Average Energy Intensity Research Articles

Electrochemical separation of sulfuric acid from magnesium sulfate solutions: Application for nickel laterite processing

Nickel has wide range of applications, and its production is expanding to meet the growing demand especially for energy storage applications. Hydrometallurgical nickel extraction from laterite ores requires a significant amount of sulfuric acid, primarily due to acid-consuming minerals such as magnesium silicates. The reaction of acid and magnesium silicates results in magnesium sulfate waste solution which is an environmental liability. Electrochemical separation can be used to produce acid from these waste solutions which can be reused on-site to increase nickel recovery from the resource. In addition, the generated magnesium hydroxide can be used for carbon capture or as a precipitant in the nickel process. In this work, a single membrane electrolyser was used to convert magnesium sulfate solutions into sulfuric acid and a magnesium hydroxide precipitate. The performance of the electrolyser was evaluated in terms of faradaic efficiency, acid production energy intensity, current density and sulfate recovery extent. This evaluation involved varying the electrolyser potential as well as the initial concentrations of catholyte and anolyte. The results indicated that when starting with a MgSO4 concentration of 1 M or lower and applying a 4 V electrolyser potential, 90 % faradaic efficiency can be maintained up to an anolyte concentration of 0.16 M H2SO4. Higher voltages, concentrations and conductivities across the anolyte and catholyte has a detrimental impact on the faradaic efficiency due to water splitting. High electrolyser potential enhances sulfate transport but also results in excessive Mg(OH)2 precipitation, which scales the cathode; an operational challenge that will need to be managed. Sulfate recovery ranged between 43 and 49 % after 4 h when testing initial anolyte concentrations of 0.1 and 0 M, with an average energy intensity of 2.94 and 4.44 kWh/kg-H2SO4, respectively.

Exporters' environmental premium in a developing country: Firm‐level evidence from China

AbstractThis article reveals the source of exporters' better environmental performance (exporters' environmental premium) for Chinese firms with a model based on heterogeneous firm theory and empirical analysis with a difference‐in‐differences method based on the Chinese export tax refund reduction in 2004 and comprehensive firm‐level environmental survey data. The results show that exporting releases Chinese firms' financing constraints and enables them to upgrade production technologies quickly by applying advanced production technology (capital‐embodied technological upgrading) rather than by upgrading abatement technologies, to drive down sulfur dioxide (SO2) intensity and energy intensity. Exporting also reduces a firm's average energy intensity and SO2 intensity by reallocating resources from energy‐intensive and polluting production and firms to cleaner ones, that is, the resource reallocation effect. However, Chinese firms cannot expand their production much when trade costs decrease, which makes it difficult for the scale effect to work well.

BUILDING ENVELOPE RETROFIT FOR ENERGY SAVINGS IN MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT HIGH-RISE OFFICES: A CALIBRATED ENERGY SIMULATION

With over a third of global energy used for building construction and operation, an optimum design for building envelopes is essential to improve the energy performance of the existing buildings. This study revealed that typical government high-rise office buildings in Malaysia have an average Building Energy Intensity (BEI) of 161 kWh/m2/year before any upgrading works on the air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) systems were conducted. This value is higher than the recommended value in Green Building Index (GBI) for commercial office buildings (150 kWh/m2/year) and the Economic Planning Unit (EPU) standard for public buildings (140 kWh/m2/year). Therefore, this study employed a case study approach combined with calibrated computer simulation to determine the optimal building envelope retrofit strategies and identify the three levels of interventions (minor, moderate and major levels) with corresponding energy reduction. A validated model representing a typical existing government high-rise office building in Malaysia was chosen as the base case model for energy evaluation studies. The effectiveness of each level of intervention and its energy retrofit measures (ERMs) were evaluated compared to the actual electricity bills. The results showed that all levels of interventions provided between 4% to 7% savings in annual energy consumption. The proposed interventions demonstrated compliance with the BEI benchmark margins of the GBI and EPU standard, namely 116 kWh/m2/year (minor intervention level), 113 kWh/m2/year (moderate intervention level), and 110 kWh/m2/year (major intervention level).

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES AND THE PROCESS OF CUTTING SOIL WITH AN INERTIAL ROTOR

Increasing the flow rates of the main work processes is one of the promising ways to achieve the highest productivity of earthmoving machines. In this regard, the requirements of increasing the maneuverability and mobility of these machines while simultaneously increasing output, reducing their weight, and specific energy consumption of work processes leads to the widespread use of continuous transport with rotary machines of layered development. One of these new types of machines are excavating and transport machines with an inertial rotor of lower unloading, which can be widely used when performing large volumes of excavation, stripping and mining operations in the mining, reclamation and construction industries. The paper presents the results of studies of high-speed digging and suggests a method for determining the average energy intensity of soil transportation, and the proposed equations can be recommended for calculating the inertial rotor. The table of costs of specific energy intensity and productivity from the speed of rotation of the rotor at constant chip sizes is given.

A Data-driven approach to predicting neutron penetration through media

A novel methodology is developed to predict the neutron permeation through media, enabling easier selection of shields and attenuators. The methodology relies on generalized metrics parametrized from MCNP®6.2 simulations where the average neutron energy and relative intensity are tallied through various media. This work builds on previously developed neutron energy attenuation coefficients by discussing accompanying neutron permeation coefficients. Both metrics are used to accurately predict the intensity of neutrons penetrating any medium and the average penetrating neutron energy, allowing for a simplified and generalized approach to predicting neutron penetration. Benchmarks with increasing complexity are used to demonstrate the applicability of the metrics to any geometry and medium. The benchmarks revealed 1.29–3.25% deviation from results in higher fidelity simulations. The data-driven methodology enables streamlined approaches to analyze complex neutron-attenuating media and presents a computationally efficient alternative to iterative neutronics simulations for optimizing neutron shielding and moderation setups.

Comprehensive assessment of energy supply-side and demand-side coordination on pathways to carbon neutrality of the Yangtze River Delta in China

The Yangtze River Delta region is one of the key areas of energy transition for China's carbon neutrality. The pathways to carbon neutrality are diverse in the regional level due to the different conditions on the energy supply and demand side. How to construct comprehensive assessment index system and evaluate regional pathways to carbon neutrality is an urgent problem to be solved. To fill this gap, this paper evaluates the carbon neutrality pathways of supply-side and demand-side coordination in the Yangtze River Delta region using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform with five scenarios (64 sub-scenarios): Business as usual, energy intensity decrease, energy structure reform, power supply technology innovation and policies mix. The simulation results indicate that: (1) 22 of the 64 sub-scenarios can achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. (2) In energy intensity decrease scenario, an annual 6% reduction in energy intensity could achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. (3) The policies mix scenario can lead to 21 sub-scenarios with pathways to achieve carbon neutrality when the average annual energy intensity decreases by 4% or more. Additionally, the end-use sectors electrification level should reach 64.19% at least by 2060. (4) There can be 14 sub-scenarios to achieve zero carbon emissions in the power plant sector, but annual energy intensity should be reduced by at least 4%. Applying Analytic Hierarchy Process analysis, the article evaluated the 22 sub-scenarios with the index of regional pathways to carbon neutrality. The result shows that the mixed policies of energy intensity reduction, energy structure reformation and power technology innovation can promote the coordination of supply-side and demand-side. This study can provide reference for policymakers to formulate effective policies to realize carbon neutrality.

The Current Status, Energy Implications, and Governance of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: A System Analysis of the Beijing Case

Wastewater treatment and reuse are important means of addressing water scarcity and protecting the aquatic environment in urban areas. However, it comes at the cost of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the issues of governance and provincial-scale research have largely been ignored in current urban wastewater treatment and reuse studies. This paper summarizes the current status of 175 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Beijing, explores energy-intensive processes, energy consumption ratios, and the overall energy intensity of WWTPs, and maps the structure of urban wastewater treatment and reuse governance. The results indicate that most WWTPs in Beijing are medium or small in scale, treating wastewater at less than 200 thousand tons/day. Then, five energy-intensive subprocesses are identified, and their energy consumption ratios vary with treatment technologies and management factors, which calls for individual WWTP analysis and plant-specific strategies. The energy intensity of WWTPs in Beijing varies with treatment capacity and membrane bioreactor treatment technology used. Large-scale WWTPs employing MBR technology have a higher average energy intensity. Furthermore, the current coordination group and the four-layer policy system provide sufficient executive power and promote efficiency in departmental collaborations. Finally, inconsistent data, reductions in energy consumption, and the normalization of the governance structure are discussed, and policy suggestions are proposed.

Energy, exergy and cost analysis of flour production from wheat in Nigeria: Case study of Nigeria Eagle Flour mills, Ibadan

The significant increase in energy costs has generally contributed to an increase in the cost of production, flour production inclusive. In manufacturing industries, efforts are being made towards the reduction of the cost of energy consumed during production. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the energy requirements, operation costs, exergy losses, and propose methods for optimizing energy use in wheat flour production, using Nigeria Eagle Flour Mill, Ibadan as a case study. Analysis was carried out in three phases, pre-analysis, data collection and detailed analysis phases. A walk-through process analysis method was used for data collection and a model containing the mass, energy, and exergy balance equations were built in Microsoft Excel® 2010 to analyse data collected. Electrical energy was found to be the most used energy in both mills and the milling process was the most energy intensive in flour production, accounting for an average energy intensity of 187.49MJ/ton in Mill A and 280.37MJ/ton in Mill B. Lighting was observed to consume approximately 7% of the electrical energy supplied, prompting a lighting analysis to highlight potential energy savings. The energy cost per ton was found to be the lowest (4404naira/ton) when electrical energy from the gas plant accounted for 77 per-cent of energy input. The mill's overall irreversibility and exergetic efficiency were calculated to be 404.942KW and 15.74 percent, respectively. Only 16% of the total exergy input into the flour mill exited through product streams, 1% through waste streams, and 83% was destroyed due to irreversibilities. The B1/B2 rolling bench destroyed the most exergy, accounting for approximately 8.53 percent of the mill's irreversibility. It was established that the components with the highest waste streams had the highest irreversibilities. Minimizing waste streams would reduce the amount of exergy lost and increase the exergetic efficiency of components. To improve system efficiency, several process optimization and machine modifications were recommended.

Effects of High Ambient Temperature on Electric Vehicle Efficiency and Range: Case Study of Kuwait

The use of electric vehicles (EVs) provides a pathway to sustainable transport, reducing emissions and contributing to net-zero carbon aspirations. However, consumer acceptance has been limited by travel range anxiety and a lack of knowledge about EV technology and its infrastructure. This is especially the case in hot and oil-rich areas such as Kuwait, where transport is predominantly fossil fuel-driven. Studying the effects of high ambient temperature on EV efficiency and range is essential to improve EV performance, increase the user base and promote early adoption to secure more environmental benefits. The ability to determine the energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs) is not only vital to reduce travel range anxiety but also forms an important foundation for the spatial siting, operation and management of EV charging points in cities and towns. This research presents an analysis of data gathered from more than 3000 journeys of an EV in Kuwait representing typical vehicle usage. The average energy intensity and consumption of the car/kilometre travelled were calculated for each journey, along with ambient temperature measured by the vehicle. The analysis indicates that energy intensity reaches a minimum at a starting temperature between 22 °C and 23 °C. Energy intensity rises with decreasing temperature below this point and with increasing temperature above this point. The results show that many vehicle journeys started with high temperatures, with about half of journeys starting at 30 °C or above and approximately a quarter at 40 °C or above. Fitting a model to the empirical data for trip starting temperature and energy intensity, average efficiency is impacted at high car temperatures, with energy intensity modelled at 30 °C and 40 °C to be higher by 6% and 22%, respectively. These findings have implications for vehicle range, EV charging infrastructure and car storage and parking provision.

Energy-Optimal Siting of Decentralized Water Recycling Systems.

Decentralized water recycling systems (DWRS) have emerged as a viable option for incrementally augmenting water supply in water-stressed regions, but DWRS are generally more energy-intensive than traditional centralized water treatment systems. When DWRS are deployed incrementally in small batches, the marginal energy intensity (MEI) of water supply quantifies the location-specific energy footprint of centralized water supply and serves as a robust metric measuring the energy implications of replacing centralized supply with DWRS supply. This research develops and applies a MEI-based decision framework that identifies the energy-optimal siting of DWRS to minimize the overall system operational energy consumption given a target fraction of water demand to be met by newly deployed DWRS. In a small benchmark water supply system where the energy intensity of the intended DWRS is 5.3% higher than the current system average energy intensity of centralized supply, we demonstrate that the optimal siting of DWRS to offset 10% of the system-wide water demand reduces the overall system energy consumption by 0.77%. In contrast, the naive and worst-case siting of the same DWRS increases the energy consumption of the overall system by 0.65 and 2.0%, respectively. The proposed MEI-based decision framework is particularly valuable for application in large multi-source systems, where an optimization-based approach is computationally intractable. This study highlights the importance of accounting for both distribution and treatment energy intensity when evaluating new water sources and demonstrates the viability of DWRS as an energy-efficient tool for augmenting water supply.

Comparisons of Real-World Vehicle Energy Efficiency with Dynamometer-Based Ratings and Simulation Models

Software tools for fuel economy simulations play an important role during design stages of advanced powertrains. However, calibration of vehicle models versus real-world driving data faces challenges owing to inherent variations in vehicle energy efficiency across different driving conditions and different vehicle owners. This work utilizes datasets of vehicles equipped with OBD/GPS loggers to validate and calibrate FASTSim (software originally developed by NREL) vehicle models. The results show that window-sticker ratings (derived from dynamometer tests) can be reasonably accurate when averaged across many trips by different vehicle owners, but successfully calibrated FASTSim models can have better fidelity. The results in this paper are shown for nine vehicle models, including the following: three battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), four plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), one hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and one conventional internal combustion engine (CICE) vehicle. The calibrated vehicle models are able to successfully predict the average trip energy intensity within ±3% for an aggregate of trips across multiple vehicle owners, as opposed to within ±10% via window-sticker ratings or baseline FASTSim.

How work patterns affect leisure activities and energy consumption: A time-use analysis for Finland and France

Studies on socio-economic impacts of climate and energy policies tend to focus on income and expenditure effects. For analyses that go beyond monetary dimensions, time-diary data have proven to be useful. Here we investigate how work time relates to leisure activity structures and associated energy use for different types of employees. To this end, an analysis of time-use data is undertaken for Finland and France. Novel elements are (1) a differentiation between part-time and full-time employees, (2) the use of distinct energy intensities of different activities by household type instead of average energy intensities, and (3) allowing for non-linear relationships between work time and the allocation of other activities. Our results suggest that the effects of work time on energy use are rather homogeneous in Finland, whereas we find more differences between employee types in France. In both countries, adjustment of leisure-activity duration is sometimes strong initially but flattening for longer work hours. This relates to another finding, namely that the composition of leisure activities differs between people with distinct work hours. Our study suggests that analysis of disaggregated time-use data can add relevant insights for evaluation, and possibly design, of energy, climate and labour-market policies.

Development of a framework for the assessment of the market penetration of novel in situ bitumen extraction technologies

Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation opportunities from emerging in situ mining technologies in oil sands production can play a role in reducing global warming. There is limited research on quantitative assessments of the penetration of emerging oil sands technology in the energy sector. This study addresses this gap by developing a novel framework (MAPL-OET) to assess the market penetration of emerging oil sands extraction technologies. The framework is robust and data-intensive as it combines diffusion models, econometrics models, cost models, and energy-economy equilibrium models. The combined model evaluates the adoption of new energy technologies resulting from carbon price measures and other economic factors, as well as the GHG mitigation potential in the oil sands sector. The accumulated GHG mitigation potential from high carbon and BAU scenarios (i.e., a carbon price of $30/tonne of CO2 in 2030, increasing at a rate of 4%/yr to reach about $105/tonne of CO2) was estimated to be 192.8 Mt of CO2 eq between 2018 and 2050. New extraction technologies also improve average energy intensities by 1.3% annually in the high carbon price scenarios. The developed new framework can help public and private organizations to achieve energy or environmental targets.

Material and energy flow in different bread baking types

Reducing energy consumption in industry, agriculture, and processing industries is important with regard to economical and environmental aspects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the material and energy flow as well as energy indicators in the production of seven common breads in Iran. The input and output data were collected by questionnaire method and face-to-face interviews with Ilam bakeries in 2020. The energy content of inputs and output materials and the energy indicators were calculated. The total average of energy invested to produce one ton of bread was 22,622.70 MJ, and the output energy was 11,834.89 MJ. The highest output energy belonged to the production of Barbari bread, and the lowest amount was obtained for Sangak bread. The most effective energy consumer input in bread production was wheat flour with a share of 53.57%. The average energy ratio, energy intensity, and net energy gain indicator in bread production were 0.52, 22.62 MJ kg−1, and −10.79 MJ kg−1, respectively. The lowest energy consumption and energy intensity and the highest energy ratio index were related to Rizeshi Nimeh Hajmi bread, and the highest net energy gain was obtained for Barbari bread. Consumption of natural gas in the production of Sangak and Saji bread was higher than other bread types. The obtained findings are benefit results for optimizing the bakery units in point of both energy and material consumption as well as decreasing environmental impacts.

Bioenergy on Islands: An Environmental Comparison of Continental Palm Oil vs. Local Waste Cooking Oil for Electricity Generation

Energy security on islands is a challenging issue due to their isolation from energy markets and fossil fuel dependence. In addition, islands’ average energy intensity has increased in recent years due to economic development. This research explores the environmental performance of two alternative non-variable bioelectricity feedstocks to increase energy resilience on islands. The study was developed for the Galápagos islands to address the environmental impacts from the direct use of waste cooking oil (WCO) and refined palm oil (RPO) to produce 1 MWh using the life cycle assessment methodological framework. A combination of primary and secondary data sources was used. The results show better performance for the electricity derived from WCO in all the impact categories considered when compared to RPO.

ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО БИЗНЕСА В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ

The purpose of the study is to assess the development of the chemical industry in the country, to determine the role of small enterprises in the application of innovations and innovation strategies in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. The adopted Strategy for the development of the paint industry-2030 aims to increase consumption by 24%, reduce the share of imports from today's 30.9 to 7%, and increase the consumption of paint in the Russian Federation (2030) to 13 kg/person (at the current European level-20 l/person. per year). However, the development of the world chemical industry showed that the chemical complex of Russia on key indicators of production and consumption of products significantly behind the world leaders: average energy intensity of a unit of chemical products in two to three times higher than in the United States, 20–50% higher water consumption, both technological and working capital, labor productivity is significantly lower in comparison with the leading countries of the world. It is revealed that the pace and direction of development of small industrial business in the context of industry specifics of paint and varnish production are determined primarily: the presence in industry of available mineral resources, secondary raw materials and waste; the availability of space and equipment; a system of reproduction of qualified personnel taking into account the sectoral specializations; transport security industry; the level of development of innovative processes in industry; identified regional and sectoral specificity of functioning of small innovative business; it is proved that in conditions of digitalization of the economy in the industry introduced electronic voice assistants, virtual-reality programs and so on.

Profile of physical activity in the pregnant women coari city, Amazon

Physical inactivity Has Been During pregnancy outcomes associated with detrimental for the mother and fetus, regular physical activity is Indicated are pregnant women is due to the maternal and fetal benefits That can act in the short and long term. The aim of the study was to characterize the expenditure of energy on physical activity in low-risk pregnant women living in the municipality of TNL-AM. A cross-sectional descriptive study carried at basic health unity. 50 Volunteers in 12th and 36th week gestational age composed it. Data Were collected through the Physical Activity Questionnaire for pregnant women (QAFG), classified the sample Which the insufficiently active and active. Before pregnancy 56% of the sample Practiced some type of physical activity and During pregnancy there was a reduction to only 32%. The date Showed the prevalence of active pregnant women in domestic tasks (56%) and locomotion (74%), and pregnant women insufficiently active in caring for people (64%), occupation (66%), sports (94%) and leisure 66%). The average energy intensity spent weekly on the tasks Evaluated did not show statistical difference When Compared to the groups (second and third gestational trimesters). The study Showed que pregnant women During Were active domestic tasks/locomotion and sedentary or not active in tasks related to sports/exercise, leisure, caring for people and occupation. Is Necessary an incentive to practice physical activity in this period by professionals of health. sports (94%) and leisure 66%). The average energy intensity spent weekly on the tasks Evaluated did not show statistical difference When Compared to the groups (second and third gestational trimesters). The study Showed que pregnant women During Were active domestic tasks locomotion and sedentary or not active in tasks related to sports/ exercise, leisure, caring for people and occupation. Is Necessary an incentive to practice physical activity in this period by professionals of health. sports (94%) and leisure 66%). The average energy intensity spent weekly on the tasks Evaluated did not show statistical difference When Compared to the groups (second and third gestational trimesters). The study Showed que pregnant women During Were active domestic tasks/ locomotion and sedentary or not active in tasks related to sports/exercise, leisure, caring for people and occupation. Is Necessary an incentive to practice physical activity in this period by professionals of health .

The case for islands’ energy vulnerability: Electricity supply diversity in 44 global islands

Energy supply security is a multifaceted challenge for all countries and especially for small island nations that might have limited adaptive capacity. Previous studies showed that islands experience energy scarcity and isolation from energy markets due to their remote location making energy supply security a challenging issue. We estimate energy supply diversity and concentration for 44 islands in order to provide an island specific benchmark approach for energy supply security. We use established metrics Shannon-Wiener index (SWI), Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) with Energy Information Administration (EIA) fuel mix data. To confront the issues of supply security and sustainability we test energy diversity against energy and emissions intensity. The global character of the research along with the wide range of islands covered allows useful comparisons between countries and for a means of benchmarking against the indices while creating certain defined country clusters. Overall it is found that average island energy intensity increased by 23.4% with a corresponding increase of 12.4% on their emissions intensity for the period 2000–2015. On the other hand, diversity has improved by 21.3% (SWI) and by 2% (HHI) since 2000. We argue that fossil-fuel lock-in for islands must break in order to UN Sustainable Development Goal 7 to be achieved particularly for vulnerable island nations.

Energy Audit of a Wheat Processing Plant in Rivers State, Nigeria

In this study, energy audit of a wheat processing plant in Rivers State, Nigeria has been carried out. A walked-through energy audit method was undertaken to identify the major sources of energy in use, identify the lapses in energy usage, identify areas to improve energy usage, determine the level of energy consumption of the various energy sources and recommending policy measures that will enhance energy savings in the industry. The analysis showed that eight defined unit operations were required for the production of wheat flour; Truck Loading, Intake or Storage, Cleaning, Tempering or Conditioning, Holding Bin, Milling, Finished Product and Packaging. The types of energy used were electrical, thermal (diesel and gas), and manual energies with proportions of 14.63%, 85.31% and 0.05% respectively of total energy input. Average energy intensity was estimated to be 1.3GJ/tonnes for the production of wheat flour for the 5 years (2011-2015) study period. The most energy intensive operation was identified as the milling process with percentage energy input of 44.39% (123837.60MJ) followed by Finished Product Storage process with percentage energy input of 36.17% (100885.92MJ). It was observed that the industry under review did not sufficiently utilize energy as the energy used ratio is below 1. This was as a result of some factors that contributed to energy waste and energy use inefficiency in the industry. Among these factors are: electric motor that dissipate much heat, use of electric motors that have been rewound more than twice and generation of electricity more than needed in the industry by some generators. The exergy analysis showed that the roller dryer accounted for the major loss in the process with an inefficiency of 44.8%. The useful work was 5.3kJ; exergy loss expended is 15.68kJ in the roller dryer. The study concluded that energy is not sufficiently utilized in the industry resulting in high energy waste and high pricing of wheat flour products.

Energy Audit of a Wheat Processing Plant in Rivers State, Nigeria

In this study, energy audit of a wheat processing plant in Rivers State, Nigeria has been carried out. A walked-through energy audit method was undertaken to identify the major sources of energy in use, identify the lapses in energy usage, identify areas to improve energy usage, determine the level of energy consumption of the various energy sources and recommending policy measures that will enhance energy savings in the industry. The analysis showed that eight defined unit operations were required for the production of wheat flour; Truck Loading, Intake or Storage, Cleaning, Tempering or Conditioning, Holding Bin, Milling, Finished Product and Packaging. The types of energy used were electrical, thermal (diesel and gas), and manual energies with proportions of 14.63%, 85.31% and 0.05% respectively of total energy input. Average energy intensity was estimated to be 1.3GJ/tonnes for the production of wheat flour for the 5 years (2011-2015) study period. The most energy intensive operation was identified as the milling process with percentage energy input of 44.39% (123837.60MJ) followed by Finished Product Storage process with percentage energy input of 36.17% (100885.92MJ). It was observed that the industry under review did not sufficiently utilize energy as the energy used ratio is below 1. This was as a result of some factors that contributed to energy waste and energy use inefficiency in the industry. Among these factors are: electric motor that dissipate much heat, use of electric motors that have been rewound more than twice and generation of electricity more than needed in the industry by some generators. The exergy analysis showed that the roller dryer accounted for the major loss in the process with an inefficiency of 44.8%. The useful work was 5.3kJ; exergy loss expended is 15.68kJ in the roller dryer. The study concluded that energy is not sufficiently utilized in the industry resulting in high energy waste and high pricing of wheat flour products.