Average Fruit Diameter Research Articles

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ВВЕДЕНИЯ В КУЛЬТУРУ БРУСНИКИ ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ (V. VITIS-IDAEA L.) В УСЛОВИЯХ МАГАДАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. - common lingonberry occupies a special place in nature due to the value of its food and medicinal and prophylactic properties. Work on domestication of lingonberry is very limited. In Russia, extensive research on lingonberry selection was carried out at the Kostroma Forest Experimental Station. The result of this work was 4 varieties of lingonberry. In the Magadan Region, the work on domestication of lingonberry is of a pioneering nature. The object of the study were samples of common lingonberry plants (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.). The collection of material for the research was carried out in 2023 in the Priokhotsk zone of the Magadan region, in the Olsky district, during the phase of active fruiting of plants - in September. For the study, 17 samples of partial plants of common lingonberry were selected. Evaluation of the productivity components of the studied samples revealed a high degree of variability in the components of the yield. The strongest variability was observed in the number of shoots (CV = 43.5%). The average degree of variability was noted for the length of shoots (CV = 16.34%) and their foliage (CV = 15.22%), the indicators varied, respectively, within 6 - 10 cm and 9 - 19 leaves. According to the fractional division, 47% of the fruits of the selected samples correspond to the medium fraction, the rest - to the small one. The average fruit weight in the samples was highly variable (CV = 46.14%). The average fruit diameter, depending on the sample, could be either 5.6 mm or 11.2 mm (CV=18.97%). As a result of studying and analyzing the samples of common lingonberry, 7 specimens were identified that were of interest for further work. Based on the results of office observations, it was established that the lingonberry samples selected and placed in laboratory conditions showed low resistance to stressful situations and weak viability in unnatural conditions.

PENGARUH WAKTU PENYERBUKAN TERHADAP KUALITAS HASIL TANAMAN MELON (Cucumis melo L) DENGAN PERKAWINAN SILANG TANAMAN SEMANGKA (Citrullus vulgaris L)

Decreased production of melon (Cucumis melo L) which is due to constraints in fruit quality decreases due to the ability of fruit formation is naturally low due to a failure in the process of pollination. The success of pollination it self is influenced by the maturity of the male flowers and female flowers itself. Therefore we need a suitable time to perform pollination to see the stigma receptivity and pollen viability at the same level. To overcome these problems need to develop crops melon (Cucumis melo L) through the technique of cultivation is called plant breeding to obtain the production of melon (Cucumis melo L) qualified by determining the time of pollination and crossed with a watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L). This research is experimental research design using a randomized block design (RAK) 1 factor with 5 treatment combinations and each treatment using 10 replications. The treatment factors are as follows: PA = at 05:00 to 06:00, PB = at 07:00 to 08:00, PC = at 09:00 to 10:00, PD = at 11 : 00 to 12:00 and PE = at 13:00 to 14:00. The data were collected and presented in tables and statistical analysis of test One-Way ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance). If there is a real difference followed by testing of LSD (Least Significant Difference) (p <0.05). Statistical analysis One-Way ANOVA test and LSD show that there is the influence of pollination time on the fruit weight, average fruit diameter and weight of seed resulting from cross-breeding melon (Cucumis melo L) and watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L). Data show that the PA treatment is the best treatment compared with other treatments. This happens Because the quality of pollen in the morning are of better quality compared to during the day so that pollen powderd in the morning better able to fertilize the pistil to the maximum.

Insights from morpho-physio-biochemical and molecular traits of hot pepper genotypes contrasting for heat tolerance

The present study compared the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of heattolerant (DLS-161-1) and heat-susceptible (DchBL-240) genotypes of hot pepper under high-temperature conditions. The results showed that DLS-161-1 performed significantly better for various morphological parameters such as plant height (60 cm), number of fruits per plant (180.33), average fruit length (8.40 cm) and leaf parameters. While DChBL-240 has significantly higher malformed seeds per fruit (15.06) and average fruit diameter (12.56 cm). The physiological responses also differed significantly between the two genotypes, with the DLS-161-1 exhibiting higher membrane stability index (65.99%), pollen viability (92.10%), photosynthetic rate (20.73 μmol CO2 m²/sec.), stomatal conductance (0.31 mol H2O m²/sec.), and transpiration rate (8.85 mmol H2O m²/sec). Biochemical analysis revealed significantly increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as guaiacol peroxidase (564.99 U/g F.W) and catalase (711.90 U/g FW), increased protein content (13.38 mg/g F.W) and reduced malondialdehyde generation (13.42 nmol g-1 FW) in DLS-161-1 compared to heat susceptible genotype (DChBL-240). Further, two of the six heat shock protein genes, CaHSP2271 and CaHSP3, were highly upregulated in the DLS 161-1. The observations suggest that DLS-161-1 could adapt to high-temperature conditions by regulating its morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms.

Genetic diversity in a core collection of Iranian sour cherry.

The exploitation of plant genetic resources is an important and rapid strategy to release commercial cultivars. In this study, 234 sour cherry genotypes were collected from various locations of Iran and phenotypically assessed according to IPGRI and UPOV descriptors. The genotypes were grafted onto Mahaleb rootstock and were planted in Horticultural Science Research Institute (HSRI) core collection in Karaj, Iran. In this study, 22 different characteristics were measured in the sour cherry genotypes. The results showed that fruit and stone weights varied from 1.65 (G410) to 5.47 g (G125) and 0.13 (G428) to 0.59 g (G149), respectively. The fruit size index comprised average fruit length, width, and diameter, which varied from 10.57 to 19.13. The stalk length was less than 50 mm in 90.6% of the studied genotypes. Twelve of the 234 studied genotypes did not exhibit any symptoms of bacterial canker disease. Principle component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis classified the studied genotypes into four main groups. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that fruit size, stone shape, stone size, stalk thickness and weight, and fruit appearance correlated positively with stone and fruit weights. In contrast, fruit juice, fruit skin, and flesh color correlated negatively with the stone and fruit weights. The range of TSS varied between 12.66 (G251) and 26 (G427). Variations in pH value were between 3.66 (G236) and 5.63 (G352). In conclusion, a high level of genetic diversity was observed among the Iranian sour cherry genotypes. This diversity can be considered valuable and applicable for future breeding programs.

Yield response and economic evaluation of drip-fertigated muskmelon cultivated under mulched conditions

A study was carried out to standardize the moisture regime (irrigation) and fertigation (N:P:K levels) for improved crop establishment, plant growth, yield and fruit quality of muskmelon under drip irrigation cum fertigation and mulching during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The treatments included three levels of drip irrigation viz. 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 80% of ETc and 60% of ETc , with and without silver black polythene plastic mulching in main plots and three levels of fertigation viz. 100% of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 80% of RDF and 60% of RDF in subplots. Drip irrigation at 100% of ETc and fertigation at 100% of RDF with mulching helped to improve the vine length, number of primary branches, average fruit weight, diameter and yield when compared with conventional (control) as well as other treatments. These results were statistically at par with that obtained under drip irrigation at 80% of ETc and fertigation at 80% of RDF with mulching. The yield under drip fertigation varied from 168.8-202.8 q/ha, which is about 16.5% higher as compared to conventional treatment. Drip fertigation under mulched conditions resulted in 17.2% higher net returns as compared to conventional treatment. Thus, it may be concluded that drip fertigation at 80% of ETc and fertigation at 80% of RDF with plastic mulching is beneficial for improving productivity of muskmelon with about 80.9% and 20.0% saving of water and fertilizers as compared to conventional method in the present study region

Response of mulch materials on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hybrid “Multistar” under shade net conditions

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season, at College Farm”, College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mojerla, Wanaparthy, Telangana State. The experiment was carried out using cucumber hybrid “Multistar” with eight treatments and three replications. Among different mulch materials, black-black polythene mulch recorded best results in all growth and yield parameters. Black-black polythene mulch has significantly recorded the highest plant height of 55.00, 155.07, 204.53 and 223.67 cm, maximum leaf area of 195.97, 278.53, 320.07 and 322.37 cm2 at 20, 40, 60 and 80 DAS respectively, maximum RGR of 0.0386, 0.0250 and 0.0026 g g d-1 and NAR of 7.60, 16.00 and 2.66 mg cm-2 d-1 were recorded at 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 DAS respectively. Black-black polythene mulch also recorded significantly maximum number of fruits per plant (63.67), average fruit length (16.39 cm) and average fruit diameter (3.67 cm) and fruit yield/plant (8.28 kg), fruit yield/bed (496.60 kg) and fruit yield/hectare (331.07 t ha-1). There is no significant difference observed on TSS and ascorbic acid among the treatments.

Sensory evaluation of sweet cherries for sustainable fruit production in the European market

The competitiveness of fresh fruit in the modern market substantially depends on sensory quality indicators. Sweet cherries are a top fruit that is highly valued by consumers due to their taste and visual attractiveness. For the growing demand for fruits on the European market, it is important to examine the sensory properties of cherry fruits in combination with their weight and diameter. The purpose of the study was to substantiate sensory indicators for examining the quality of cherry fruits of different maturation periods and selecting the most competitive varieties for the sustainable provision of fresh fruit in accordance with the requirements of the modern market. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: field, laboratory, and comparative. Determination of the mass, diameter, and sensory assessment of fruits was conducted on 33 varieties of sweet cherries. Experts conducted rating tests on a 9-point scale on ten fruit samples of the examined varieties. Fruits were evaluated by their appearance, aroma, taste, and texture. At the final stage of the assessment, experts calculated the average value of sensory indicators. A sensory profile was set for the fruits of each cherry variety and assigned a score based on the following descriptors: colour intensity, taste, pulp hardness and juiciness, and skin density. The standard methodology for evaluating the sensory properties of fresh fruits has been improved. The average weight (8.41 g) and diameter (22.63 mm) of sweet cherry fruits for three ripening groups were determined. Varieties (Kazka, Dilema, and Udivitiel’na) with the largest mass and diameter of fruits are identified. According to the complex of sensory indicators, the varieties Kazka, Vynka, and Krupnoplidna were distinguished. According to the external attractiveness, consistency, and taste qualities of fruits, a sensory profile has been formed for varieties of different maturation periods. Sensory evaluation of sweet cherry fruits will allow distributing fruit products and selecting raw materials for further use in fresh form, long-term storage, freezing and production of processed products by thermal sterilisation

Eficiența răririi chimice în diferită doză de tratare la soiul Gala Must cu produse pe bază de NAD, ANA și BA

The researches were carried out in the period 2014-2017 in the intensive apple orchard of the enterprise „Codru ST” Ltd. founded in 2006. The efficiency of chemical fruit thinning was studied in Gala Must variety grafted on M9 rootstock. The following active substances were applied: 1. naphthalene-acetamide NAD (Geramid-New), 2. naphthylacetic acid ANA (Dirager) and 3. benzyladenine BA (Gerba 4LG), using different doses and thinning periods. During the research the following indicators were studied: the number and average weight of fruits, the yield per tree and per unit area, and the average fruit diameter. On average, over the years 2014-2017, the highest number of fruits in the crown of apple trees was obtained using the growth regulators Dirager (131.2 pcs/tree) and Geramid-New (128 pcs/tree), while the variants treated with Gerba 4LG recorded the highest yield per tree 18.01 kg/tree and the highest average fruit diameter 74.1 mm. The average fruit weight as a quality indicator varied greatly over the studied years. This indicator largely correlated with the number of fruits in the tree crown and weather conditions in the year of reference. It was established that the treatments with Geramid-New in a dose of 1.2 l/ha when 80% of the petals have fallen + 2-3 days, with Dirager in a dose of 0.3 l/ha when the diameter of the central fruit is 8-9 mm and with Gerba 4LG in a dose of 2.5 l/ha when the fruit diameter is 10-15 mm have a significant effect on the studied indicators.

Assessment of Biostimulant Derived from Moringa Leaf Extract on Growth, Physiology, Yield, and Quality of Green Chili Pepper

With the rapid growth in global population and standards of living, improving food production and quality are the greatest challenges in agriculture. The application of biostimulant derived from moringa leaf extract (MLE) has attracted a great deal of interest to support these efforts in a sustainable approach. A field study was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The effect of individual and combined application of MLE through seed priming (seed soaking) and foliar spray at different rates (1:30, 1:20, and 1:10, v/v) on growth, physiological, yield, and quality traits of green chili pepper were investigated, which was the aim of this study. In general, the responses generated by the combined MLE methods were more pronounced compared to their single applications. Among all treatments, MLE priming plus foliar spray at 1:30 was effective in improving most traits observed, including chlorophyll fluorescence (6.49%), stomatal conductance (57.19%), plant height (30.57%), leaf number (88.89%), leaf area index (116.67%), fruit weight per plant (46.27%), average fruit weight (39.62%), length (9.89%), diameter (29.65%), firmness (27.77%), and vitamin C content (29.07%) of fruit. Therefore, it is regarded as an appropriate treatment to maximize the potential use of MLE in green chili.

The Impact of Spur Site and Foliar Application of Zinc and Boron in some Specifications, of Apples (IBrahimi variety)

Studying the impact of spur location and zinc and boron spraying on certain growth and flowering characteristics and yield of the Ibrahimi apple variety was conducted in one of the private orchards in a city in the Al-Saqlawiyah sub-district, Fallujah district, Anbar governorate, during the seasons 2021 and 2022. Fifty-four trees with rather consistent growth were chosen at the age of five years and planted on plots measuring 4 meters by 4 meters. The trees were sprayed with zinc (ZN0, ZN1) and boron (B0, B1, B2) twice yearly in a factorial experiment with a 3X3X2 RCBD randomized complete block design, where the first factor represents the selection of the spur site and its symbol (S1, S2, S3), the second factor is spraying, and the third factor is spraying. A considerable rise in the investigated characteristics was seen after spraying with the components under investigation (average fruit size, average fruit diameter, percentage of fallen fruits and percentage of remaining fruits).

Characterization of fruit quality attributes and nutritional composition of ten blueberry cultivars

Abstract The blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) have gained consumer interest worldwide for its antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and blood pressure reducing properties. The objective of our study was to characterize 10 blueberry cultivars for firmness, weight, caliber, macronutrient content, anthocyanins, titratable acidity, and soluble solids. Results indicated that the characterized fruit parameters varied between 12.89–18.68 °Brix for soluble solids, 0.57%–0.79% for titratable acidity, 57.0–81.6 g mm −1 for firmness, 1.74 and 2.80 g for average fruit weight, 14.7 and 17.9 mm for average fruit diameter, 1.80–15.55 mg L−1 for anthocyanins, and 14.4%–21.6% for dry matter content. Fruit nutrient concentration (mg 100 g−1 fresh fruit) ranged from 63.6 to 104.0 mg N 100 g−1, 7.0 to 12.2 mg P 100 g−1, 76.4 to 122.7 mg K 100 g−1, 4.5 to 9.8 mg Ca 100 g−1, 3.6 to 6.9 mg Mg 100 g−1, and 3.7 to 5.8 mg S 100 g−1. The cultivar with the highest overall values was ‘Last Call’, while the cultivars with the lowest values were ‘Brigitta’, ‘Liberty’, and ‘Cargo’. There were positive and negative correlations between the characterization parameters, mainly 1) less firm cultivars, ‘Legacy’, ´Duke’, and ‘Camelia’, were positively correlated for the K concentration, 2) negative correlations between titratable acidity and the K concentration in ‘Last Call’, ‘Cargo’, ‘Brigitta’, and ‘Liberty’, and 3) positive correlations between the P concentration and soluble solid content in ‘Last Call’, ‘Camelia’, and ‘Brigitta’.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) under Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) under Prayagraj agroclimatic conditions at Horticultural Research Field, Department of Horticulture, Naini agricultural institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (UP) during 2021 kharif season. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments replicated thrice with organic manures (FYM, vermicompost, poultry manure) and Inorganic fertilizers (NPK). The results of the experiment revealed that the treatment T8 (50% RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50% through vermicompost) was found to be best treatment combination in terms of vine length (312.44 cm), days to first female flower appearance (40 ), node to which first female flower appearance (19), days taken to first harvest (56), average fruit weight (107.35 g), average fruit length (15.72 cm), number of fruits per plant (20), average fruit yield per plant (2.16 kg), average fruit yield per hectare (17.96 t/ha), TSS (4.33ºBrix). Significantly the highest gross return (Rs. 305320/ha), net returns (Rs. 207903/ha) and B: C ratio (3.1) were also recorded under the treatment T8(50% RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50% through vermicompost) while average fruit diameter (7.84 cm) was observed in the treatment T2 (100:50:50 NPK +10 tonnes vermicompost).

Effect of fruit thinning on fruit yield and quality of cactus pear Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. in a semi-arid area

The aim of this work was to study the effect of fruit thinning on fruit yield and quality of cactus pear. To meet this objective, trials on fruit thinning were conducted on an adult plantation of cactus pear in a semi-arid region in southern Morocco. The fruit thinning consisted of reducing the fruit load of overcharged cladodes by reducing the number of fruits to 6 or 12 per cladode. It was practiced in early May on three types of one-year old cladodes (small cladodes, the medium ones and large cladodes), by removing some floral buds or young fruits at the flowering stage. The control cladodes had an average number of 18 fruits per cladode. Obtained results showed that the reduction in the load of cladodes improved fruit size and quality. In thinned plants to 6 fruits per cladode and for the three types of cladodes, average fruit weight was 160.44 g and average fruit length and diameter was 8.64 and 6.38 cm respectively. While in not thinned plants and for the three types of cladodes, average fruit weight was only 74.53 g and average fruit length and diameter was 6.40 and 4.46 cm respectively. Fruit thinning increased the content of sugar in the fruits and decreased the number of seeds in the fruits and the fruit peel thickness, but did not affect the juice content in the fruits and the pH and titratable acidity of the juice. Fruit thinning also improved the economic income of the yield and the gain in the yield of thinned plants to 6 fruits per cladode was 33912 DH per hectare compared to not thinned plants.

Influence of GA3 and ethrel on growth, floral and yield parameters of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)

The experiment was conducted in the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom, University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (UP) during February to May 2021. The experiment was be laid out in randomized block design (R.B.D.) with 10 treatments with 3 replications. the results revealed that treatment T2 (GA3 60 PPM+ETHREL 150PPM)- performs the best in the following parameters, days to 1st true leaf emergence(21.53),days to 2nd true leaf emergence(25.33), days to 1st male flower emergence(34.8), average fruit weight (0.61),average fruit length(10.93), average fruit diameter (11.64), average fruit yield per plant (2.60) average fruit yield per hectare (27.61tn/ha), internode length (10.72),average vine length (1.44), nodes at 1st male flower emergence (2.26), no of leaves (82.20), bcr (2.51: 1). Therefore, the treatment T2 (GA3 60 PPM+ETHREL 150PPM) is the best when compared to other treatments and control.

EMPOWERMENT OF YOUTH COMMUNITY IN POSO REGENCY, THROUGH PRODUCE TOMATO AND MELON BY HYDROPONIC SYSTEM

Background: Tentena City is one of the tourist centers with rapid economic growth located in Poso Regency because Poso Lake is very famous and able to change the economic level of the community. But there are still 20% of people who live very poor and 60% of the lower middle class and the remaining 20% of the middle to upper middle. Through the youth community Pukat Tentena is expected to foster and encourage millennials to develop vegetable and fruit entrepreneurs using more modern cultivation techniques. Objectives: empowering the youth community in Tentena city, Pamona Puselemba Subdistrict, Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi with entrepreneurial tomato fruit products and melons produced by hyrdoponik drip irrigation system. Methods: This community service activity was carried out in Tentena village, Pamona Puselemba Subdistrict, Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi Province with TENTENA PUKAT Youth Community partners starting from May to September 2021. Results: Mitra has successfully cultivated tomato and melon plants with hydroponic drip irrigation system techniques in green houses until they are obtained salesable results. The average number of tomatoes per stalk is 4.05 and the average fruit diameter is 5.1 cm; While the average weight of melons is 1.2 -1.8 kg. Conclusion: The results of this community service activity provide benefits for partners, namely providing additional knowledge about how to cultivate tomatoes and melons with hydroponic drip irrigation system techniques and increase partner income by selling tomatoes and melons from hydroponic cultivation.

Agronomic performance and physicochemical quality of tomato fruits under organic production system

Tomatoes are a highlight in the organic vegetables production, but in order to cultivate them, there is a lack of information on cultivars adapted to the organic system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance and to characterize the quality attributed to tomato fruits under the organic production system. The experiment was conducted in field, on an agroecological farm , in the municipality of Verê, Paraná State - Brazil. The experiment consisted on fourteen tomato cultivars, under a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The evaluated traits were the total and commercial fruit production, total and commercial number of fruits, mass and average diameter of commercial fruits and physicochemical quality traits (firmness, pH, color (L*, C and h°), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), and the ratio of SS/TA). Considering together production traits and fruit quality aspects, the cultivars Netuno, Aguamiel, and Cordilheira can be considered the best choices, having potential to be recommended for organic production system.

Effect of different soil water tensions and potassium fertilization on the production and quality of netted melon (cucumis melo l.) in the Amazon area

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and qualitative behavior of netted melon in a protected environment subjected to different soil water tensions and potassium doses, applied via fertigation. The experimental design was randomized blocks (RBD) in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme with 20 treatments and three replicates, consisting of five percentage doses of potassium (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200%) and four soil water tensions (15, 30, 45 and 60 kPa). The variables analyzed were average yield (t ha-1), transverse and longitudinal diameter of fruits (mm), pulp thickness (mm), °Brix (%) and pH. Yield and fruit longitudinal diameter were decreased linearly with the increase in soil water tension. The best result for yield and fruit longitudinal diameter of 51.24 t ha-1 and 127.7 mm were achieved, respectively, when irrigation performed at 15 kPa tension. The lowest value was found at the maximum tension (60 kPa). Regarding potassium doses, a quadratic model fitted to the data, with maximum values of yield and longitudinal diameter at the K2O doses of 235.30 and 232.82 kg ha-1, respectively. The interaction of T x K led to higher values of °Brix under 247.68 and 371.52 kg ha-1 of K2O with tension of 24.67 kPa, with no difference between both. The best result of fruit transverse diameter was observed under combination of 371.52 kg ha-1 of K2O and 15 kPa tension. Irrigation at tension of 15 kPa and K2O dose of 247.68 kg ha-1 can be indicated for the study conditions

Symptomless infection by strawberry virus 1 (StrV‐1) leads to losses in strawberry yields

AbstractHigh‐throughput sequencing has opened up possibilities of detecting new plant pathogens, especially viruses, with relative ease. However, information about biological characteristics and relevance to plant production is usually lacking. Recently, a new strawberry cytorhabdovirus named strawberry virus 1 (StrV‐1) was described and characterized at a molecular level. The virus can be transmitted by aphids and is commonly found in commercial plantations. Here, we studied the impact of a sole StrV‐1 infection on production in two strawberry cultivars—Darselect and Karmen. All plants infected with StrV‐1 remained symptomless during the experiment. In general, Darselect was more resilient to StrV‐1 infection, and the average yield per plant was nonsignificantly lowered by 11.7% over the 2‐year experiment. In contrast, StrV‐1 infection in cultivar Karmen led to a significant yield loss of 31.8%, indicating that the genetic background plays a role. While the average fruit weight and diameter were relatively unaffected, lower yields in infected plants stemmed from a significantly reduced number of inflorescences, by 23.6% and 29.6% in Darselect and Karmen, respectively, which resulted in a reduction in the average number of flowers per plant (decreased by 16.5% and 27.3%, respectively), and hence the number of fruits per plant (by 14.5% and 27.6%, respectively). The StrV‐1 load was higher in spring than in autumn, and generally higher in the second year after infection, which corresponded to higher losses in the second harvest, especially in cultivar Karmen.

Study of influence of average diameter and rolling friction of hawthorn fruits on moisture content during drying process

The method and technology were developed to study the influence of an average diameter, mass and rolling friction of hawthorn fruits on the moisture content during the drying process. It was established that the fruits of smoothed hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha L.) have a large unevenness in diameters of 11 mm - 21 mm and weight of 1.3 g - up to 4.2 g. The average diameter of hawthorn fruits decreases from 16 to 12.5 mm with a decrease in moisture content from 74.9 to 14%; the coefficient of rolling friction of hawthorn fruits on the surface of the working chamber increases from 0.12 to 0.31 with a decrease in moisture content from 74.9 to 14%. The results of these studies of hawthorn fruits can be used in the future when designing drying plants and improving drying technology.

DETERMINATION OF SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SUMMER SQUASH (cucurbita pepo) RELATED TO POST-HARVESTING PROCESSES.

The present work aims to study some physical and mechanical properties of squash fruit (Cucurbita pepo), to serve as a database to be used in the design and development of machines used in postharvest processes such as extraction machines for squash fruit. The main results in this study can be summarized as follows: The average fruit length and diameter were 238.72 and 92.17 mm respectively. The average volume. was 819.26 cm3. The average mass was 614.34 g. The fruit's real density of the sample ranged between 0.72 and 1.3 g/cm3 (average 0.8 g/cm3). The fruit projected area of the sample ranges between 187.53 and 257.5cm2 (average 219.97 cm2). The maximum friction angle of 30 degree and the rolling angle of 27 degree were obtained with the wood surface. Whereas, the minimum friction and rolling angles of 19 and 13 degree respectively, were obtained with aluminum surface. The maximum and minimum penetration forces were 48.88 and 44.5 N, respectively. The firmness distribution along the squash surface at 10 and 5mm from the top of the fruit were 115.68 and 105.33N/cm2, respectively. The maximum, minimum and average axial cutting forces of squash fruits were 68, 35 and 43.75N, respectively. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics such as range (maximum “Max” and minimum “Min”), mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), frequency distribution, and coefficient of correlation by using a spreadsheet software program (Microsoft Excel 365).