Average Influx Research Articles

The Application of Sulfur–Metal Mass Ratios in Metal Sulfides in Assessing Prospects for Deep Metallogeny: A Case Study of the Tongshan Copper Deposit in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China

Sulfur–metal mass ratios (SMMRs) between sulfur and metal elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Fe, etc.) in metal sulfides are fixed in idealized compositions, so they should have a relatively fixed proportion in terms of mass without considering the presence of structural defects such as vacancies or substitution elements. Rock bodies with an SMMR of S far greater than the common metal sulfides may contain additional sulfides of other metals. We studied the Tongshan copper deposit in NE China and calculated the mass transfer of various elements in drill hole ZK611 samples. The data show a S influx of 7160 g/t, a Cu influx of 5469 g/t, and an Fe influx of 8796 g/t in the Cu ore body. Below the Cu ores, the average influx is 18,600 g/t of S, 650 g/t of Cu, and 5360 g/t of Fe, which provides an SMMR far above common mineral sulfide values. Further studies indicated that this rock unit contains fine-grained sphalerite and galenite, and when Zn and Pb are included in the rock SMMR calculations, values closer to the mineral sulfides emerge. These results imply that the coordinating balance relationship of S content with Fe and other ore-forming metals could provide direct information for assessing metallogenic prospects.

Towards Greener Airports: Landscape of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Based on RSV-P (Road Speed Bump’s Vibration Power Plant)

Abstract One potential that can be implemented at Ngurah Rai International Airport considering the number of passengers, parking capacity, and the implementation of Bali Governor Regulation No. 45 of 2019 concerning Clean Energy Bali and Bali Governor Regulation No. 48 of 2019 concerning the use of Battery-Based Electric Vehicles (BEVs), is the landscape of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations based on RSV-P (Road Speed Bump’s Vibration Power Plant). This research focuses on the landscape of a charging station based on RSV-P. This research activity was carried out by the authors using literacy study data collection techniques, field studies and sources of information using secondary data. The landscape is designed to incorporate local wisdom and cultural aspects of the Balinese community, making designs by simulating calculations based on previous research results, calculating the position of speed bumps, batteries storage, charging stations include solar panels, parking areas according to conditions at domestic terminals and considering the average influx of about 300 to 500 four-wheelers and six-wheelers (buses) every day RSV-P can be applied as an initial study for the management of Ngurah Rai Int Airport. The impact of this research is to provide a study option for implementing green energy towards a green airport, by prioritizing green energy initiatives at Ngurah Rai Int airport, we are not only investing in environmental sustainability, but also in a more efficient, innovative, and competitive airport future.

Leachate migration investigation at an unlined landfill located in granite region using borehole groundwater TDS profiles

Special hydrogeological properties of granite regions control leachate migration in municipal solid waste (MSW) unlined landfills there. This study aimed to investigate leachate migration at an unlined landfill located in a granite region and explore an in-situ borehole groundwater TDS-profile method (BGTM) for identifying vertical distribution of leachate plume at landfill sites in granite regions. On basis of detailed site investigation using multiple methods (e.g., borehole investigation, water quality monitoring, and rock packer tests), hydrogeological model of the surveyed MSW landfill was established, and horizontal distribution of four contaminants including chemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen showed that leachate plume could reach over 200 m away from downstream boundary of the source landfill. BGTM was demonstrated to be able to identify boundary of leachate plume under a field average influx >1.0 × 10−7 cm/s and a hydraulic conductivity of the evaluated layers >5.0 × 10−5 cm/s. Based on the site investigation, granite joints were found to be the major leachate migration channels in the lateral slope of the granite valley, and highly permeable layers such as alluvium were identified as the major leachate migration channels in the valley outlet. Meanwhile, a two-piece function was fitted between groundwater total dissolved solid (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) in the landfill site, and EC = 500 μS/cm was the limit between the two intervals.

Activity-dependent compensation of cell size is vulnerable to targeted deletion of ion channels

In many species, excitable cells preserve their physiological properties despite significant variation in physical size across time and in a population. For example, neurons in crustacean central pattern generators generate similar firing patterns despite several-fold increases in size between juveniles and adults. This presents a biophysical problem because the electrical properties of cells are highly sensitive to membrane area and channel density. It is not known whether specific mechanisms exist to sense membrane area and adjust channel expression to keep a consistent channel density, or whether regulation mechanisms that sense activity alone are capable of compensating cell size. We show that destabilising effects of growth can be specifically compensated by feedback mechanism that senses average calcium influx and jointly regulate multiple conductances. However, we further show that this class of growth-compensating regulation schemes is necessarily sensitive to perturbations that alter the expression of subsets of ion channel types. Targeted perturbations of specific ion channels can trigger a pathological response of the regulation mechanism and a failure of homeostasis. Our findings suggest that physiological regulation mechanisms that confer robustness to growth may be specifically vulnerable to deletions or mutations that affect subsets of ion channels.

A preparatory study on fish behavioral properties in a set-net

The fish influx and behavioral properties at a set-net off Goseong, South Korea were investigated using an imaging sonar. As a result, the average influx of fish was 33.9% at day time and 66.1% at night time, respectively, which indicated that a majority of fish entered into a playground in the set-net at night. The fish behavioral properties such as target (fish) length, range, orientation and major-axis angle were examined and compared among survey dates (4, 5, and 6 June 2019) using the statistical analysis tool (analysis of variance, ANOVA). The behavioral properties presented differently sometime of survey dates. This is preparatory study to support fish behavior properties in a set-net. It is expected that more elaborated behavioral information of fishes in the set-net is beneficial for designing and deploying a set-net fishing gear as well as general fish behavior research in the future.

Brief communication: Residence time of energy in the atmosphere

Abstract. In atmospheric chemistry, a parameter called residence time is defined for each gas as T=M/F, where M represents the mass of the gas in the atmosphere and F is the total average influx or outflux, which in time averages are equal. In this brief communication, we extend this concept from matter to energy which is also a conservative quantity and estimate the average residence time of energy in the atmosphere, which amounts to about 58 d. A similar estimation for the residence time of energy in the Sun is of the order of 107 years, which agrees with the Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale.

Selenium mass balance and flux in water of Pariette Wetlands, Utah (USA)

Selenium (Se) has potentially deleterious impacts on flora and fauna of aquatic ecosystems. As Se moves through a wetlands system, various processes such as sorption onto sediments, plant uptake, and volatilization into the atmosphere can attenuate Se resulting in its storage in the wetlands. A comparison of inlet and outlet Se fluxes can be used to determine the mass of Se stored in a wetlands system. Inlet and outlet total Se concentrations and water discharge were measured at the Pariette Wetlands, UT, and used to calculate Se fluxes. The difference between inputs and outputs or fluxes gave great insight into how much Se was being retained or stored in the wetlands. The average influx of Se was 1530 kg year−1 and outflux was 380 kg year−1. On average, 75% (1150 kg year−1) of Se entering the wetlands was retained or stored by some biogeochemical process. Processes associated with Se retention included bioaccumulation into the biota, volatilization by plants and sediments, precipitation of insoluble phases, and sorption to sediments, which accounted for most of the attenuated Se. Water movement through the Pariette Wetlands system did not appreciably alter annual Se attenuation rates. Input, output, storage, and fate of Se for four other wetlands were compared with Pariette Wetlands with Se storage being similar among three of the wetlands: Tulare Lake (65%), Imperial (46%), Brawley (72%), and Pariette (75%).

Water flow in unsaturated soils subjected to multiple infiltration events

In this paper, water flow in a 4 m height column with an unsaturated soil that is subjected to multiple infiltration events for a 62 day period is investigated. One-dimensional (1D) numerical analysis is also undertaken to analyze the flow, extending the seepage theory for unsaturated soils. Results highlight the formation of two wetting fronts; namely, wetting front I and wetting front II that are induced by the first and subsequent infiltration events, respectively. There is a stable zone where the water content is approximately constant; it forms between the two fronts. A conceptual model of the suction profile is proposed for interpreting in situ water flow by dividing the unsaturated zone into four distinct zones; namely, active, steady, transition, and capillary fringe zones. This division is helpful for providing a rational explanation of water flow in different zones. Novel contributions from this study include a relationship between the hydraulic properties in the steady zone and the flow velocity, which is determined by an average influx rate. In addition, the rate of groundwater recharge can also be estimated using the average influx rate. Results of the present study are useful to understand and interpret the relationship between water infiltration and suction or water content profile in the unsaturated zone as well as variation of groundwater table level.

Long-term variations in oxygen in sub-tropical coastal waters: Influence of sewage effluent

The increase in population in the Pearl River delta region has increased domestic sewage and industrial discharges, which influences biogeochemical (e.g. carbon dioxide release) and environmental (e.g. oxygen depletion) conditions. Dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations along with salinity, temperature, pH, and chlorophyll a at the surface were collected during seven cruises at eight stations in different months in 2005–2006 to document the seasonal influence of anthropogenic inputs on dissolved oxygen in different areas of Hong Kong waters. Long-term data during 1997–2006 were used to assess air-sea exchange of dissolved oxygen. Near the Pearl River estuary, dissolved oxygen was undersaturated, while partial pressure carbon dioxide was oversaturated, which indicated that Pearl River estuary influenced waters were heterotrophic and represented net sources of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In Victoria Harbour, where there was greater sewage effluent influence, however, the degree of dissolved oxygen undersaturation was even more than the Pearl River estuary influenced waters throughout the year. In contrast, the eastern waters, where there was less influence of anthropogenic inputs, showed seasonal variability: undersaturation of dissolved oxygen (∼90%) in the dry season shifting to slight oversaturation (∼105%) in the wet season. The monthly average air-sea influx of oxygen decreased by ∼50 to 200 mmol m−2 d−1 in the wet season relative to that in the dry season in Victoria Harbour, which was coupled with an increase in chlorophyll a from the dry to wet season. These findings are important in understanding why the eutrophication impact from nutrient enrichments in Hong Kong waters is not as severe as one would expect, and also how sewage effluent influences biogeochemical processes of dissolved oxygen and carbon in coastal waters.

Early stage identification of breakthroughs at the interface of science and technology: lessons drawn from a landmark publication

Certain scholarly publications or patent publications may signal breakthroughs in basic scientific research or radical new technological developments. Are there bibliographical indicators that enable an analysis of RD it provides a link between theory, experimental verification, and new technological applications. The publication of this landmark discovery marks a sharp rise in the number of scholarly publications, and not much later an increase in the number of filings for related patent applications. Noticeable within 2 years after publication is an above average influx of researchers and of organisations. Changes in the structure of co-citation term maps point to renewed interest from theoretical physicists. The analysis uncovered criteria that can help in identifying at early stage potential breakthroughs that link science and technology.

A New Approach to Determine Water Influx Rate for Reservoir with Bottom Water

The average reservoir pressure and water influx rate are two important parameters for reservoir with active bottom water. The paper, based on the model of KEITH, provides a solution by inversion of Laplace and Hankel, and obtains the relation between the average dimensionless reservoir pressure and water influx. If one is known, then the other can to be confirmed correctly. Compared with solution method of material balance, the affection of anisotropy is considered. In addition, sensitivity analysis of affecting factors on reservoir pressure is presented.

Remembrance of things past: modelling the relationship between species' abundances in living communities and death assemblages

Accumulations of dead skeletal material are a valuable archive of past ecological conditions. However, such assemblages are not equivalent to living communities because they mix the remains of multiple generations and are altered by post-mortem processes. The abundance of a species in a death assemblage can be quantitatively modelled by successively integrating the product of an influx time series and a post-mortem loss function (a decay function with a constant half-life). In such a model, temporal mixing increases expected absolute dead abundance relative to average influx as a linear function of half-life and increases variation in absolute dead abundance values as a square-root function of half-life. Because typical abundance distributions of ecological communities are logarithmically distributed, species' differences in preservational half-life would have to be very large to substantially alter species' abundance ranks (i.e. make rare species common or vice-versa). In addition, expected dead abundances increase at a faster rate than their range of variation with increased time averaging, predicting greater consistency in the relative abundance structure of death assemblages than their parent living community.

Car MAX-DOAS measurements around entire cities: quantification of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from the cities of Mannheim and Ludwigshafen (Germany)

Abstract. We present car Multi-Axis (MAX-) DOAS observations of tropospheric NO2 carried out on circles around the cities of Mannheim and Ludwigshafen (Germany) on 24 August 2006. Together with information on wind speed and direction, the total emissions of the encircled source(s) are quantified from these measurements. In contrast to recent similar studies based on zenith scattered sun light (elevation angle of 90°), we use a MAX-DOAS instrument mounted on a car, which observes scattered sun light under different elevation angles (here 45°, and 90°). Compared to simple zenith sky observations, MAX-DOAS observations have higher sensitivity and reduced uncertainty, and avoid systematic offsets in the determination of the vertically integrated trace gas concentration. The determination of the absolute value of the integrated tropospheric trace gas concentrations is especially important for the calculation of absolute trace gas fluxes through arbitrary transects. However, even if emission sources are completely surrounded, systematic offsets in the measured vertically integrated trace gas concentration can lead to errors in the determined total emissions, especially for observations around extended areas. In this study we discuss and quantify different error sources. In most cases, the largest error source is the variability and imperfect knowledge of the wind field. In addition – depending on the trace species observed - also chemical transformations between the emission sources and the measurement location have to be considered. For that purpose we use local observations within the encircled area to quantify and/or correct these errors. From our observations we derive a total NOx emission from the Mannheim/Ludwigshafen area of (7.4±1.8)×1024 molec/sec, which if assumed to be constant throughout the year would correspond to a total emission of 17 830±4340 t/yr (calculated with the mass of NO2 t/yr, consistent with existing emission estimates. From our observations it is also possible to separately determine the average influx into the Mannheim/Ludwigshafen area (5.4±0.9×1024 molec/sec or 13 010±2170 t/yr) and the average outflux (12.8±1.8×1024 molec/sec or 13 010±4340 t/yr).

A self-referencing glutamate biosensor for measuring real time neuronal glutamate flux

Quantification of neurotransmitter transport dynamics is hindered by a lack of sufficient tools to directly monitor bioactive flux under physiological conditions. Traditional techniques for studying neurotransmitter release/uptake require inferences from non-selective electrical recordings, are invasive/destructive, and/or suffer from poor temporal resolution. Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors have enhanced in vitro and in vivo detection of neurotransmitter concentration under physiological/pathophysiological conditions. The use of enzymatic biosensors with performance enhancing materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes) has been a major focus for many of these advances. However, these techniques are not used as mainstream neuroscience research tools, due to relatively low sensitivity, excessive drift/noise, low signal-to-noise ratio, and inability to quantify rapid neurochemical kinetics during synaptic transmission. A sensing technique known as self-referencing overcomes many of these problems, and allows non-invasive quantification of biophysical transport. This work presents a self-referencing CNT modified glutamate oxidase biosensor for monitoring glutamate flux near neural/neuronal cells. Concentration of basal glutamate was similar to other in vivo and in vitro measurements. The biosensor was used in self-referencing (oscillating) mode to measure net glutamate flux near neural cells during electrical stimulation. Prior to stimulation, the average influx was 33.9±6.4fmolcm−2s−1). Glutamate efflux took place immediately following stimulation, and was always followed by uptake in the 50–150fmolcm−2s−1 range. Uptake was inhibited using threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate, and average surface flux in replicate cells (1.1±7.4fmolcm−2s−1) was significantly lower than uninhibited cells. The technique is extremely valuable for studying neuropathological conditions related to neurotransmission under dynamic physiological conditions.

Influxed Insects as Vectors for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Danish Broiler Houses

The vector potential of flies (Diptera: Brachycera) for spread of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli on 5 Danish broiler farms was evaluated in a longitudinal field study from April to November 2004. First, the prevalence of C. jejuni- and C. coli-positive flies was determined in 2,816 flies captured from farm surroundings. Each individual fly was macerated, preenriched in Bolton broth for 24 h at 42°C, streaked onto modified Campylobater blood-free selective agar and incubated under microaerobic conditions for 48 h at 42°C. Second, the influx of insects to broiler houses was estimated by trapping of insects (n = 5,936) in ventilation vents. In total, 31 flies (28 of which were of the Muscidae family) caught in farm surroundings were Campylobacter spp.-positive (C. jejuni, n = 7; C. coli, n = 23; other Campylobacter spp., n = 1). Musca domestica (L) (house fly) was more frequently (P < 0.0376) positive than other fly species collected. Other positive fly species were Stomoxys calcitrans (L) (stable fly; n = 4), Muscina stabulans (Fallén) (false stable fly; n = 1), Mesembrina meridiana (L) (noon fly; n = 1) and Hydrotaea sp. (black dump fly; n = 1). One Lucilia caesar (L) (green bottle fly) of the Calliphoridae family and 2 flies of unidentified species were also positive. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp.-positive flies varied from 0.0 in April to a peak of 16.3% in July and decreasing to 2.0% in October on a farm with pig production. On 4 broiler farms without other livestock, the prevalence was constantly below 1.0%. The average influx of insects per broiler rotation was estimated to be 30,728 ± 2,443 SE (range 2,233 to 180,300), of which 21.4% were flies. The influx of insects correlated with the flow (m3/h) of ventilation air (P < 0.0078) and with the outdoor temperature (P < 0.0032). We conclude that the influx of large numbers of flies to broiler houses constitutes a considerable risk for infection of broilers with C. jejuni and C. coli.

Extraterrestrial chromite in latest Maastrichtian and Paleocene pelagic limestone at Gubbio, Italy: The flux of unmelted ordinary chondrites

Abstract— –The distribution of sediment‐dispersed extraterrestrial (ordinary chondritic) chromite (EC) grains (&gt;63 μm) has been studied across the latest Maastrichtian and Paleocene in the Bottaccione Gorge section at Gubbio, Italy. This section is ideal for determining the accumulation rate of EC because of its condensed nature and well‐constrained sedimentation rates. In a total of 210 kg of limestone representing eight samples of 14–28 kg distributed across 24 m of the Bottaccione section, only 6 EC grains were found (an average of 0.03 EC grains kg−1). In addition, one probable pallasitic chromite grain was found. No EC grains could be found in two samples at the Cretaceous‐Tertiary (K‐T) boundary, which is consistent with the K‐T boundary impactor being a carbonaceous chondrite or comet low in chromite. The average influx of EC to Earth is calculated to ∼∼0.26 grain m−2 kyr−1. This corresponds to a total flux of ∼∼200 tons of extraterrestrial matter per year, compared to ∼∼30,000 tons per year, as estimated from Os isotopes in deep‐sea sediments. The difference is explained by the EC grains representing only unmelted ordinary chondritic matter, predominantly in the size range from ∼∼0.1 mm to a few centimeters in diameter. Sedimentary EC grains can thus give important information on the extent to which micrometeorites and small meteorites survive the passage through the atmosphere. The average of 0.03 EC grain kg−1 in the Gubbio limestone contrasts with the up to ∼∼3 EC grains kg−1 in mid‐Ordovician limestone that formed after the disruption of the L chondrite parent body in the asteroid belt at ∼∼470 Ma. The two types of limestone were deposited at about the same rate, and the difference in EC abundance gives support for an increase by two orders of magnitude in the flux of chondritic matter directly after the asteroid breakup.

Vegetation and pollen rain relationship from the tropical Atlantic rain forest in Southern Brazil

The relationship between the southern Brazilian tropical Atlantic lowland rain forest and modern pollen rain was studied by pollen traps. The study was carried out on a one hectare plot undisturbed rain forest of the reserve Volta Velha and two secondary forests, ± 50 and 7 years old. About 248 identified tree, shrub and herb species (excluding epiphytes) of 50 families were represented by 126 different pollen and spore types (including non-local taxa). The calculated average influx of pollen rain from the native Atlantic rain forest was 12465 pollen grains per cm² and year. The influx from the ± 50 years old and from the 7 years old secondary forest was relatively low (4112 and 3667 grains per cm² and year, respectively) compared to the undisturbed rain forest. The occurrence of pollen grains of herbs and fern spores were significantly higher in the secondary forests than in the undisturbed rain forest.

Modeling of transfer kinetics at the serum-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in rabbits with experimental meningitis: application to grepafloxacin.

The goals of the present study were to model the population kinetics of in vivo influx and efflux processes of grepafloxacin at the serum-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and to propose a simulation-based approach to optimize the design of dose-finding trials in the meningitis rabbit model. Twenty-nine rabbits with pneumococcal meningitis receiving grepafloxacin at 15 mg/kg of body weight (intravenous administration at 0 h), 30 mg/kg (at 0 h), or 50 mg/kg twice (at 0 and 4 h) were studied. A three-compartment population pharmacokinetic model was fit to the data with the program NONMEM (Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling). Passive diffusion clearance (CL(diff)) and active efflux clearance (CL(active)) are transfer kinetic modeling parameters. Influx clearance is assumed to be equal to CL(diff), and efflux clearance is the sum of CL(diff), CL(active), and bulk flow clearance (CL(bulk)). The average influx clearance for the population was 0.0055 ml/min (interindividual variability, 17%). Passive diffusion clearance was greater in rabbits receiving grepafloxacin at 15 mg/kg than in those treated with higher doses (0.0088 versus 0.0034 ml/min). Assuming a CL(bulk) of 0.01 ml/min, CL(active) was estimated to be 0.017 ml/min (11%), and clearance by total efflux was estimated to be 0.032 ml/min. The population kinetic model allows not only to quantify in vivo efflux and influx mechanisms at the serum-CSF barrier but also to analyze the effects of different dose regimens on transfer kinetic parameters in the rabbit meningitis model. The modeling-based approach also provides a tool for the simulation and prediction of various outcomes in which researchers might be interested, which is of great potential in designing dose-finding trials.

Growth and nutrient uptake by cotton roots under field conditions1

The relationship between nutrient uptake and root growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was studied under field conditions. This basic information could be beneficial when making best management decisions concerning the time of application and placement of fertilizer. A field study was conducted in North Alabama on a fertile Dewey silt loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudult). Aboveground whole plants were harvested at approximately 10‐day intervals beginning at 211 cumulative heat units (CHU) after planting (37 days after planting: 4‐true leaves). Root length of harvested plants was also measured by depth and distance from the plant. Maximum root length was obtained at 1174 CHU (117 days after planting), while dry matter continued to increase until a maximum was obtained at 1317 CHU (128 days after planting). Maximum root length density of 1.60 cm cm3 was obtained in the surface 0–15 cm layer in the in‐row position at 912 CHU (99 days after planting). After first bloom approximately 70% of the cotton root system was in the surface 30 cm of soil. Average daily influx of S per m of root length increased with plant age until 1317 CHU (near cut‐out), after which influx declined. Nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe) influx peaked very early in the season (291–469 CHU) followed by a general decrease with plant age. Maximum daily influx of potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) per meter of root occurred at approximately peak‐bloom (764–912 CHU, 87–99 days after planting) and decreased with plant age. Copper, Fe, Mn, and Zn influx rates were ∼ 1000 times lower as compared to the other nutrients.

TV Observation of the Leonid Meteor Shower in 1998: No Strong Activity over Japan

We carried out a high-sensitivity TV observation of the Leonid meteor shower at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory, from 15h20m UT through 20h24m UT on 1998 November 17. We detected 58 Leonid meteors, along with 99 sporadic meteors. The peak of the activity, as expected around 20h UT, was not clearly observed. The average influx rate of meteoroids was 1.4 × 10−5 km−2 s−1 (mag &amp;lt; +8) during our observation.