Average Household Expenditure Research Articles

Assessment of Fuel Wood Consumption and Its Effect on Forest Depletion in Dry Deciduous Forest of Haliyal Taluk, Uttar Kannada District, India

Forest plays a significant role in extending wood and non-wood resources around the world, Forests provide ecosystem services, such as timber, food, fuel, fodder, non-wood products and shelter, which are essential for human well-being. However the increasing demand and pressure on forest resources majorly like fuel wood lead to degradation of forests. Hence it is important to assess the fuel wood consumption pattern and its impact on the forest for sustainable management of resources. In the present study, Haliyal taluk was selected, the area which is under rapid urbanization, surrounded by dry deciduous forest and the people living in that area depend on forest for fuel wood consumption. The study examined fuel wood collection among different farmer categories: large, medium, small, and landless. Results from the semi structured questioner survey revealed that medium farmers collected the most fuel wood. The total fuel wood consumption in Haliyal taluk was 5232.2 tonnes, with an average household consumption of 2.60 quintals of fuel wood per year. Major preferred tree species for fuel wood were Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia tomentosa and Lagerstroemia lanceolata, which are valued for their high energy content, favourable burning characteristics and availability. For estimation of forest degradation Randomized Block Design was used and the study classified the forest vegetation into four crown density classes: Very Dense Forest (T1), Moderately Dense Forest (T2), Open Forest (T3), and Scrub (T4). Data was collected from 20 plots (20 x 20 m each) across these classes to measure forest depletion. The results showed that statistically significant differences in degradation levels, with the highest depletion (31.56 m³/ha) in very dense forests followed by moderate depletion (6.75 m³/ha) in moderately dense forests and the lowest (2.4 m³/ha) in scrub forests. This pattern reflects greater anthropogenic pressures and higher fuel wood availability in more dense forest types.

Household expenditure on control of urban mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.

In 2007, the first outbreak of Chikungunya in Italy generated great alarm, highlighting the health risks caused by exotic species recently introduced in Europe and the need to strengthen control actions against the vectors. Besides health risks, mosquitoes cause nuisance, and citizens are required to adopt control measures. While the economic aspects of mosquito control by public agencies have been investigated, the scientific literature on the costs of mosquito protection incurred by families is scarce. This study assessed the households' expenditure on protective measures against mosquitoes in Emilia-Romagna, a region in Northern Italy. A phone questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data on the annual expenditure incurred by households for self-protection against mosquitos in relation to the perceived level of nuisance and the household and dwelling characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the main determinants influencing such expenditure, which resulted affected by dwelling characteristics, presence of children under 6 years of age, and health concerns of family members. The average annual household expenditure was estimated at 84.63 euros, about 30 times higher than the expenditure per household supported by regional and local administrations for interventions against mosquitoes in public areas, as calculated in a previous study. Household expenditure is mainly aimed at providing a direct defense against mosquito bites (mosquito nets, adulticides, skin-on repellents, etc.) while spending for more effective measures addressed to reduce mosquito density results marginal: e.g., only 3.5% of the total expenditure was dedicated to larval control. Control activities that lower the mosquito density in both private and public areas could reduce the use of household insecticides in urban environments and the related costs, and the risk of spread of imported arboviruses as well.

Sharing Is Caring: Exploring Distributed Solar Photovoltaics and Local Electricity Consumption through a Renewable Energy Community

Renewable Energy Communities (REC) can play a crucial role in enhancing citizen participation in the energy transition. Current European Union legislation enshrines energy communities and mandates Member States to encourage these organizations, promoting adequate conditions for their establishment. Nevertheless, uptake has been slow, and more research is needed to optimize the associated energy sharing. Using a Portuguese case study (REC Telheiras, Lisbon), this research aims to match local generation through four photovoltaic systems (totalizing 156.5 kWp of installed capacity) with household electricity consumption while cross evaluating the Portuguese legislation for energy sharing. The latter aim compares two scenarios: (a) current legislation (generated energy must be locally self-consumed before shared) and (b) equal share for members with a fixed coefficient. The evaluation is performed according to two indexes of self-consumption (SCI) and self-sufficiency (SSI), related to the simulation of four photovoltaic systems in public buildings, their associated consumption profiles, and an average household consumption profile of community members. The results show that, while maximizing self-consumption for the same values of generation and consumption, the number of participants is considerably lower for Scenario A (SCI = 100% is achieved with at least 491 residential members in Scenario A and 583 in Scenario B), implying that legislative changes enabling energy communities to better tailor sharing schemes may be necessary for them to become more attractive. The methods and results of this research can also be applied to other types of facilities, e.g., industrial and commercial consumers, if they are members of a REC and have smart meters in their installations.

Factors Associated with Expenditure on Animal Protein among Indonesian Households

Background: Eating animal protein (AP) can prevent stunting in children under five, which currently is still 21.5%. Due to scarce resources, households had trouble distributing the cost and frequently had to choose between it and other food expenses. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between various food expenditures and expenditure on AP among Indonesian households. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data. Data on household food expenditures on AP, prepared food and beverage, cereals, instant noodles, fruits, cooking oil, cigarette, and sugar, total expenditure, household size, and age and education of household head from 97,467 household samples with children under five were obtained from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) March 2018. Susenas data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire. Using IBM SPSS Version 22, a multiple linear regression was carried out, adjusted for household socioeconomic factors. Results: The average per-capita household expenditure on AP was IDR 24,912, contributing 4.72% to total food expenditure. This expenditure was higher than that on cereals (3.77%) but lower than that on prepared foods and beverages (6.15%). There was a positive association (p<0.001) between fruits, instant noodles, cooking oil, sugar, and beans and nuts expenditure and AP expenditure. Contrarily, there was an inverse relationship between prepared food and beverage (p<0.001), cereals (p=0.004), and cigarette expenditure (p<0.001) and animal protein expenditure. Conclusions: The amount spent on animal proteins was positively correlated with other food. It is possible that the consumption of animal proteins would increase if household funds were diverted from cigarettes and prepared food and beverage.

ECONOMIC COST OF MITIGATING HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION — A STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS IN RURAL WEST BENGAL, INDIA

By exploiting unique contingent valuation data from rural Indian households, we estimate the individuals’ willingness to pay to reduce risk from household air pollution, using the double-bounded dichotomous choice model. The estimated mean annual willingness to pay for such risk reduction is obtained as INR 886.59 accounting for approximately 1% of the annual household income. Although conducted in a different time and sample, the ratio of our estimated WTP to average household expenditure lies in a comparable range with extant literature. Furthermore, the estimated WTP lies in a moderately comparable range to the market price of devices that reduces HAP exposure. The sensitivity analysis of the estimated willingness to pay with respect to relevant behavioral and health factors further provides scope for policy prescriptions.

Determinants of Information and Communication Technology Development in Indonesia (2018-2021)

This study aims to analyze the influence of average household consumption for telecommunications, households that own and control cell phones, Number of Villages or Regions Receiving Cell Phone Signals and the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Information and Communication Technology Development Index in Indonesia for 2018-2021. The data used in this study is secondary data, namely the Information and Communication Technology Development Index, Average Household Consumption for Telecommunications, Households Who Own and Control Cell Phones, Number of Villages/Regions That Receive Cell Phone Signals and the Covid-19 Pandemic as dummy variables, which have been published by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The analytical method used in this study is panel data regression analysis using the Fixed Effect Model approach. The study results show that variables Average Household Consumption for Telecommunications, the variable Households Who Own and Control a Cellular Telephone have an influence, the variable Number of Villages/Regions Receiving Cellular Telephone Signals and Communication and the Covid-19 Pandemic variable have a positive and significant influence on the variable Information and Communication Technology Development Index in Indonesia 2018-2021.

Food Security Analysis of Corn Farming Households In The Buffer Area of Mandalika Special Economic Zone

The existence of the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ), located in Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency, is an area adjacent to many corn cultivation areas. This condition represents strategic potential for the development of corn commodities and their derivative products. On the other hand, food security is a human right that must be fulfilled. The aim of this research is to; 1) Analyze the socio-economic conditions of corn farmers in the buffer area of Mandalika SEZ; 2) Analyze the food security of corn farmers houshold in the buffer area of Mandalika SEZ; This research was conducted using qualitative-descriptive methods. The data collection technique used interviews with respondents guided by a questionnaire with 40 respondents determined by simple random sampling. The data analysis that will be used in this research is descriptif analysis. The research results show that (1) the average total income of corn farmers is IDR. 28,960,605.28/year, this income comes from agricultural activities amounting to IDR. 23,430,722.93/year, income from non-agricultural activities of IDR. 4,164,000/year and income from other sources (Social-Assistance) of IDR. 1,365,882/year. The average total household expenditure for corn farmers is IDR. 19,506,628/year, with details of food expenditure of IDR. 11,169,548/year, and non-food expenditure of IDR. 8,337,080/year; (2) In general, respondent farmer households included the food secure category. In distribution, there are 20% of farmers who are still in the food insecure category.

Small area estimation of household expenditure on insurance programs for minimizing the impact of natural disasters in West Java, Indonesia

West Java is one of Indonesia’s Provinces with a high disaster risk index. The Province has experienced earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves, droughts, landslides, floods and tsunamis. In the event of a disaster, the government’s budget allocation is used for handling losses due to disasters. Seeing these conditions, it is necessary to carry out disaster risk management efforts to reduce losses by using natural disaster insurance by households. Publication of household insurance expenditures is essential to see the community’s ability to pay insurance for handling losses due to disasters. This study aims to estimate the average household expenditure on insurance and the average total household expenditure by district/city in the West Java Province. The analytical method used is the Small Area Estimation using the Fay-Herriot model with logarithmic transformation. The data source is the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) for March 2019. The results show the proportion of insurance expenditure to total household expenditure (ability to pay) was relatively low, ranging from 0.93%–2%. This result is still far from the ability to pay insurance in developing countries, which is 5%. This finding can be used to see the power of households to pay for insurance (ability to pay). The government can take policies related to this to minimize losses due to natural disasters in the West Java Province.

PERBANDINGAN GULUD REGRESSION DAN PRINCIPAL COMPONENT REGRESSION (PCR) TERHADAP PEMODELAN INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR

Human resources is valuable asset in a country. Human Development Index (HDI) becomes important indicator of quality of human resources in an area. HDI value is affected by a variety of factors that are strongly related to each other so they cause multicollinearity. This observation aims to deal with multicollinearity optimally by comparing Gulud Regression to Component Regression in modeling factors that affect East Java HDI in 2020. Data that are used in this observation are East Java HDI in 2020 (Y), Life Expectancy (X1), Infant Mortality Rate (X2), Mean Years of Schooling (X3), Expected Years of Schooling (X4), Open-Unemployment Rate (X5), Average Household Expenditure per Capita (X6), and Labor Force Participation Rate (X7). Based on MSE value, the Gulud Regression method is better than Principal Component Regression (PCR) method in dealing with multicollinearity problem. Based on adjusted score that is 0,954, feasibility test of the best model of Gulud Regression method is a strong model.

Lifecycle consumption and welfare with nonexponential discounting in continuous time

In a continuous-time lifecycle model with log utility and a general time-inconsistent discount function, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions under which commitment to the initial plan will increase the realized objective function for all future selves. We also establish necessary and sufficient conditions under which the log consumption profile over the lifecycle is locally concave. Empirically, the lifecycle profile of average household consumption is hump-shaped and thus concave at the peak, so this result is useful for identifying what discount functions are consistent with data. We express these conditions in terms of what we call the future weighting factor, which measures the deviation of the discount function from an (arbitrarily chosen) exponential discount function. Both the welfare and concavity conditions depend on how the marginal future weighting factor compares to a weighted average of marginal future weighting factors. If the marginal future weighting factor is sufficiently high at a given delay, i.e. if the discount function decays sufficiently more slowly than the chosen exponential at that delay, this implies that log consumption is concave at a point on the lifecycle profile and there will be a positive contribution to commitment utility relative to the realized utility for one of the selves.

Video‐based behavioral change communication to change consumption patterns: Experimental evidence from urban Ethiopia

AbstractPoor diet quality has been identified as a primary driver of malnutrition and increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Low fruit and vegetable consumption contributes to poor diet quality. We experimentally assess whether videos embedded messages about increasing fruit and vegetable consumption affect consumption. Four months after viewing either a basic video or a video that explains why fruits and vegetables can improve health and nutrition outcomes, average household consumption of fruits and vegetables increased by about 9% in both treatment groups relative to the control group, both in kilocalorie and consumption expenditure terms.

Comparative Analysis between Digital Finance and Consumption Capacity of Urban and Rural Residents

This study empirically investigates the influence of digital finance on the consumption of urban and rural inhabitants using the instrumental variable approach and propensity score matching method based on survey data of Chinese household finance in 2017. The search finds that digital finance has a significant promoting effect on the consumption of Rural and urban dwellers. Digital finance will increase the average household consumption by 24.50%, it will lead to consumption growth by improving the non-agricultural employment level of households and the availability of finance. Further analysis shows that digital finance plays a more obvious role in promoting household consumption of urban and rural residents who are middle and low-income and who participate in Internet financing and online lending, moreover, the consumption growth effect of digital finance was higher than that of traditional credit card use in the same period. The paper's research conclusion is that providing important policy enlightenment for China to expand the coverage of digital finance in rural areas in the new era to drive the consumption development of urban and rural residents.

The economic burden incurred by families caring for a young child with developmental disability in Uganda.

Each year, nearly 30 million children globally are at risk of developmental difficulties and disability as a result of newborn health conditions, with the majority living in resource-constrained countries. This study estimates the annual cost to families related to caring for a young child with developmental disability in Uganda. Nested within a feasibility trial of early care and support for young children with developmental disabilities, this sub-study estimated the cost of illness, the cost of paternal abandonment of the caregiver and the affordability of care by household. Seventy-three caregivers took part in this sub-study. The average annual cost of illness to families was USD 949. The main cost drivers were the cost of seeking care and income lost due to loss of employment. Households caring for a child with a disability spent more than the national average household expenditure, and the annual cost of illness for all households was more than 100% of the national GDP per capita. In addition, 84% of caregivers faced economic consequences and resorted to wealth-reducing coping strategies. Families caring for a child with severe impairment incurred USD 358 more on average than those with mild or moderate impairment. Paternal abandonment was common (31%) with affected mothers losing an average of USD 430 in financial support. Caring for a young child with developmental disability was unaffordable to all the study households. Programmes of early care and support have the potential to reduce these financial impacts. National efforts to curb this catastrophic health expenditure are necessary.

Socioeconomic Conditions of Migrants and Non-Migrants in Haryana

Purpose : Internal migration is considered an essential factor that significantly affects the origin and destination areas in varying degrees depending upon the employment situation in the destination region and the characteristics of migrants themselves. Haryana has the highest per-capita income among the major states in India and witnessed increased mobility over the years due to its advanced agricultural base, highly developed industrial sector, and proximity to the National Capital Region. Therefore, the present study examined the socioeconomic conditions of migrants and non-migrants in Haryana. Methodology : The study is based on secondary as well as primary data. The survey was conducted in four districts randomly selected in the state. A total of 509 households were surveyed from June 2021–February 2022. A detailed questionnaire was used to collect information about the socioeconomic conditions of the migrants and non-migrants. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques. Findings : The results suggested that most migrants were male heads of households who moved for work/employment to provide better living conditions. There were wide variations among inter-state and intra-state migrants. The level of education was significantly lower among inter-state migrants compared to non-migrants and intra-state migrants. Most inter-state migrants’ heads of households were illiterate or literate up to the middle, employed as daily wage casual laborers working in the informal sector, and living in precarious conditions. Such workers generally suffered from low earnings, lack of stability, and durability of employment. The average monthly household income and expenditure of the inter-state migrant household were lower than that of the non-migrants. The reason for low per capita household consumption among inter-state migrant families was that some portion of their relatively low income was also repatriated to the point of origin. Practical Implications : The findings highlighted that inter-state migration plays an important role in developing the state’s economy by providing cheap and flexible labor ready to take up any work. Originality : This is the only study that attempted to examine the socioeconomic conditions of migrants in various districts of Haryana and their comparison with non-migrants.

Why has the taxing policy on sugar sweetened beverages not reduced their purchase in Iranian households?

This study aimed at analyzing the effectiveness of the policy of taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) on their purchases during the last decade in Iranian households. The present mixed method study was done in 2017 in four phases: (1) A meta-review of the fiscal policies during the last decade, (2) Collecting existing data on soft drinks' production, price, and household expenditure during the last decade, (3) Conducting 19 semi-structured interviews with key informants, and (4) Facilitating a national meeting to achieve a consensus on the recommendations and future implications. Document reviews showed that based on the Permanent Provisions of National Development Plans of Iran, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) should announce the list of health threatening products to increase taxation for them. The government is allowed to impose taxes on domestically produced and imported SSBs. The average household expenditure on SSBs increased in the rural and urban households of Iran during 2006-2016 in spite of taxation. In the different key informants' opinion, only value-added tax (VAT) was implemented among different fiscal policies, and the other parts, including tax and tolls were debated. The present research findings further proposed some suggestions for increasing the effectiveness of financial policies in reducing the prevalence of NCDs in Iran.

Impact of Cash Transfers on Poverty Reduction towards Achieving Sustainable Development Goals among Female-Headed Households in Siaya County, Kenya.

Poverty rate is still high among developing economies; 8 years post adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda of 2030. Cash transfers have popularly become one of the ways to support implementation of SDGs. This study focused on the Inua Jamii-CT programme whose principal objective was to establish the impact of cash transfer on poverty reduction towards achieving SDGs among female-headed households in Siaya County. The study was founded on the Household Welfare Theory where household welfare is best measured in terms of income and consumption decisions of the household. The study targeted the 109,680 female-headed households in Siaya County. The Yamane formula arrived at a sample of 399 households. A correlational design was adopted and 377 respondents realized. An analysis of descriptive statistics of respondent household demographics revealed that 214 of the households receive cash transfers against 163 who don’t. The average household expenditure was on food and farm inputs. The female-head was averagely 49 years old, 52.2% were of good health and 85.7% had reached only primary level of education. The household had a mean of 5 members. 51.7% of the female-heads belonged to a social group. 41.4% of the female-head earned their income from farming and 36.3% from small businesses. A binary logit regression model determined that cash transfer, income, household consumption were significant predictors of SDGs among FHHs in Siaya County with P values of less than 0.05. The R2 of 0.3 showed a 30% goodness of fit for the model. The coefficients of cash transfer and income are β1=-0.935 and β2=- 0.689 respectively, hence, increasing cash transfers and income reduces poverty. There was a negligible relationship between household consumption and SDGs β3=0.0004. Conclusion was drawn that CT was significant in the achievement of the SDGs. The study recommends a targeted programme design to ensure more income generating activities and good farming practices.

The change in household consumption patterns in Jordan: 1997–2017

This study aims to determine the change in consumption patterns of the Jordanian household during 1997–2017, as well as to estimate the income elasticities. The data from the household expenditure and income surveys conducted by the Jordanian Department of Statistics in the years: 1997, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2013, and 2017 were used. Graphs were prepared and percentages were calculated to measure changes in household consumption patterns. The average household expenditure index was used to measure the impact of income on changing consumption patterns (Selim, 2014). To estimate income elasticity, a pooled data regression model was adopted (Sugiarto & Wibowo, 2020). The estimated model is statistically significant at a level of 0.05. The study found a decrease in the percentage of household spending on the food group and an increase in the percentage of spending on the non-food group during the study period. This change in the family’s consumption pattern coincided with an increase in its income. Value of income elasticity was < 1 for food, clothing, and housing. It was > 1 for transportation and communication, education, and health. Therefore, we conclude that the consumer behavior of the Jordanian family is fully consistent with the theory of consumer behavior and its applications.

Application of an Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Prediction Fay–Herriot (EBLUP-FH) Multivariate Method with Cluster Information to Estimate Average Household Expenditure

Data at a smaller regional level has now become a necessity for local governments. The average data on household expenditure on food and non-food is designed for provincial and district/city estimation levels. Subdistrict-level statistics are not currently available. Small area estimation (SAE) is one method to address the problem. The Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (EBLUP)—Fay Herriot Multivariate method estimates the average household expenditure on food and non-food at the sub-district level in Central Java Province in 2020. Meanwhile, for the sub-districts that are not sampled, the estimation of average household expenditure is done by adding cluster information to the EBLUP Multivariate modeling. The K-Medoids Cluster method is used to classify sub-districts based on their characteristics. Small area estimation using the EBLUP-FH Multivariate method can enhance the parameter estimations obtained using the direct estimation method because it results in a lower level of variation (RSE). For sub-districts that are not sampled, the Residual Standard Error (RSE) value from the estimated results using the EBLUP-FH Multivariate method with cluster information is lower than 25%, indicating that the estimate is accurate.

Impact of Global Food Price Escalation on Poverty in South Asian Countries

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of global food price escalation on poverty in South Asian countries since 1990 to 2011. Panel data procedure has been applied for empirical analysis. Panel unit root tests have been utilised before the application of panel co-integration. Poverty is measured through revealed behaviour approach which is considered better than other approaches, as it is based on the actual consumption made by the households. The present study uses actual average household consumption to measure poverty. Empirical results reveal that global food price escalation and per capita income positively and significantly affect average household consumption, which is the clear indication of poverty decline. International oil prices and interest rate significantly but negatively affect the average household consumption in South Asian countries. Findings of this study will be helpful for formulating effective public policies for poverty reduction in the era of trade liberalisation. JEL Classification: E31, F410, I32 Keywords: Food Price Escalation, Poverty, Oil Prices, Per Capita Income, South Asia

The Spatial Spillover Effects of Fiscal Expenditures and Household Characteristics on Household Consumption Spending: Evidence from Taiwan

The main purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of average household consumption spending in counties and cities from the two aspects of government fiscal expenditure and household characteristics. A spatial econometric model, the spatial Durbin model, was used to analyze Taiwan’s county-level and municipal panel data from 2000 to 2020. Global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation were applied to examine the overall degree of spatial agglomeration of average household consumption spending in Taiwan and the agglomeration status of specific counties and cities. The empirical results show that the average consumption spending per household of all counties and cities in Taiwan presents spatial autocorrelation, and the agglomeration of specific counties and cities is affected by different ruling parties of the central government. In terms of direct effects, the average consumption spending per household in local counties and cities is influenced by household characteristics, including average disposable income per household, average number of employees per household, and average living area per capita. In terms of the spatial spillover effect, the average consumption spending per household in local counties and cities is influenced by household characteristics of the neighboring counties and cities, including the average disposable income per household and the average living area per capita. Surprisingly, local economic development expenditure and local expenditure on education, science, and culture have no significant impact on the average consumption spending per household in counties and cities. The results of this study can be taken as a reference for government policymaking.