Average Concentrations Of Chromium Research Articles

Detection and quantification of heavy metals and minerals in poultry feed collected from selected local markets in Bangladesh.

The study was primarily conducted to assess the stakeholders' knowledge regarding the contamination caused by heavy metals in poultry feedstuffs. The concentration of some heavy metals (lead, chromium, cadmium, and nickel) and macro-minerals (sodium, potassium, and calcium) was also analyzed in poultry feeds collected from selected local markets in Sherpur district, Bangladesh. A well-structured questionnaire survey was used to investigate different stakeholders' perspectives in relation to metal contamination in feed. Heavy metals and calcium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The flame emission spectrophotometric technique was applied to determine sodium and potassium. The majority of the stakeholders (90%) were found to have no knowledge regarding heavy metal contamination. Lead and nickel concentrations were below the detectable level in the collected samples. The average concentration of chromium in Jhenaigati upazila was four times higher than in Nalitabari upazila, at 21.806 mg kg-1 and 5.452 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of cadmium in both brand and nonbrand samples exceeded the maximum allowable limit set by the European Union at 1.329 mg kg-1 and 1.328 mg kg-1, respectively. Sodium, potassium, and calcium were found in the ranges of 0.0011%-0.0035%, 0.0010%-0.0013%, and 0.0080%-0.0305%, which were extremely low in concentration compared to the minimum requirement in poultry feed. Regular surveillance and governance systems should be incorporated into national policy to cease the hazardous impacts of heavy metals through feed contamination. From a nutritional viewpoint, poultry feeds need to be critically formulated.

Quality variations of leachate resulting from cigarette filter recycling as a challenge for its management

Recycling is known as a solution for cigarette filter management, but this may cause the release of trapped pollutants in it. Cigarette smoke toxins and chemicals that trapped in the cigarette filter can accumulate in the recycling leachate. In this study, littered cigarette filters and freshly smoked cigarette filters were recycled and the resulting leachate was analyzed. The results showed that the minimum and maximum Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the studied leachates were 2100 mg/L and 11,300 mg/L, respectively. The maximum temporal variation in the studied leachate quality was 74.28%, but the maximum spatial variation was 314.2%. COD in the freshly smoked sample was 2600–9200 mg/L more than the littered samples. The average concentration of chromium, lead, nickel, and cadmium in littered samples was 0.023, 0.024, 0.045, and 0.019 mg/L, respectively. Environmental conditions such as humidity, the efficiency of the urban cleaning system in reducing the resistance of littered filters, the difference in the quality of the filter and tobacco, and the difference in smoking behaviors were effective in this variation. Reducing the toxicity of cigarette smoke and improving the efficiency of the urban cleaning system can lead to the same quality, but leachate treatment is necessary to reduce the environmental risk.

Electrospark deposition of Fe–Cr–Cu coatings on St3 steel

It is well-known that chromium in metallic compositions forms dense passivating films that slow down corrosion. The new Fe–Cr–Cu coating was applied on St3 steel through electrospark deposition in an anode mixture consisting of copper and titanium granules, with the addition of chromium powder ranging from 4.85 to 13.26 wt. %. The weight gain of the cathode increased nearly twofold with the addition of chromium powder to the anode mixture. The structure of the coatings was analyzed through X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry. The phase composition of the coatings consists of ferrochrome and copper. It is demonstrated that the proposed method of electrospark processing allows for the creation of Fe–Cr–Cu coatings with an average chromium concentration ranging from 55 to 83 at. %. The average copper content in the prepared coatings varied from 5 to 16 at. %. The highest concentration of chromium was observed in the coating prepared with the addition of 13.26 wt. % Cr to the anodic mixture. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and impedance spectroscopy in a 3.5 % NaCl solution. Polarization tests have shown that applying Fe–Cr–Cu coatings to St3 steel can increase its corrosion potential by 12 to 19 % and reduce the corrosion current by 1.5 to 3.4 times. The microhardness of the coating surface ranged from 3.08 to 4.37 GPa, and the coefficient of friction ranged from 0.75 to 0.91. The maximum hardness and the lowest coefficient of friction were observed in the coating with the highest chromium content. It has been demonstrated that Fe–Cr–Cu coatings can enhance the wear resistance of the surface of St3 steel by 1.5 to 3.8 times.

Distributions of Chromium, Copper, and Cadmium in the estuary-coastal surface sediment of Tin-Rich Island

Belitung Island known as one of the tin producer in the world, as it lied in the South East Asian tin belt. The study was conducted in the North Belitung Island to investigate some metal elements concentration of sediment along the estuary river and coastal area near to carbonate reef environment system. Thirteen sediment samples were collected from estuarine riverbed, shoreline, and offshore of North Belitung. The concentrations of metal elements were analysed to assess the environmental pollution characteristics by using flame AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. The result indicated that the average concentrations of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) were 1.62-18.26, 5.72-80.07, and 1.4-4.59 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The calculation of geo-accumulation index (Igeo) was adopted in this study to evaluate the heavy metal pollution. The Igeo values revealed that this research area has been moderately polluted by Cr and Cu, and unpolluted-moderately polluted by Cd. Based on the contamination level to adverse biological effect, the heavy metals concentration in this research area has the low potential to adverse biological effect by Cr and Cu, and low-moderately potential by Cd. This information is important to lead the study about any other elements and heavy metals to evaluate the risk assessment in the tropical area.

Spatial distribution of the contamination and risk assessment of potentially harmful elements in the Ghizer River Basin, northern Pakistan

Abstract The Ghizer River Basin (GRB) is one of the sub-basins of the Indus River hosting rich mineralization and agrogenic activities. The GRB was sampled for 55 water samples and investigated for potentially harmful element (PHE) concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. PHE concentrations in water of the GRB were used to calculate the potential of non-cancer risks such as chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and cancer risk (CR). The highest average concentrations of chromium (37.1 ± 17.1 μg/L), copper (27.4 ± 12.5 μg/L), arsenic (4.8 ± 0.9 μg/L), cobalt (9.2 ± 3.3 μg/L), and nickel (62.7 ± 27.6 μg/L) were noted for the Ishkomen River segment of the GRB. Similarly manganese (417 ± 144 μg/L), cadmium (1.95 ± 0.02 μg/L), lead (7.7 ± 1.4 μg/L), and zinc (28.4 ± 5.5 μg/L) concentrations were maximum at downstream of the GRB. Geospatial and statistical analyses showed that lithogenic sources contributed higher to PHE contamination in the water of the GRB than the agrogenic sources. PHE concentrations were noted under the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water thresholds, except for nickel. Results showed the uppermost CDI value of 13.6 μg/kg-day for manganese and HQ value of 0.52 for arsenic via water intake of children. Non-cancer and CR values through water intake were under the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) thresholds and noted as suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Status in Surface Soil of a Nigerian University

The problem of urban soil contamination with heavy metals due to rapid urbanization and industrialization has been a major concern in recent years. A university can be considered as a product of industrialization and urbanization which is associated with different activities that may induce heavy metals pollution into the environment. Therefore, this research work assessed the contamination level of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in surface soils of Afe-Babalola university (ABUAD) using various indices. Soil samples were taken from ten (10) different functional sites in the university. These samples were taken to the laboratory and analyzed for chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) using standard method. The mean concentrations of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) were up to 0.75, 0.66 and 0.36 mg/g respectively, while manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) were 1.37 and 0.49 mg/g respectively. The average concentration of manganese (Mn) was comparable to its corresponding natural background value, but the average concentration of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) were higher. They were approximately of the ratio 1:7, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:2 respectively compared to their corresponding natural background value. The multivariate statistical analyses indicated that vehicles, power generating sets, petrol station, machine workshops, production plants and emissions from outdoor roasted food spots were the major sources of heavy metals contamination on the universitys’ soil. The results from contamination indices and assessment showed that the contamination level of soils within the university can generally be classified as moderately contaminated. Therefore, periodic assessment of the sources and associated ecological risks of the heavy metals is highly recommended. This is to enable decision-makers to effectively manage the environment in the manner that will preserve public and ecosystem health.

Environmental Geochemistry and Bioavailability and Health Effects of Chromium in Topsoil and Cauliflower Plant in Kirkuk, Northern Iraq

The content of chromium in the surface soil as well as its content in cauliflower plants in Kirkuk was studied to investigate the environmental geochemistry of this element. 30 samples of surface soil were collected from inside the study area at a depth of 0-20 cm. Eight samples of cauliflower were collected from the same study area, soil and plant sampling sites were determined using a GPS device . Using ICP-MS technology we were able to analyze these samples. The results of ICP-MS showed that the average concentration of chromium in the soil samples was 78.59 mg/kg and its highest concentration was in the sample A12 (93.4 mg/kg), the increase in the concentration of chromium in the soil is due to agricultural fertilizers, irrigation with sewage water, the impact of traffic, commercial activities and industrial workshop. The mean of its concentration cauliflower samples was 3.81 mg/kg, and the highest concentration was 4.7 mg/kg in sample AQ10, the increase in the concentration of chromium in the plant is due to pollution in the soil, and the difference in these concentrations is due to the location of the sample and the properties of the soil. The plant absorbs it through the roots, then the stems, leaves,and fruits. Bioaccumulation factor value for chromium ranged with an average of 0.047 for all cauliflower samples. CF soil samples that the surface soil for this area is within a level (low pollution, CF <1) indicating the presence of pollution at a very low level, and the potential ecological risk index PRI found that all surface soil samples in the study area have (low risk level, PLI≤50), and Igeo indicates that there is no pollution (practically uncontaminated, Igeo ≤ 0). It was found that the value of THQnc for both groups of adults and children in the study area was greater than 1. The CRcancer values for both groups were greater than 1*10-4.

Determination of heavy metals concentration in waste water of Warri Refining and Petrochemicals Company (WRPC)

Waste water from some industries contain high levels of contaminant such as colloid, suspended and dissolved minerals. Heavy metals have negative impact on all forms of life in the environment. Crude oil refining makes use of large volume of water, whence generate large quantities of waste water which must comply with stringent environmental guidelines. To this end, several treatment methods have been explored in order to keep contaminants levels within limits. This study investigated the presence of heavy metals in discharged waste water effluents from the premises of Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company LTD into the Ubeji creek. The analysis was carried out using the Flame Atomic Adsorption Spectrometry method. Standard solution used for calibration were prepared for the five heavy metals analysed. Results showed average concentrations of chromium was within the acceptable limit. The overall results show that effluent water from WRPC has concentrations of heavy metals that is within the prescribed acceptable limits for discharge into the environment.

Ecological risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metal contamination in urban soils in Shiraz, Southwest Iran

Soil quality in urban areas is deteriorating globally due to diverse anthropogenic activities. This study assessed urban soils from Shiraz (SW Iran), a city with heterogeneous industrial activity and anthropogenic emissions. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine soil properties and concentrations of cobalt, chromium, iron and nickel and (2) assess the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor and pollution indices of the studied metals and their adverse impacts on environmental quality and human health. A total of 143 soil samples (0–20-cm depth) were collected from the study area, and multivariate analysis, including spatial mapping, was performed. The average concentrations of chromium and nickel exceeded the limits for residential/parkland/industrial soils according to Canadian guidelines, whereas the average cobalt concentration was less than that specified by Swedish and Canadian guidelines. A multivariate analysis (cluster analysis, Pearson correlation and principal component analysis) confirmed that the heavy metals had the same origin and that anthropogenic activities had a significant effect on the heavy metal contamination of the soil. Furthermore, the contamination factor and enrichment factor indicated that the soil samples were moderately to highly contaminated by nickel, chromium and cobalt, whereas Igeo indicated very high contamination in all soil samples tested. The potential ecological risk index and modified potential ecological risk index also indicated moderate to high ecological risk from the heavy metals in the urban soil samples.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Controlled and Uncontrolled Landfill Soil, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

The study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in landfill soils. The soils samples were collected in some selected landfill, at Ouagadougou. Determinations of heavy metal concentrations, calculation of contamination factor and pollution load index of heavy metal in landfill soil were undertaken. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb) in the soils samples. The results showed that the average concentrations of chromium, lead and zinc determined in soils exceed the limits recommended by AFNOR NF U 44-04 and the recommended values proposed by CCME. This study showed that the soils from landfill sites were polluted by heavy metal.

Soil pollution evaluation and health risk assessment of heavy metals around Douroud cement factory, Iran

Industrial activates have contaminated the soils around the industries to some pollutants such as heavy metals. Nowadays, among the different industries, cement factories are of major environmental pollutant sources. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the soil pollution to heavy metals around Douroud cement factory in terms of geo-accumulation index, pollution index, and integrated pollution index. Also, a health-risk assessment was carried out. Sampling was performed at intervals of 500 m, 1250 m, and 2000 m from the factory site. Soil samplings were taken from the depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm from the top surface. The health-risk assessment regarding soil around the factory was assessed based on the USEPA procedure. The study results showed that the average concentrations of chromium, nickel, copper, lead and zinc in the soil around the cement factory were 115.77 mg/kg, 139.07 mg/kg, 80.47 mg/kg, 56.27 mg/kg, and 135.73 mg/kg, respectively. Also, the results showed that the concentration of the heavy metals in the top soil was significantly higher than subsurface sampling layers. Furthermore, the findings showed that the concentrations of all evaluated heavy metals were higher than the USEPA standard. The pollution index values in the soil around the cement factory were Cu > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cr. Based on this study, the daily intake rate of all the elements by oral ingestion route was higher than the inhalation and dermal contact routes. The hazard quotient values of all metals in all studied sampling points were < 1.

Electronic cigarettes

&#x0D; Background: Since 2011, the popularity of electronic cigarettes in North America has increased dramatically. However, with a lack of scientific data performed on long term health effects and the limited number of short term studies, it is difficult for Environmental Health Officers to effectively educate the public on concerns relating to the health and safety of the general public. The increase of teenage users demonstrates the need for better government legislation and enforcement, in order to prevent the re-glamorization of smoking in younger generations. Therefore, the following study conducted a chemical analysis on artificially inhaled vapor from two different types of e-cigarettes (disposable and rechargeable), to determine if any heavy metal concentrations; specifically cadmium, chromium, lead and arsenic, are detectable. Methods: The vapor from one of two e-cigarette types was artificially inhaled through a cellulose filter cassette by a personal sampling pump. A two tailed t-test was performed to determine if there were any differences between the heavy metals and the type of e-cigarette used in the study. Results: There was no statistical significant difference in heavy metal concentration by the type of e-cigarette used (for cadmium the p-value was 0.00, and power was 0.00, for chromium the p-value was 0.181220, and power was 0.008976342, for lead the p-value was 0.333711, and power was 0.001825742, for arsenic the p-value was 0.00, and power was 0.00). Conclusion: Based on the results, it was determined that there was no statistical significance between disposable e-cigarettes and rechargeable e-cigarettes with respect to concentration of the four heavy metals of interest (eg. cadmium, chromium, lead and arsenic). Although there was no statistical significance between the types of e-cigarettes used, the average concentration of chromium (IV) from the rechargeable e-cigarette was 0.13mg/m3, which is ten times the recommended 8-hour time weighted average (TWA) set by the BC Occupational Health and Safety Regulations. Hence, further studies must be conducted to determine if the average concentration found in this study truly reflects the concentration found in inhaled vapor from rechargeable e-cigarettes. Furthermore, environmental health officers can provide the public with the concentration found in this study and warn of potential health risks associated with e-cigarettes until further studies are released.&#x0D;

Determination of the Heavy Metal Levels in Panax notoginseng and the Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment

ABSTRACTHigh levels of heavy metals in Panax notoginseng (Sanchi), a valued traditional Chinese medicine, have drawn increasing concern regarding the safe usage of Sanchi preparations. Here, we measured the concentrations of six heavy metals in Sanchi samples from 20 major plantations, investigated the pharmaceutical processes and usages of Sanchi preparations, and assessed the associated potential health risks to consumers. The average concentrations of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in the Sanchi samples were 2.7, 3.7, 6.2, 22.1, 2.0, and 1.4 mg/kg, respectively. The hazard quotients (HQs) for these six single metals and the hazard index (HI) of these metals’ combination were all far less than 1, indicating the absence of a non-carcinogenic health hazard to consumers. The carcinogenic risk of As was 2.1 × 10−6, which is higher than the allowable level suggested by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency but less than the level suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). The probabilities of consumers’ exposure due to daily medicine consumption exceeding the allowable daily intakes from medicine (ADIsdrug, 1% of the ADI) suggested by the WHO were 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.1%, 0.0%, 1.6%, and 27.3% for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As, respectively.

Effect of cropping systems on heavy metal distribution and mercury fractionation in the Wanshan mining district, China: implications for environmental management.

The authors studied the concentration of heavy metals and mercury fractionation in contaminated soil in 2 agricultural land use systems (paddy rice and dry land) at the Wanshan mercury mine in China. The average concentrations of chromium, lead, copper, nickel, and zinc were generally lower in paddy rice soil relative to corn field soil. Soil under corn field production was slightly contaminated with lead (22-100 mg/kg), copper (31-64 mg/kg), and nickel (22-76 mg/kg) and moderately contaminated with zinc (112-635 mg/kg). In both soils, correlation of these metals with the titanium concentration in the soil indicates a geogenic origin for each metal (lead, r = 0.48; copper, r = 0.63; nickel, r = 0.47; zinc, r = 0.48). The mercury and antimony concentration in soil was high under both cropping systems, and future remediation efforts should consider the potential environmental risk presented by these metals. The concentration of bioavailable mercury in soil ranged from 0.3 ng/g to 11 ng/g across the 2 cropping systems. The majority of mercury (>80%) was associated with organic matter and the residual fraction. However, soil under paddy rice production exhibited a significantly lower concentration of Fe/Mn oxide-bound mercury than that under corn field production. This may be a function of the reduction of Fe/Mn oxides in the paddy rice soil, with the subsequent release of adsorbed metals to the soil solution. Sequential change from corn field to paddy rice production, as practiced in Wanshan, should therefore be avoided. Mercury adsorbed to Fe/Mn oxides in corn field soil potentially could be released into the soil solution and be made available for biomethylation under the flooded water management conditions of a rice paddy.

Effect of High-Temperature Heating on Chemical Changes in M&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Carbides of AISI D2 Tool Steel

The paper presents the study results obtained on 16H12MF/NC11LV/D2 tool steel. The main purpose of the study was to establish the chemical composition of the coarse primary M7C3 carbides occurring in that steel after a standard soft annealing. The effect of high-temperature annealing in the air atmosphere was investigated. The study was limited to the decarburized layer, on the distance of about 0.4 mm from the surface, of hardened steel after annealing and austenitizing at 1150 °C in the air atmosphere for the periods of 30 and 90 minutes. It was found that the coarse primary M7C3 carbides of the annealed D2 tool steel differ significantly as to the contents of Cr, Mo, and V, and in the most degree to the contents of chromium and molybdenum. The average concentration of chromium rises successively with the growth of austenitizing time. On the other hand, the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium are lower after 30 minutes of austenitizing than their concentrations in the similar carbides of the annealed steel. Prolongation of the austenitizing time up to 90 minutes results in the increase of molybdenum and vanadium contents in the coarse carbides. It was found that austenitizing of AISI D2 tool steel at the temperature of 1150 °C in the air atmosphere leads to precipitation of the second phase, brighter in the BSE_Z pictures, in relation to the matrix of carbides, with the amount and magnitude being higher with the annealing time.

Effect of High-Temperature Heating on Chemical Changes in M&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Carbides of AISI D2 Tool Steel

The paper presents the study results obtained on 16H12MF/NC11LV/D2 tool steel. The main purpose of the study was to establish the chemical composition of the coarse primary M7C3 carbides occurring in that steel after a standard soft annealing. The effect of high-temperature annealing in the air atmosphere was investigated. The study was limited to the decarburized layer, on the distance of about 0.4 mm from the surface, of hardened steel after annealing and austenitizing at 1150 °C in the air atmosphere for the periods of 30 and 90 minutes. It was found that the coarse primary M7C3 carbides of the annealed D2 tool steel differ significantly as to the contents of Cr, Mo, and V, and in the most degree to the contents of chromium and molybdenum. The average concentration of chromium rises successively with the growth of austenitizing time. On the other hand, the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium are lower after 30 minutes of austenitizing than their concentrations in the similar carbides of the annealed steel. Prolongation of the austenitizing time up to 90 minutes results in the increase of molybdenum and vanadium contents in the coarse carbides. It was found that austenitizing of AISI D2 tool steel at the temperature of 1150 °C in the air atmosphere leads to precipitation of the second phase, brighter in the BSE_Z pictures, in relation to the matrix of carbides, with the amount and magnitude being higher with the annealing time.

Determination of Metals in Sea Water of the Baltic Sea in Międzyzdroje

The present research work deals with the quantification of toxic heavy metals in the water samples collected from sea water in Międzyzdroje. While the annual average concentration of Cadmium was calculated as 0.44 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.46 ppm in 2009 of the year. The values obtained were found to be below the permissible limit of 2.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Chromium was calculated as 2.67 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.64 ppm in 2009 of the year. Which was very much above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The observed annual average concentration of Copper in the water was 0.08 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was below the permissible limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Mercury was calculated as 0.05 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was very much above the maximum limit of 0.01 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Nickel in the water samples was observed to be 2.47 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.70 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is close to the limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Lead in the water samples was observed to be 0.06 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The results of the present investigation indicate that the annual average concentration of Zinc in water samples was 3.45 ppm in 2008 of the year and 3.73 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 5.0 ppm set for inland surface water.

Heavy Metal Content in Water of Resko Lake (North-West Poland)

The present research work deals with the quantification of toxic heavy metals in the water samples collected from Lake of Resko (North-West Poland). While the annual average concentration of Cadmium was calculated as 0.34 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.28 ppm in 2009 of the year. The values obtained were found to be below the permissible limit of 2.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Chromium was calculated as 1,75 ppm in 2008 of the year and 1.97 ppm in 2009 of the year. Which was very much above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The observed annual average concentration of Copper in the water was 0.05 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.06 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was below the permissible limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Mercury was calculated as 0.03 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.04 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was very much above the maximum limit of 0.01 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Nickel in the water samples was observed to be 2.07 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.09 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is close to the limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Pb in the water samples was observed to be 0.07 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The results of the present investigation indicate that the annual average concentration of Zn in water samples was 3.02 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.74 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 5.0 ppm set for inland surface water.

Determination of Metals in Sea Water of the Baltic Sea in Międzyzdroje

The present research work deals with the quantification of toxic heavy metals in the water samples collected from sea water in Międzyzdroje. While the annual average concentration of Cadmium was calculated as 0.44 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.46 ppm in 2009 of the year. The values obtained were found to be below the permissible limit of 2.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Chromium was calculated as 2.67 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.64 ppm in 2009 of the year. Which was very much above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The observed annual average concentration of Copper in the water was 0.08 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was below the permissible limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Mercury was calculated as 0.05 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was very much above the maximum limit of 0.01 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Nickel in the water samples was observed to be 2.47 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.70 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is close to the limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Lead in the water samples was observed to be 0.06 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The results of the present investigation indicate that the annual average concentration of Zinc in water samples was 3.45 ppm in 2008 of the year and 3.73 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 5.0 ppm set for inland surface water.

Heavy Metal Content in Water of Miedwie Lake (North-West Poland)

The present research work deals with the quantification of toxic heavy metals in the water samples collected from Lake of Miedwie (North-West Poland). While the annual average concentration of Cadmium was calculated as 0.45 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.29 ppm in 2009 of the year. The values obtained were found to be below the permissible limit of 2.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Chromium was calculated as 2.78 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.50 ppm in 2009 of the year. Which was very much above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The observed annual average concentration of Copper in the water was 0.06 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was below the permissible limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Mercury was calculated as 0.04 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.04 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was very much above the maximum limit of 0.01 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Nickel in the water samples was observed to be 2.19 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.42 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is close to the limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Lead in the water samples was observed to be 0.06 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The results of the present investigation indicate that the annual average concentration of Zinc in water samples was 3.25 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.95 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 5.0 ppm set for inland surface water.