condition. However, there is limited understanding of the alcohol consumption patterns in this particularly vulnerable group of patients, as well as the disease-related factors that may influence their drinking behavior. This study aims to examine the prevalence of potentially risky alcohol consumption in cancer patients receiving psycho-oncology care and to identify sociodemographic, health-related, and psychosocial factors associated with alcohol consumption after cancer diagnosis. By understanding drinking patterns and the factors associated with them, we aim to promote healthier behaviors and enhance treatment outcomes for cancer patients receiving psycho-oncology care. A consecutive sample of 1.225 patients from the psycho-oncology outpatient clinic of the University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf (UKE) was analyzed with regard to their alcohol consumption behavior using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption Items (AUDIT-C). Self-report questionnaires were employed to assess sociodemographic, health-related, and cancer-specific information. For statistical analysis, multiple linear regression was utilized. In the sample of cancer patients receiving psycho-oncology support one in six of both female and male patients showed risky alcohol drinking behavior (e.g. AUDIT-C above three for women and four for men). In the analysis (R-Square: 0.056) male gender (regression coefficient B 0.686, 95% CI: 0.453-0.919) and patientsreporting a higher physical health-related quality of life (SF8-PCS) (B 0.021, 95% CI: 0.011-0.032) were associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption, whereas having children (B -0.481, 95%CI: -0.700- -0.262) was associated with lower alcohol consumption. With regard to cancer type, a single-factor analysis of variance with gender as the centered covariate showed that patients with gastrointestinal cancer had had lower average consumption levels compared to the groups of patients with breast cancer, melanoma, genitourinary cancer, and lymphoma. Also, patients with sarcoma had lower average consumption levels than patients with lymphoma. The results allow to identify patient characteristics and cancer types associated with higher or lower alcohol consumption levels and higher likelihood of risky consumption behavior in this sample of cancer patients receiving psycho-oncological support. Cancer patients are particularly susceptible to the hazardous effects of alcohol consumption. The results of this study help to identify cancer patients at risk of worsening prognosis due to alcohol consumption and to develop intervention programs to minimize alcohol consumption in this group.

Health-risk assessment of mercury in main market-sold foods in the Pingliang region of Gansu province, China, from 2013 to 2021

In the present study, we analyzed mercury concentrations in 742 samples across five main food categories from 2013 to 2021 using direct mercury analysis (DMA) to understand mercury pollution in major market-sold foods in the Pingliang region of Gansu Province and assess the health risks of mercury dietary exposure in adults. Health risks of adult dietary exposure were assessed through deterministic evaluation. Total mercury content ranged from non-detectable (ND) to 0.13 mg/kg, with a detection rate of 90.70% (673/742), the highest detection rates being in fresh edible mushrooms and nuts. The overall exceedance rate was 0.13% (1/742), with one sample of fresh edible mushrooms exceeding the regulatory limit for total mercury content. Additionally, we incorporated the average mercury content and consumption levels of meat and seafood from regions geographically close to Pingliang, as reported in the Fifth National Total Diet Study, to calculate the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) by a deterministic evaluation. For adult males, the exposure was 0.120 μg/(kg BW), while for adult females, it was 0.141 μg/(kg BW). Both values are significantly lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 4 μg/(kg BW) established by JECFA in 2010, indicating that the total mercury concentration from food intake does not pose a significant health risk to the residents of the Pingliang area. These findings offer valuable scientific data to inform food safety regulations in the region and can serve as a benchmark for future mercury pollution risk assessments in other locations.

Pengaruh Pendapatan Rata-Rata Terhadap Tingkat Konsumsi di Sumatera Utara

Income plays a very important role in determining individual consumption patterns, reflecting consumers' purchasing power towards goods and services. This study investigated the impact of average income on consumption levels in North Sumatra, focusing on the relationship between income and shopping behavior in the region. The purpose of this study was to study how variations in average income affected consumer spending habits and general economic activity in North Sumatra from 2020 to 2022. This study used secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) North Sumatra, which included per capita consumption levels and average income. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression method. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between average income and consumption levels in North Sumatra in 2020–2022; In other words, the higher the average income, the greater the per capita consumption. The research highlights the importance of stability and income growth in stimulating consumer spending, thereby boosting economic growth.

Reducing meat consumption in Central Asia through 3D printing of plant-based protein-enhanced alternatives-a mini review.

3D food printing (3DFP) is emerging as a vital innovation in the food industry's pursuit of sustainability. 3DFP has evolved to significantly impact food production, offering the capability to create customized, nutritionally balanced foods. Central Asia has a higher than global average level of meat consumption per capita, which might be influenced by its historical and cultural background of nomadism. This dietary trend might potentially result in negative impacts on both the environment and human health outcomes, as it leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions and increased risk of chronic diseases. Reducing meat consumption holds the potential to address these sustainability and health issues. A possible strategy to reduce meat consumption and promote plant-based foods is 3D Food Printing (3DFP), which can rely on plant-protein sources from the region to create appealing and tasty alternatives for these populations. This review summarizes recent studies on plant protein-rich materials for 3DFP as a substitute to meet the growing global demand for meat as well as the 3DFP printing parameters associated with the different plant-based proteins currently used (e.g., lentils, soybeans, peas, and buckwheat). The findings revealed that buckwheat, a dietary staple in Central Asia, can be a promising choice for 3DFP technology due to its widespread consumption in the region, gluten-free nature, and highly nutritious profile.

Efficiency of feed additive Nikamax® for artificial infection of broiler chickens with Eimeria spp.

Efficiency of feed additive Nikamax® for artificial infection of broiler chickens with Eimeria spp.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) measured in seafood from a cross-section of retail stores in the United States

Seafood is a dominant source of human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Existing studies on foodborne PFAS exposure have focused on only a subset of these compounds. Here, we conducted a pilot study to screen 33 PFAS in 46 seafood samples from a cross-section of national and local stores in the US. Low levels of 8 PFAS were measured in 74% of the samples, predominated by PFHxS (59%). Total PFAS ranged between 0.12 and 20 ng/g; highest levels were measured in Estonia-sourced smelt. The highest median levels were of PFOA (0.84 ng/g) with elevated concentrations found in Chinese clams (2.4 ng/g), which exceeds the EU established maximum limits (MLs). Measured levels of PFHxS, PFOA, and PFNA also exceeded MLs in 24%, 7%, and 5% of the samples, respectively. For average consumption levels, exposures were below the EU established tolerable weekly intakes (TWIs). However, for more frequent consumption of flounder, catfish, and cod, exposures exceeded regulations, which warrants identifying vulnerable high seafood consuming populations. Accidental PFBS cross contamination from sample storage bags resulted in 100% detection in samples, highlighting the problem with post-purchase food handling practices such as storage and cooking that could also have a substantial impact on human exposure, potentially in larger amounts than the (sea)food itself.

Analisis Faktor – Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Harga Daging Sapi di Jawa Barat

West Java has a consumption level of beef above the national average consumption level. Beef is an essential commodity for the residents and the economic system of West Java Province. However, the price of beef in West Java is unstable. In May 2021, beef became the second biggest contributor to inflation in West Java. High inflation has had a negative impact on economic actors, so efforts to stabilize beef commodity prices is important. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that influence the price of beef in West Java. This research applies a time series data of 2003-2020 and the error correction model method. The results of the study showed that the long-term variable price of chicken meat and international beef prices have a positive effect on the price of beef in West Java. Meanwhile, in the short term, the beef cattle population had a negative effect and the chicken meat price had a positive effect on beef prices in West Java. The results of this study indicate that a stable beef price can be achieved by increasing the population of beef cattle, especially culled cows and ready-to-slaughter bulls. In addition, the research results also show that chicken meat is a substitute commodity for beef, so to meet the public's need for animal protein, it is also important to stabilize the price of chicken meat. Stabilization of chicken meat and beef prices should be pursued to go hand in hand.

Estimating the welfare gains from anti-retroviral therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa

Since the start of the century, many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have experienced large gains in life expectancy and average consumption levels. Around the same time, an unprecedented international effort has taken place to combat HIV/AIDS mortality with the expansion of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) across many of the hardest hit countries. In this paper, I estimate the impact of ART on average welfare over time in 42 countries using the equivalent consumption approach. I decompose the change in welfare to isolate the relative contribution of ART-driven improvements in life expectancy and consumption. The results indicate that ART has accounted for around 12% of total welfare growth in SSA between 2000 and 2017. In those countries most affected by HIV/AIDS, this figure rises to around 40%. Moreover, the estimates suggest that welfare in some of the worst-hit countries would have declined over time without the ART expansion.

Inequality aversion and government health expenditure

This paper explores a behavioural mechanism through which income inequality may be associated with population health. We consider a model with heterogeneous agents in which agents' preferences are characterized by income inequality aversion. Our analysis shows that spending on health-producing goods is inversely related to the agents’ degree of inequality aversion. A Veblenesque mechanism drives this relation: inequality averse poor agents wish to enjoy consumption levels closer to the average consumption levels in the economy but can only do so by reducing their expenditures on health. This leads to adverse outcomes for individuals and adverse political economy implications for health. In the political economy context, agents characterized by high inequality aversion vote for lower levels of government health spending. To specifically test this mechanism, we construct empirical measures of inequality aversion. Then, using these measures for a panel of 147 countries spanning 2008–2019, we find a significant negative impact of inequality aversion on allocations of public spending for healthcare. These results remain robust to different model specifications.

There Is No Relationship Between The Level Of Zinc Consumption And The Incidence Of Anemia In Female Workers At The Badung Mall, Bali

Women workers are included in the group of women of childbearing age who are prone to health problems due to the low intake of nutrients consumed. The low intake of nutrients consumed and the bleeding experienced during menstruation can affect hemoglobin levels and productivity in workers. The health problem that is often experienced by female workers is anemia. Anemia is a condition where the level of hemoglobin in the blood is below the normal value. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of consumption of micronutrients (iron, zinc, folic acid, and vitamin C) with the incidence of anemia in female workers at Mall Badung. The research design used was cross-sectional with a sample of 35 female workers at Mall. The data taken were Hb levels using the easy touch tool, and food intake data obtained using a 24-hour recall form. Data analysis used the Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Spearman Rank Correlation tests. The results showed that the proportion of anemia was 22,9%. The average Hb level obtained was 13,8 g/dL. The average level of consumption of iron (86,2%), zinc (80,6%), folic acid (84,9%), and vitamin C (93,7%). Based on the results of the correlation test showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of iron consumption (p-value = 0,000), folic acid (p-value = 0,009), and vitamin C (p-value = 0,026) with the incidence of anemia in female workers and there was no relationship between levels of consumption of zinc (p-value = 0,601) with the incidence of anemia in female workers..

Tingkat Konsumsi Energi, Durasi Penggunaan Gawai, dan Status Gizi Anak Sekolah Dasar

Nutritional status is influenced by the level of food consumption, especially energy. Nutritional status is indirectly affected by the use of gadgets. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of energy consumption and duration of use of gadgets with the nutritional status of elementary school children in Mengwi. This type of research is an observational study with a cross-sectional design and uses 83 samples with ages of 9-11 years. The data was collected using the 24-hour recall method and questionnaire. The data was presented with a frequency table and then analyzed using Pearson. The results showed that the average energy consumption level of the sample was 103%, and the average duration of the sample's use of gadgets was 4 hours 25 minutes; 16.9% of the samples with overweight nutritional status and 9.6 with obesity nutritional status had consumption levels above the requirement, 7.2% had more nutritional status, and obesity had an excessive gadget use duration. The results of the Pearson show a relationship between the level of energy consumption and nutritional status with value (p-value=0.00), and there is no relationship between the duration of use of gadgets with nutritional status with value (p-value=0.53). There is a significant relationship between the level of energy consumption and the nutritional status of elementary school students in the Mengwi District. It is expected that elementary school students in Mengwi District will be able to pay attention to nutritional intake, especially energy consumption, and increase their physical activity.

Food Security of Small-Scale Fishermen's Households in Prigi Bay, Trenggalek Regency

The dependence of fishermen on obtaining income during the fishing season can cause problems in fulfilling food needs. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the food security of small-scale fishermen's households. The sampling technique was a purposive sampling of 75 small-scale fishing households. The data analysis used was Jonsson and Toole's analysis of food expenditure, energy adequacy and food security. The results showed when it is not fish season or moderate season, some fishing households do productive activities outside of fishing, such as cultivating forest land belonging to the Indonesian Forestry Minister, becoming marine tour guides, and having livestock and a working wife. As a result, household income can meet basic food and non-food expenditures. The average level of energy consumption is 2,772.8 kcal/capita/day, and the average protein consumption is 177.8 grams/capita/day. The calories from grains or rice reach 780 kcal/capita/day, and the highest protein source comes from fish getting 140.7 grams/capita/day. All fisherman household respondents have a proportion of expenditure for food consumption less than sixty per cent and a gonad maturity level of more than eighty per cent. This value indicates that all small-scale fishing households are food insecure. The existence of activities outside of catching fish diversifies business in the household, enabling fishing households to meet the basic needs of food and non-food and food security.

Small fish consumption in rural Myanmar.

Assessments of fish consumption are based primarily on data from household surveys that do not capture information on the intra-household distribution of the size or species of fish consumed. Such studies can yield partial or misleading information about the adequacy of aquatic food consumption. We address this gap by focusing on individual-level fish consumption within the household, using data from a survey conducted in a rural part of the Ayeyarwady Region in Myanmar-an area with high levels of fish consumption. We disaggregate fish consumption by the gender of household members and by the quantity, species, and size of fish eaten, estimating quantities of fish consumed using models for reference, to identify gendered patterns of fish consumption at the intrahousehold level. We find higher average levels of fish consumption than reported in previous consumption surveys in Myanmar. Moreover, small fish are consumed more frequently than larger-sized fish. The popularity of small fish species highlights the continued reliance of survey respondents on wild fish stocks, despite all surveyed households also practicing small-scale aquaculture. The average consumption of fresh fish reported by women was 36% lower than that reported by men. Men were more likely to eat large fish species, but women ate more small fish, which may contain higher levels of micronutrients vital for addressing nutrient deficiencies.

The Influence of The Quantitative Relationship Between Bad and Positive Online Reviews on Consumers’ Willingness to Shop Online

Online shopping evaluation is one of the important decisions for consumers to do online shopping. The negative comments in the evaluation have an important impact on consumers in shopping. Based on the product classification theory, this paper classifies the products consumers mainly buy on online shopping platforms into five major categories: daily necessities, educational and sporting goods, home appliances and digital products, food, and clothing accessories, and serves as a moderating factor. The hypothesis is that the number of negative reviews about logistics and transportation would negatively affect consumers’ willingness to purchase daily necessities and food. The number of bad reviews about merchants’ services would negatively affect consumers’ purchase intention for apparel accessories. The number of bad reviews about products that would negatively affect consumers’ willingness to purchase digital home appliances and educational and sporting goods online was proposed. A questionnaire was used to obtain the sample data of consumers’ online shopping intention, and SPSS was used to test its reliability with different analyses and correlation analyses. Based on the correlation between the content and the number of negative reviews, it showed that six or more negative reviews for food products significantly affect consumers’ willingness to purchase. The number of negative reviews about merchant services for daily necessities and the product for clothing accessories significantly affects consumers’ willingness to purchase. Furthermore, for all types of products, when the number of negative reviews increases, consumers need to increase their willingness to purchase with more positive reviews. Among them, consumers’ occupation, average monthly consumption level, and length of exposure to online shopping moderate the credibility of consumers’ judgment of negative reviews. In conclusion, it is concluded that Taobao merchants should pay attention to the content and quantity in negative reviews, improve the quality of products, services, logistics, and transportation from the consumers’ point of view, and improve the competitiveness of their products for better online marketing.

A Discussion on the Impact and Management of Longevity Risk on Households, Enterprises and Governments in the Context of Aging in China

The aging of China's population has become a significant social problem. The resulting longevity risk is a new and growing challenge for households, businesses and governments. This paper discusses the influence of longevity risk on different subjects and management methods by combining theoretical analysis and data analysis. From the perspective of households, based on the life cycle hypothesis, this paper demonstrates that the increase in life expectancy will reduce the total utility by reducing the average consumption level of individuals (families). For the general enterprises and the insurance industry, longevity risk means the rapid accumulation of future operating costs and may even bring liquidity risk. As for the government, they are the manager of the social pension fund, which is faced with the problem of balancing the income and payments under the background of the significant increase in the average life expectancy of the population. As a link, the financial market can transfer and disperse longevity risk among different subjects. However, there is a shortage of investors and issuers in the Chinese financial market. The rate of Chinese households participating financial market is low, and the progress of Longevity risk securitization in financial sectors is slow. Therefore, in managing longevity risk, China should focus on increasing the utilization of capital markets.

Study on the Mechanism and Control Strategy of Advanced Treatment of Yeast Wastewater by Ozone Catalytic Oxidation

In this paper, the yeast wastewater secondary treatment effluent using catalytic odor oxidation treatment, using an orthogonal reaction experiment to determine the best reaction conditions, and the online monitoring of the pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and liquid ozone concentration monitoring, to the catalytic odor oxidation reaction, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color removal effect were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal reaction condition for the advanced treatment of yeast wastewater by catalytic ozonation was accomplished with manganese dioxide used as the catalyst and a catalyst dose of 6 g·L−1, pH of 12, and catalytic ozonation reaction time of 20 min. The COD was effectively reduced from 880 mg·L−1 to 387 mg·L−1 under this condition, the chroma was reduced from 700 times to 40 times, and these two parameters of the effluent could meet the standard of GB25462-2010. The real-time monitoring system showed that the whole reaction can be divided into two processes. The first 14 min was the indirect reaction of ozone and then the direct oxidation reaction of ozone. This process was further verified by the change trend of COD and the amount of ozone depletion by COD removal. The average ozone consumption levels of the two stages were 1.97 and 4.91 mgO3·mgCOD−1. This system can effectively monitor the reaction of the catalytic odor oxidation in the complex system to guide the effective use of ozone in practical engineering applications.

Contaminants in fish from U.S. rivers: Probability-based national assessments

Most fish consumption advisories in the United States (U.S.) are issued for mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and recently per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become a contaminant group that warrants fish consumption advice. An unequal probability survey design was developed to allow a comprehensive characterization of mercury, PCB, and PFAS contamination in fish from U.S. rivers on a national scale. During 2013–14 and 2018–19, fish fillet samples were collected from 353 and 290 river sites, respectively, selected randomly from the target population of rivers (≥5th order in size) in the conterminous U.S. These comprised nationally representative samples, with results extrapolated to chemical-specific sampled populations of 48,826–79,448 river kilometers (km) in 2013–14 and 66,142 river km in 2018–19. National distribution estimates were developed for total mercury, all 209 PCB congeners, and up to 33 PFAS (including perfluorooctane sulfonate or PFOS) in river fish. All fillet tissue samples contained detectable levels of mercury and PCBs. One or more PFAS were detected in 99.7 % and 95.2 % of the fillet samples from fish collected in 2013–14 and 2018–19, respectively. Fish tissue screening levels applied to national contaminant probability distributions allowed an estimation of the percentage of the sampled population of river lengths that contained fish with fillet concentrations above a level protective of human health. Fish tissue screening level exceedances for an average level of fish consumption ranged from 23.5 % to 26.0 % for mercury, 17.3 % to 51.6 % for PCBs, and 0.7 % to 9.1 % for PFOS.