Average Cost Of Cultivation Research Articles

A Study on Costs and Returns of Potato in Azamgarh District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

Potato is the most important food crop of India after rice and wheat. It has always been the ‘poor man’s friend. Potato is an economical food and rich source of energy. The total potato produce in the world was 376.82 million tonnes from 18.33 million hectare of area. Both the area and production of potato has increased manifold during the past decades. India produced nearly 36.28 million tonnes of potato from 1.82 million hectare. In Uttar Pradesh potato is grown in 564.3hectares with a production of 13808 million tonnes and productivity of 24.5 million tonnes per hectare. The study conducted pawai block of Azamgarh district. The study showed that an overall farms i.e.1.553 ha and cropping intensity i.e. 217.92 per cent as exhibiting inverse relationship with the size of form. Perfarm average investment on overall farm came to Rs.242208.79 and maximum share was under the head of building i.e. 57.00 per cent followed by farm machinery and livestock share. The overall average cost of cultivation (C3) per hectare was Rs. 78154.62 and gross income came to Rs. 123527.20, which offers a net income of Rs. 45372.50.

Studies of Farmer Participatory on Machine Transplanting of Rice

Front line demonstration on machine transplanting of rice were organised in Telangana state. A total of 20 Front Line demonstrations were organized in 20 ha. Best management practices of Rice production were demonstrated for getting higher net returns in both machine transplanted rice and manual transplanted rice. The demonstrations got yield of 6874 kg/ha. The manual transplanting recorded an average of 6530 kg/ha. Average cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio of machine transplanted rice was recorded as Rs. 49474/ha, 13090/ha, 81435/ha and 2.7 respectively over the manual transplanting Rs.54138/ha, Rs.124528/ha, Rs.70391 and 2.3. Machine transplanting of rice is the successful technology for reaping higher returns to overcome labour shortage and for timely transplanting.

Rapeseed-Mustard Farming in Begusarai, Bihar, India: A Holistic Exploration of Growth, Economic Viability, and Hindrances

The present study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the rapeseed-mustard sector's economic dynamics in India, with a focus on Bihar's Begusarai district. The study has been carried out with the objectives of analyzing the trend in area, production and productivity along with the cost and return from rapeseed-mustard production. Further the constraints faced by the famers were also documented and ranked. Primary data was collected from 120 rapeseed-mustard growers of District from a cluster of three villages each from two blocks through SRSWOR Technique and secondary data were collected from different published sources. A negative growth rate (CGR) in area (-0.05%) was observed while the growth in production and productivity of Rapeseed-Mustard during 1998-99 to 2018-19 in Bihar was positive and significant. Districts wise analysis in entire period together there was positive Growth in the area, production and productivity. The average cost of cultivation per hectare was ₹ 63,873.1, while the gross income stood at ₹ 83,746.92, yielding a favourable return-to-cost ratio of 1:1.39, implying that rapeseed–mustard fetched an additional return of 39 paisa on each rupee spent. Primary constraints identified included the absence of high-quality seed varieties and elevated transportation expenses, both warranting attentions. To bolster the future of rapeseed-mustard, widespread dissemination of advanced farming techniques and the establishment of processing facilities among smallholders is recommended.

Assessment of Cost of Cultivation, Resource Use Efficiency and Constraints in Cumin Production in Jodhpur District of Rajasthan

"Cumin is one of the most popular seed spice crops of India. Present paper looks into the cost of cultivation, efficiency of use of resources and the constraints in cumin production in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. Using CACP cost concepts, the average cost of cultivation (C3) per hectare of cumin was found as ` 46232.21. To estimate resource use efficiency, a log-linear (Cobb-Douglas) form of production function was used. Inputs like human labour, plant protection chemicals, and manure were found underutilized. Poor economic conditions of the farmers were found as a prime constraint. Lack of improved varieties of cumin seed was another major constraint faced by the respondents. The study emphasised on the need for institutional support to address capital constraints of farmers, lack of quality seeds, and lack of regulated markets."

Constraints in the production and marketing of mustard in Surguja district of Chhattisgarh

The present study was conducted in the Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. 150 farmers were selected purposely on the basis of the total number of farmers in the district, with categories based on different farm categories from the 12 villages. The primary data was collected in the cropping year 2017-18 from sampled households through the personal interview method with the help of a well-prepared schedule and questionnaire. In which the cropping intensity was about (139.57 per cent). An average cost of cultivation per hectare of mustard was calculated at Rs. 18997.12. The average yield of mustard is 11.82 qtl. On an average, the input output ratio in mustard was 1:1.77 on the sample farms. The average cost of production per quintal of mustard was worked out to be Rs. 1607.19. The net income was calculated to be Rs. 37808.03 per hectare. There are three marketing channels for mustard crop marketing preferred by sample house hold as given below:-Channel I: Producer–Agent–Processor–Retailer–Consumer. Producers. Channel II: Village Traders/Agents, Wholesalers, Millers/Processors, Retailers, and Consumers. Channel III: Producer-Wholesaler-Processor-Retailer-Consumers. Only three channels were preferred by sample households for the selling of mustard. The majority of mustard seeds were sold through the agent by marginal farmers, approximately 66.67 percent, and the majority of small and medium farmers were sold through village traders, approximately 61.76 percent and 65.71 percent, respectively, while large farmers were sold through village traders, 53.33 percent. Overall, 44.52 percent of farm product is sold through agents. The mustard problem is faced by a lack of implementation of MSP in pulses and oilseed crops and a lack of a sufficient number of processing units (Rank I) (100.00 per cent). The study suggested that urgent attention must be paid towards enhancing the productivity and marketing of rapeseed-mustard by providing improved and high-yielding varieties, technology; irrigation; marketing; price support; policy; and effective extension.

Impact of PMKISAN Scheme on Production and Efficiency of Paddy Cultivation in Tamil Nadu, India

Aims: This study aimed to estimate the impact of Direct Cash Transfer scheme on production and technical efficiency of paddy cultivation.
 Study Design: Multi-stage random sampling was used.
 Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Three districts namely Dharmapuri, Thoothukudi and Thanjavur were randomly selected for the study during December 2021-March 2022.
 Methodology: Both primary and secondary were used in the study. A pre-tested interview schedule was used to collect the information on general characteristics, cost of cultivation and resource inputs used were collected from 90 beneficiaries and 90 non-beneficiaries. Thus, a total of 180 sample respondents. 
 Results: Of the total PMKISAN assistance (Rs. 6000) about 5.16% (Rs. 3300) of the amount has been spent for cultivation purpose. The average cost of cultivation among the beneficiaries was lesser than non-beneficiaries and the net returns were more among the beneficiary than the non-beneficiary. The major share of operational cost incurred in paddy cultivation for beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries was towards human labour followed by machine labour and fertilizer cost. The estimated mean technical efficiency for PMKISAN beneficiaries was 84% and there is a chance of improvement for increase in yield. The difference in yield and technical efficiency may be due to assistance provided to the farmers, through which the cost of cultivation was less and were able to adopt new technologies.
 Conclusion: Overall, the PMKISAN beneficiaries were able to use the PMKISAN assistance for procuring seeds, fertilizers and wages for labour. The beneficiaries were technically efficient in paddy production and also the cost of cultivation was lesser when compared to non-beneficiaries.

Impact of cluster-based technology transfer on profitability of ginger cultivation by small hill farmers of Shivalik region of Haryana

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is an important commercial crop of Morni hills of Haryana Shivaliks. There was considerable gap between the actual yield and income than the potential indicated by successful growers. In an attempt to bridge this gap by adopting a cluster development approach, 32 ginger growers of a hill village were formed as a common group to implement the recommended package of practices based on soil test analysis and adopted over one bigha (1/12th of hectare) of 32 demonstration plots and one bigha was kept as untreated control with farmers’ normal practice. The beneficiary farmers were provided trainings, exposure visits and interaction with agricultural experts. The average fresh ginger rhizome production in treated plots was 11.19 t ha-1 as against 6.97 t ha-1 in control plots. While 84 percent farmers obtained an yield of 11 to 12 t ha-1, yield recorded by remaining farmers ranged from 7.44 to 9.63 t ha-1 thus indicating scope of further increase in production. The ratio between seed used and rhizome yield was taken as an indicator of yield potential and this was 4.04 in case of treated plots and 2.65 in case of control thus registering overall increase of 52.4 percent. The total gross and net returns were Rs 996678 and 395925 ha-1 and the average cost of cultivation was Rs 600753 ha-1. The overall benefit cost ratio was 1.66. However, in case of control plots, the average gross and net returns were Rs 532800 and Rs 106972 with a benefit cost ratio of 1.22. In the cluster based approach, reduction in input costs and collective marketing resulted in better dividends.

Economic Aspects of Potato Cultivation in Sultanpur District of Uttar Pradesh

The present study was carried out with objective to estimate cost and returns of potato under different size of sample farms in study area. The study is confined to Kadipur block of Sultanpur district of U.P. as it is one of the major potato producing block of the district with its favourable agro-climatic factor for Potato crop. A sample of 100 potato farmers comprises 85 marginal, 11 small and 04 medium farmers were selected by proportionate random sampling method from five villages. The required data were collected from random selected respondents by using of pre structured schedule for the estimation of per hectare cost of cultivation, income of potato and input-output ratio. The overall average cost of cultivation was estimated ` 82560.79 per hectare and net income was # 88993.96 with input-output ratio 1:2.08 which showed the profitability of crop. On the basis of finding of study, it is recommended that the study area is exceptionally potential for potato crop and it is economically viable.

Production Economics of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in Doti District, Nepal

Ginger is one of the major spice crops that contribute substantially in rural people livelihood across the mid-hills of Nepal. Despite being a high-value crop, it is cultivated at a subsistence level and hence the farmers are less benefited than expected. So, a study was conducted to investigate the economics of ginger farming in Doti district. A total of 60 respondents were selected randomly from the purposive sampling frame of ginger growers in Jorayal rural municipality. A semi-structured questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII), and field observations were used to obtain primary data. And published documents from governmental and non-governmental organizations were used as secondary sources of data. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS and MS-Excel. The findings revealed that the average area under ginger cultivation as 1.87 ropani with a productivity of 18.18 Mt/ha. The average cost of cultivation was found to be NRs 30669.65 with the B:C ratio of 1.63. The marketing margin of NRs 34.17 was observed with 59.88% of producer share in consumer price. Thus, ginger farming I Doti district was found to be profitable which needs to be commercialized

An Economic Analysis of French Bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Production in Bishnupur District of Manipur

The study was conducted in Bishnupur district of Manipur with an objective to work out the cost and return of French bean production. The primary data on various costs and returns were collected at random from 100 respondent farmers. Production is normally considered as the function of area and yield. Results of the cost of cultivation analysis revealed that human labour, rental value of owned land, hired machinery charges, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were important contributors to the total cost of cultivation. The average cost of cultivation was found to be Rs. 238894 per hectare.The hired human labour charges as the major cost item, it accounted for about 41.14 per cent of the total cost of cultivation. The imputed value of family labour and rental value of owned land were the next important cost components contributing about 11.56 and 11.30 per cent of the total cost of cultivation. The net farm income per hectare was estimated at Rs.230962 and benefit cost ratios per hectare was found to be 1.96. The government and related departments should arrange training programs to upgrade the knowledge on recommended package of practices on cultivation of vegetable crops and educating the farmers to develop social consciousness by strengthening local security service through proper initiatives. The farmers also need to encourage forming farmer groups or farmer producer organization (FPOs) in order to improve the production and marketing efficiency of French beans in Bishnupur district of Manipur.

Yield performance of Niger and their improved variety in Mandla district under northern hill of Chhattisgarh zone of Madhya Pradesh

An On Farm Testing (OFT) trial was carried out to compare the yield performance of niger variety at farmers’ field in Mandla district (Northern Hill of Chhattisgarh Zone), Madhya Pradesh, India during Kharif season 2015 and 2016. All the improved package and practices (IP) was applied with improved Niger variety (JNS-9) while local farmer’s variety was as it is with their existing farmers’ practices (FP). The results revealed that the average seed yield was 856.50 kg/ha in IP while it was 389.00 kg/ha in FP. The average seed yield was increased by 120.26% in the IP over the FP. The average extension gap was recorded 467.50 kg/ha over the FP. The average technology gap in IP of Niger over the FP was recorded 143.50 kg/ha whereas, average technology index was 14.35%. The average cost of cultivation under IP was Rs.7840.00/ha with net return of Rs. 26420.00/ha and B:C ratio 3.37 while it was Rs. 5586.00/ha with net return Rs. 9974.00/ha and B:C ratio 1.80 under FP. On an average Rs. 16446/ha was recorded as additional income which significantly attributed due to the adoption of recommended package and practices including improved Niger variety.

Production and profitability of makhana (Euryale ferox salisb.) in aquatic ecosystem of North Bihar, India

Makhana (Fox Nut) is an aquatic cash crop largely grown in North Bihar region of India in ponds, lakes, low lying fields etc. It is highly nutritious food having wider religious uses. Makhana is mainly grown by resource poor farmers using local cultivars and traditional techniques. Present study was planned to find out the production system of makhana and farmers’ profitability in North Bihar. Data were collected from Makhana growers of Darbhanga and Madhubani districts using survey, personal observation and group discussion methods. Analysis of data revealed that makhana is mainly grown in leased out government ponds. Majority of farmers (94%) belonged to fishermen community with one third of them illiterate. The average annual income per household was around ₹48,000 only. About 46.7 per cent of farmers reported makhana cultivation as their primary source of income. The annual lease rate of ponds varied from ₹10000 to 15000 per ha. as per quality of pond. Average cost of cultivation was worked out to be ₹89,372/- per ha. with harvesting cost contributing maximum to the extent of 41 per cent. The net return from makhana cultivation was ₹41,432 per ha. after sale of their seed. The net return can be increased by reducing the cost of harvesting, which is possible with development of suitable machines for harvesting of makhana seed from bottom of ponds. Farmers’ producer organizations or cooperatives may help in processing and marketing of makhana.

Resource Use Efficiency on Potato Farms in Azamgarh District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study was carried out in Pawai block of Azamgarh district and five villages were selected randomly. A total number of 100 respondents were taken from the sleeted villages following the proportionate random sampling. The respondents were categorized as marginal (48), small (29) and medium (23) the data pertained to the agriculture year 2016-2017. The average holding size on overall farms was 1.553 ha and cropping intensity was 217.92 per cent. Cropping intensity was inversely related with the size of farms. The per farm average investment on overall farm came to Rs.242208.79 and maximum share was under the head of building i.e. 57.00 per cent followed by farm machinery and livestock share. The overall average cost of cultivation (C3) per hectare was Rs. 78154.62 and Gross income came to Rs. 123527.20, which offers a net income of Rs. 45372.50. Among the various resources considered under study the cost of seed showed significant relationship at 1 per cent level of probability in marginal category of farms and it was significantly associated at 5 per cent probability level in small and medium size group of farms. Another factor of production i.e. manures and fertilizer was found significantly associated with dependent variable at 1 per cent level probability in all farm situations. The sum of elasticity shows that potato cultivation was characterized as decreasing return to scale and positive value of marginal product indicate towards the further scope of expenditure on input to earn more than the cost. Problem related with hired human labour and technical knowledge were notice at 1st and 2nd rank by the sample farmers.

Assessment of cost and returns of onion growing farmers in Deogarh district, Orissa, India

Horticulture being the paramount importance to the Indian economy and also provide way for diversification and also generate employment to a vast workforce in Indian agriculture. Further the horticulture provides ample opportunity for the advancement of production techniques. Onion being an important horticulture crop with maximum production comes from the Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh but Orissa also cultivate onion on 333189 hectares during both season with net production of about 3.95 lakh MT in 2016 as per agricutlture statistics 2016-17, Orissa also latest NSSO survey estimated that annual requirement of onion in state is 2.32 lakh MT. It shows the production is more than the requirement so a large surplus goes in waste (Gulati, 1994). Keeping the economic view of onion production in Orissa, Reamal block of Deogarh district which contributed about 90 per cent production of onion crop to the district. Due to high cost of inputs and ignorance about improved practices general farmers cannot use the advanced technology judiciously. So, the present study took the issue of cost and return on different onion grower’s farms. The primary data were classified and tabulated in the light of stated objectives of the study and analyzed as per the suitable statistics and economic tools as follows: The estimates of profitability were based on different costs and returns incurred in onion cultivation like cost A, B and C concepts. Cost studies shows that average cost of cultivation is Rs. 40423 per hectare and the bullock labour employed in onion cultivation is a major source of expenditure in total cost of cultivation. While gross income able to cover the cost which made Benefit Cost Ratio 1.94 which means the onion cultivation is beneficial for the farmer in Deogarh district of Orissa.

Economic analysis of mustard production by members of farmer producer organization in swai Madhopur District of Rajasthan

An attempt has been made to study the economic analysis of mustard production by members of farmer producer organization in Swai Madhopur district of Rajasthan State, India. The study was conducted in Chauth Mata Agro Producer Company Limited, Chauth ka Barwada blocks in Swai Madhopur district. Eighty farmers were selected randomly from ten villages from these blocks to collect the required information on the cost of cultivation and other aspects for the present study. The primary data were collected from the mustard producers through personal interview method with the help of wellprepared schedule and questionnaire for the production and post-harvest year for Rabi mustard 2017–18. The analysis of cost of cultivation was done as per Cost concept given by CACP. The average cost of cultivation of mustard of member and non-member of Farmer Producer Organization (FPO) were worked out as Rs. 43, 900/ha and Rs. 45, 195/ha, respectively. Input-output ratios of member and non-member farmers of FPO were worked out as 1: 1.29 and 1: 1.20, respectively. Out of average cost of cultivation, the operational cost was Rs. 29, 320/ha and Rs. 30, 595/ha, respectively and fixed cost was Rs. 14, 580/ha and Rs. 14, 600/ha, respectively of the total cost. The study suggested that urgent attention must be paid towards enhancing the productivity of mustard crop by providing improved and high yielding varieties, technology, irrigation, price support, policy and effective extension through formation of FPOs.

An eonomic analysis of onion cultivation in giridih district of jharkhand

The study was carried out in Giridih district of Jharkhand with the objectives of to work out the cost and return structure of onion cultivation and to identify the major constraints confronted by the farmers in onion cultivation. For the selection of respondent's multistage sampling design was employed. Primary data has collected from sample of 120 onion growing farmers. The data so collected pertained to the Rabi season of the agricultural year 2016–17. The study concluded that, the average cost of cultivation of onion in dhanwar block was Rs. 57687.95 per acreage which was higher than Rs.50374.3 in case of Birni. The total variable cost per acre in Dhanwar was Rs. 45325.16 and in Birni it was Rs.41691.40. The output per acre in Dhanwar was 65.52 quintal and in Birni it was 46.00 quintal/acre. The return per rupee investment was around Rs. 1.71 and Rs. 1.34 over variable and total cost respectively in case of Dhanwar block. In Birni block it was Rs.1.65 over variable cost and Rs. 1.37over fixed cost. The major problems in cultivation of onion were lack of water for irrigation, high cost of seeds, pest and diseases, awareness on optimum use of fertilizers, high cost of labour etc.

An Economic Analysis and Resource Use Efficiency of Bt-Cotton in Middle Gujarat

The present investigation has analyzed the costs and returns and resource use efficiency of Bt-cotton in Middle Gujarat during 2015–16. The results indicated that average cost of cultivation of Bt-cotton was69372per ha. Out of total cost, human labour cost was ranked first followed by fertilizer cost, manure and cakes. The average yield of Bt-cotton per ha was observed 23.39 quintals on sample farms. The net profit over Cost C2 was29858per ha. The production function analysis revealed that human and bullock labour, plant protection and irrigation exerted significant influence on the yield of Bt-cotton. About 35.9 per cent of total variation in the gross income from the Bt-cotton cultivation was explained by the explanatory variables included in the function. The sum of regression co-efficient (Obi's) was noted 0.509 indicating decreasing returns to scale, in other words sample farmers were observed operating in second zone of production. The study has brought to the fore that there is an ample potentiality of the raising Bt-cotton production on the sample farms through adoption of improved and new technologies along with optimum utilization of resources like human labour, seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation with better management practices.

Popularization of organic chilli cultivation in the Eastern Ghat high land zone of Odisha, India

The present study was conducted in the Koraput district of Odisha in India during 2012-13 and 2013-14 under National Horticulture Mission for popularization of organic chilli cultivation through frontline demonstrations.The green chilli yield of hybrid Guntur Hope varied from 5.0 t/ha to 6.67 t/ha in different FLD organic plots, where as it varied from 5.75 t/ha to 6.83t/ha in inorganic plots (Farmers Practice). The average yield in organic plots was 6.29 t/ha in comparison with average yield 6.52 t/ha of inorganic plots in farmers practice. The average cost of cultivation per ha of chilli on FLD plots was Rs.46, 100/- as against Rs. 43,400/- on inorganic plots (Farmers Practice). The cost of chilli cultivation in organic farming was comparatively higher than the conventional practice because of use of bio inputs in the field. However, the averages net return of Organic chilli in different FLD plots was Rs. 58,167/- in contrast to Rs. 43,107/- in inorganic chilli. The organic farming recorded higher net return than that of the Farmers Practice. The B:C ratio was found to be 1: 2.28 in Organic chilli and 1: 2.00 in Inorganic chilli. Organic chilli growers were highly satisfied with their organic production and economic return. Chilli farmers were advised to switch over to organic farming which can give high return and minimize environmental degradation.

Effects of agro-chemicals practices in economic production of cabbage in valley districts of Manipur, India

Present investigation was conducted in Thoubal district and Imphal East district of Manipur, India to assemble the information about the economics of cabbage production, checking the practices done by farmers while using agro-chemicals and identifying the problems encountered by the producers in cabbage production. NPK was the most popular inorganic fertilizer amongst farmers. As such 59 farms applied fertilizer twice and 26 farms applied more than twice before harvesting. Different irrigation practices were encountered where use of pipes was more popular (53 farms) relative to the use of bucket irrigation (32 farms). Hoeing or hand fork were the most efficient tools for weed management (66 farms) followed by hand picking (21 farms). Majority of the farmers (79 farms) applied insecticides to control insect pest and fungicides as the major means of diseases management (78 farms). Overall the average cost of cultivation was worked out to be Rs. 18007.18 farm-1 with the cost of large farms much higher than the small farms which is estimated as Rs. 26827.12 farm-1 and Rs. 12126.35 farm-1 respectively. The main problems faced by farmers were pest and diseases problems, insufficient irrigation, inadequate electricity for irrigation, infertility of soil, non-availability of fertilizers in time and suitable plant protection chemicals. The study concluded that cabbage farmer misused pesticides in terms of its types and quantity used in order to increase its production. In addition, consumers were exposed to high pesticide residue levels due to limited or no waiting period before cabbage heads were harvested.

Factors Affecting Adoption of KAU Rice Varieties: An Econometric Analysis

Being a major food crop, rice is consumed by more than 60 percent people on the world over. So, cultivation of rice depends on the choice of farmer based on its profitability. A study was conducted to assess the relative profitability and the factors affecting adoption of KAUvarieties (Jyothi and Uma) in comparison with local non-KAU varieties (MAHAMAYA and TKM 9) under Palakkad and Alappuzha districts areas of Kerala. Cost concepts and probit model were used to analyse the data. The average cost of cultivation (Cost C2) of KAU varieties was found to be lower in Palakkad and Alappuzha districts (₹73, 213 and 81, 915 ha−1 respectively) compared to non-KAU varieties (₹83, 634 and 94, 526 ha−1 respectively). The gross and net income of KAU varieties were also found to be higher in Palakkad and Alappuzha compared to non KAU varieties. Organizational membership and an annual income of the farmers were identified as major factors affecting the adoption of KAU varieties.