Average Floor Area Research Articles

Data-driven analysis of heating and cooling base temperatures for buildings: Case studies in South Korea

To investigate statistical differences in the heating (Tbh) and cooling base temperatures (Tbc) across various building types, vintages, and sizes, we conducted case studies in Seoul, South Korea, based on data from more than 10,000 buildings. To assess the relative impacts of internal and external loads on Tbh and Tbc, we used a core-to-perimeter zone ratio approximated by the average floor area, defined as the floor area per building floor. Employing the energy signature method, change-point regression, and calendarization, we determined the best-fit change-point model and the corresponding Tbh and Tbc for each building. Our findings revealed statistically significant differences in Tbhs and Tbcs, with variations of up to 6 and 4 °C, respectively, across six building types. Notably, for most building types, Tbh and Tbc decreased as the average floor area increased, possibly influenced by a higher core zone to total area ratio. This highlights the predominant impact of internal loads over external loads. The influence of the average floor area on Tbh and Tbc outweighed that of building vintage, particularly for lodging, medical, and sales facilities, where Tbh and Tbc decreased in the more recent vintage buildings. However, this influence was less pronounced for facilities for senior citizens and children and education and research facilities, possibly due to factors such as diverse building shapes and the thermal preferences of occupants. Although this study focuses on South Korea, our data-driven approach provides statistical evidence for refining base temperature and improving traditional degree-day methods. Our findings suggest the need to establish base temperatures that consider various building types, vintages, and average floor areas, especially for large metropolitan cities where these factors vary widely.

Unlocking Household Electricity Consumption in Pakistan

In Pakistan, data for household electricity consumption are available in the form of monthly electricity bills only, and, therefore, are not helpful in establishing appliance-wise consumption. Further, it does not help in establishing the relationship among the household electricity consumption and various driving factors. This study aimed to unlock the household electricity consumption in Pakistan by analyzing electricity bills and investigating the impact of various socioeconomic, demographic, and dwelling parameters and usage of different appliances. The methodology adopted in this study was survey-based data collection of the residential sector. For this purpose, data were collected from 523 dwellings through surveys and interviews in Mirpur city. The results of the data analysis revealed that the average household electricity consumption is 2469 kWh/year with an average family size of seven and an average floor area of 78.91 m2. Based on possession of various appliances, the households were categorized into four types and their consumption patterns were established and compared. Air Conditioned (AC) houses consume 44% more electricity compared to the non-AC houses, whereas an Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) consumes electricity equivalent to an AC. The research findings are useful for policy makers and building designers and are discussed in the conclusion section.

Predictive Statistical Cost Estimation Model for Existing Single Family Home Elevation Projects

One of the most preferred flood mitigation techniques for existing homes is raising the elevation of the lowest floor above the base flood elevation (BFE). Determination of project effectiveness through benefit-cost analysis (BCA) relies on the expected avoided flood loss and the project cost. Conventional construction cost estimates are highly detailed, considering specific details of the project; however, mitigation project decisions must often be made while considering only highly generalized building details. To provide a robust, generalized project cost estimation method, this paper implements data modeling and mining methods such as multiple regression, random forest, generalized additive model (GAM), and model evaluation and selection with cross-validation methods to hindcast elevation costs for existing single-family homes based on average floor area, increase in floor elevation, number of stories, and foundation type. Project cost data for homes elevated in Louisiana, United States, between 2005 and 2015 are used in cost prediction analysis. The statistical modeling results are compared with detailed estimations for several types of home foundations over a range of elevations. The results show substantial agreement between regression predictions and detailed estimates using RSMeans cost data.

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Urban Carrying Capacity of the Shanghai Metropolis Based on a Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) Model

With the rapid development of urban economy and the continuous expansion of urban scale, the limitations of urban carrying capacity begin to appear. For the sustainable development of the city, more and more scholars are paying attention to the research onurban carrying capacity. Basedon the continuous research of the authors’ research group over the past ten years, this paper uses a multiscale geographically weighted regression model and method to explore the impact of geographical location, floor area ratio, public transportation, residents’ consumption level, the density of high-tech enterprises, and the ecological environment on the carrying capacity of the Shanghai metropolis. The results show that (1) the impact of geographical location on the bearing capacity decreases from downtown to the outer areas and from the northeastern area to the southwestern area of Shanghai. (2) On the whole, the elasticity of the average floor area ratio to the urban carrying capacity is 0.52%. In different regions, most of the central urban areas have exceeded the optimal average plot ratio. With an increase in the average plot ratio, the urban carrying capacity presents a downward trend. Other sample areas generally did not reach the average optimal plot ratio, especially the southwestern area of Shanghai. With an increase in the average plot ratio, the urban carrying capacity of this area improved significantly. (3) The elasticity of public transportation convenience to the urban carrying capacity is 0.23%; that is, the average increase in the urban carrying capacity is 0.23% for every 1% increase in public transportation convenience. The elasticity of residents’ consumption level is −0.18%; in other words, every 1% increase in residents’ consumption level will reduce the urban carrying capacity by 0.18% on average. The elasticity of the density of high-tech enterprises is 0.08%; hence, when the density of high-tech enterprises increases by 1%, the urban carrying capacity increases by 0.08% on average. Lastly, the elasticity of the eco-environmental status index is 0.17%; that is, every 1% increase in the eco-environmental status index increases the urban carrying capacity by 0.17% on average.

Energy Equivalent of Rainwater Harvesting for High-Rise Building in the Philippines

The Philippines is in a tropical location where rainwater is abundant for the frequent rain in a year. Rainwater becomes waste flowing down the drains causing flood, especially in urban areas. This problem initiates local governments in some cities in the Philippines to adapt and implement Green programs that require the installation and utilization of rainwater catchment system. Though this program addresses the control of flood caused by the rain, the generation of energy by utilizing rainwater as an energy source is not yet considered. With this, the study computes the equivalent energy generation by utilizing rainwater. The rainwater energy equivalent includes the following: the increasing number of high-rise building construction as catchment facility; the rainfall precipitation of 58 stations in the Philippines; the floor area and the types of the building; and the volume of water consumption per person per day. The energy equivalent was computed using the 40% of the time the rainfall precipitation equaled or exceeded the other with the average floor area specified from the approved building permit as of 2017. The study established a mathematical equation as an equivalent energy of rainwater utilization. The equation of energy equivalent was derived using the initial building height of 5 meters and an additional succeeding height of 3 meters per floor level.

How house size impacts type, combination and size of rooms: a floor plan study of New Zealand houses

ABSTRACTSeveral sources indicate a recent increase in the average floor area of New Zealand houses, making these often much larger than their older counterparts, and a similar pattern can be seen in other developed countries. While building and living in large houses seem to have become accepted, the features of these large houses have been less investigated. In addition, there is limited knowledge of how the increase in houses size has affected the size and configuration of the internal spaces. Building larger houses also equates to using more natural resources, but to investigate this further, more detail on the layout of these houses is needed. To this end, floor plans of 287 New Zealand houses of varying ages were analysed using Auto Cad 2015–2016. Internal spaces were categorised and average floor areas of all types were calculated for each house size. The results were further analysed in SPSS using analysis of variance one-way and independent sample t-tests. These results were checked against those of a survey of 286 households. Both sets of results showed that as houses increased in size, so did the floor areas of similar room types. The investigation also revealed that larger houses have more multiple rooms of the same function, sanitary spaces, specialised rooms and living rooms. Additionally, the average floor area allocated to bedrooms in an 8-room house is 133% more than that of a 4-room house, whereas the comparable figures for sanitary and circulation spaces are 185% and 364%, respectively, meaning more of the additional floor area of large houses is going into spaces that may be seldom used and into circulation areas. These results should be considered against a background of falling household size, which is important when it comes to considering how efficiently resources are used in different sized houses.

統計学的手法を用いた中部山岳域における木造住宅の炭素固定効果の推定

Review of the calculation methods of CO2 emissions have been carried out, one of which is the handling of harvested wood products (HWP). These arise from end of Kyoto Protocol First Commitment Period. HWP utilizing wood fixed carbon play a role as carbon fixed locations has contributed to the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere. There is a movement to evaluate the carbon fixed effect of HWP from the above reasons. Lumbers, wood-based panels and papers, which are produced from forests, are managing the domestic forest, become the calculation target of HWP. There is FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) certification as to assess that the forest management has been carried out properly. Wooden buildings occupy an important position as a fixed place of carbon. This study estimates the carbon fixed effect of wooden houses in The Japanese Alps Area with a focus on Nagano Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture. In consequence of this study revealed the carbon stocks at the moment in central mountain range, the transition of carbon stocks amount in the case of the wooden housing start has remained as-is, the amount of carbon wooden houses is released by being dismantled. We estimated the stock number of wooden houses from the remaining function of wooden houses and the number of future new wooden construction work starting. In addition, we have calculated the timber stocks. To work out it, we multiply by the number of wooden houses to average floor area and wood usage per unit area. We forecasted the number of new wooden housing starts which takes into account the population and economic situation by reference to NRI's study. We used the Weibull cumulative distribution that was revealed in Oikawa et al study as the remaining rate function. Estimates of wooden housing stock amount reveal wooden housing stock of Nagano Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture continues to decrease, during the 30 years from 2014 to 2043. The carbon fixed amount of The Japanese Alps Area in 2014 is 950,000 tons, while that in 2043 is 660,000 tons. In this study, we examined the carbon stock fixed in wooden houses when the domestic timber utilization increased to 60%. As a result of the verification, we got the consequence of carbon stock would increase the domestic timber utilization of wooden houses increased. When the domestic timber usage grows, the CO2 provision of Nagano and Gifu in 2043 is 1,020,000 tons. It is important that we grow the domestic timber utilization for wooden structure, with an eye to the augmentation of the carbon stocks in HWP of wooden houses. Furthermore it is significant to raise the use of appropriate woods that have been produced in forest management, and certified by the common agreement such as Forest Stewardship Council. The future tasks of this study are reflecting the concept of long usage, additions and betterments.

1970년대 초 부산 용호동 정책이주마을의 주택평면변화 특성

This research is concerning on changing residential space of enforced migrant residential housing area for migration refugees in the early 1970s, Busan. Research method is as follows. Dedicated on-site investigation for possible cooperation residents housing 25 households, conducted the actual survey residents wrote the actual figures. The results were as follows. First, after enlargement size is <TEX>$34.79{\sim}67.84m^2$</TEX>, currently the average area per generation after enlargement was enlarged about 1.5 times the initial move appeared to <TEX>$50.33m^2$</TEX>. Second, the public space is from 3K type 2~3L-K, 2~4L-DK, 2~3LDK to appeared in various aspects. The average floor area of the room is a private area of two generations(8/25 generation) <TEX>$50.26m^2$</TEX>, total floor area of the room with three generations(17/25), and there was little variety in the same area as level as a flat <TEX>$50.63m^2$</TEX>. Thirdly, in the concrete support filled(infilled) with a variety of structures is a space with a flat construction spatial and differentiation in various forms by small spatial units, which develop properties and derive a time series floor plan various in the representation a comprehensively analyzed.

Floor Plan Analysis of Detached Houses for the Low-income Households

Energy poverty has been defined as low-income households who paid energy cost more than 10% of their ordinary income. Therefore, there are various subsidy programs focused on house remodeling for low-income households and one of them is the Home Energy Efficiency Assistance Program which have done by Korea Energy Foundation since 2007. The aim of the program is to improve the thermal performance of dilapidated dwellings and analyzed the detached house for the low-income households to develop the building typology. The database contained approximately 3,061 households which was obtained from the program in 2013 and the results of the study were like this; 1) For the shape of residential houses, the number of rectangular shaped building was higher than non-rectangular shaped ones. 2) For the orientation of buildings, the south layout of the detached housing was dominant to gain heating energy into buildings. 3) For the floor area, the average floor area was <TEX>$44.2m^2$</TEX>, although its size varied wide variations, which range from <TEX>$6.3m^2$</TEX> to <TEX>$107.1m^2$</TEX>. 4) For the windows and doors, the south-facing window was larger than the other side. Finally it would be possible to determine the characteristics of residential houses for low-income families. A future study could establish typology of low-income housing that it would estimate the performance of each model building before and after the retrofit to improve the energy performance.

A survey on village chicken production in Kerala state of India

The present study was conducted to document the rearing practices of village chicken production in the Northern midlands, agro-ecological zone comprising Kannur and Kozhikode districts of Kerala state, India. Data was generated from 65 and 63 chicken farming families of Kozhikode and Kannur districts respectively. The system of chicken rearing is extensive, with the provision of shelter only during the night. The birds are being managed mostly by women (89.06%). The decision on the sale of birds and eggs is made by women and the proceeds of sales go directly to them. It was found that as many as 43.75% of the chicken farmers in these areas have no other animal husbandry activities. The average flock size is 5.62 birds. Natural incubation using locally available materials as a nest box and sand as the nesting material is the common practice. The average number of eggs set under the broody hen for hatching is 10.41. Chicken coops are placed at an average distance of 5.45m from the house and elevated 0.39 m from the ground. The average floor area of the coops is 0.757 m2 and the night shelter provided per bird is 830.39 cm2. The walls and floor of the coops are made of wood and the roof with tiles or thatch in most of cases. Rice grain is commonly fed as supplementary feed with mostly no specific timing in feeding. Farmers depend on an array of herbs rather than chemotherapeutic agents and vaccines for the treatment and control of diseases. Most of the surplus males (59.38%) are discarded before one year of age, whereas females are less commonly culled (21.87%). The average culling age of males and females was 11.05 and 36.64 months, respectively. It was discovered that as high as 52.15% of the eggs and 59.38% of the cockerels produced are consumed in the home. When sold they attract at least a two-fold higher price compared to birds of industrial origin.

Design Strategies for Houses Subject to Heatwaves

Over the last two decades the average floor area of new houses in Australia has increased significantly. This has coincided with greater expectations of thermal comfort in homes. In certain locations, the result has been an escalation of the use of large mechanical air conditioning systems in houses. Since it is predicted that climate change will lead to an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, the future maintenance of thermal comfort in houses in an affordable manner is likely to be challenging. This will have implications not only for the health and comfort of the occupants but also for peak energy loads. A compounding factor is the likelihood of increased energy prices caused, in part, by financial mechanisms aimed at minimising greenhouse gas emissions. There will be sections of the community, such as the elderly and the less well off, that will be particularly vulnerable to these combined factors. This paper explores design strategies that could be incorporated in new and existing houses to improve thermal comfort for residents during heatwaves. It is shown that during such periods, behaviour change, thermal comfort requirements and extra energy consumption have a strong influence on devising solutions for this challenge. The results of a pilot study are given that indicate opportunities for creating cool refuges in the existing dwelling stock.

역세권 특성이 지하철 이용수요에 미치는 영향분석

Although numerous studies have analyzed the relationship between subway travel demand (STD) and various characteristics of subway catchment area (SCA), a few studies examined the relationship between STD and the structure of pedestrian networks within each SCA. Hence, this study evaluates the structure of pedestrian networks within 79 SCAs in the city of Busan using Space syntax and investigates the relationship between STD and several characteristics of SCA including the spatial structure of pedestrian network. The analysis results show that the spatial integration of pedestrian networks within the SCAs, which represents the magnitudes of walking accessibility to subway station, is positively associated with STD among the three spatial indexes such as integration, connectivity, and intelligibility. In addition, the results show that STD significantly increases as the number of travel gathering facilities and the average floor area ratio within the SCAs increase. This study ultimately corroborates that designing the grid pedestrian network and assigning the travel gathering facilities to the compact buildings within SCAs are needed to ameliorate the spatial structure of SCA in the city of Busan as transit-oriented development system.

Housing Market Characteristics and Estimation of Housing Wealth in Turkey

Home ownership is one of the most preferred forms of wealth accumulation for households in Turkey. Given the important functions performed by the housing asset, this paper provides a comprehensive look at the housing market characteristics during 1987-2006 period in Turkey. On the basis of these characteristics, the paper develops an estimation of quarterly housing wealth series using primary sources on housing stock, residential construction and average floor area prices obtained from building census, construction and occupancy permit statistics. Unlike the previous literature using the total number of households in the population, the housing wealth is estimated using urban dwellings with occupancy permits in order to capture the collateral channel, through which home owners can borrow from the financial institutions using their legally documented homes as collateral. Since there is a substantial undocumented and unauthorized dwelling stock in Turkey, using this methodology to measure the housing wealth will avoid the potential problems associated with identifying the extent of illegal housing. The movements of the estimated housing wealth series are consistent with the developments in the construction sector, and therefore it can be successfully used in econometric models analyzing the relationship between the housing wealth and consumption behaviour of households in Turkey.

家別人別帳よりみた近世中期以降の越前民家 : その 5・その居住者数と家屋面積の関係

家別人別帳よりみた近世中期以降の越前民家 : その 5・その居住者数と家屋面積の関係

家別人別帳よりみた近世中期以降の越前民家 : その 4・地域別にみた家屋面積の年代差と階層差

Contents, 4-1 The average floor area of living quarters and other parts of houses owned by each household. 4-2 The average floor area of Sugoya parts and Tsunoya additions of each household. 4-3 The average floor area of houses owned by each household. 4-4 A few comments on this analysis.