Average Concentrations Of Cadmium Research Articles

Detection of milk's sheep quality indicators by studying the contamination of milk with some heavy metals in some areas of Hadramout Coast – Yemen

An experimental study was conducted with the aim of using sheep milk as bioindicators of environmental pollution for cadmium, lead and arsenic in some areas of Hadhramout coast in the period from November 2021 to March 2022, 45 samples of milk were collected from five areas of the Hadhramaut coast (Fowah, Al-Ghaleelah Thelah, Shaheer and Al-Khareebah). Cadmium and lead concentrations were measured by (FAAS), while arsenic concentrations were measured by (AAS- MHS 15). The results of study showed that the mean concentrations of cadmium, lead and arsenic in milk samples are 0.0087 ppm, 0.055 ppm and 0.105 ppm; respectively. Concentration of cadmium were higher than the permissible limit according to Europe Union and Codex Alimentarius milk 0.01 ppm in urban areas (Fowah, Al- Ghaleelah, and Shaheer). Lead concentration was found higher than the maximum permissible limit for Europe Union and Codex Alimentarius of lead in milk 0.02 ppm in areas (Fowah, Al- Ghaleelah, and Shaheer). Arsenic concentration was found higher than the maximum permissible limit for Europe Union and of arsenic in milk 0.1 ppm in Thelah area, While Al-Khareebah area was in maximum permissible limit Europe Union. The statistical results showed that there were significant differences between the average concentrations of cadmium, lead and arsenic at a significant level (p<0.05) in milk samples in the different study areas. This study confirmed that sheep milk are good bioindicators for detecting environmental pollution with heavy metals. The study concluded that the main reason for the high concentrations of cadmium and lead in urban areas are human industrial activities, all process of combustion and industrial and agricultural wastes. The study recommends periodic monitoring and examination of heavy metals in the environment using bioindicators and identifying the main sources of their spread in the environment.

Content of Selected Harmful Metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Honeys from Apiaries Located in Urbanized Areas.

The chemical composition of honey, and therefore its quality and properties, is influenced by many factors, including its botanical origin and the harvesting conditions-the location of the apiary, access to melliferous plants, the proximity of industrial infrastructure and communication routes, etc. This quality may be reduced by undesirable, toxic compounds that penetrate honey from a contaminated environment, such as heavy metals and residues from other environmental pollutants. Therefore, the aim of our research was to assess the quality of honeys from urbanized areas-in particular, to assess contamination with heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (PAHs). In total, 35 samples from six different apiaries located in urbanized areas were examined. The content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), and the content of total PAHs as the sum of the concentrations of the compounds benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The average zinc content ranged from about 2 to 4.5 mg/kg, the average lead content ranged from 3.5 µg/kg to 388 µg/kg and the average cadmium content ranged from 0.5 to 14 µg/kg. It was found that all honeys contained certain amounts of harmful metals, and only lead exceeded the permissible limits. None of the samples tested contained sum content of PAHs exceeding 10 µg/kg of honey. Contrary to our expectations, the results obtained indicate that honeys from urbanized areas do not contain these harmful substances. In general, the presence of harmful metals does not, however, reduce honey's quality or its health value.

Determination of concentration and risk assessment of toxic metals in the settled dust from school yards of Mashhad metropolis.

The present study aims to measure the values of metal pollutants in the dust of schools in Mashhad metropolis, determine the source of metal pollution, evaluate the degree of pollution, assess the health risk (carcinogenicity/non-carcinogenicity) and evaluate the potential ecological risk. For this purpose, after measuring the concentration of metals using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer, from various indices including Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Contamination Factors (CF), Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), Enrichment Factor (EF), and Health Risk Indices such as Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), Carcinogenic Risk (CR) were used. The average concentrations of iron, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, vanadium and zinc (Fe, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) were 6361.50, 5.96, 0.59, 61.89, 37.13, 61.31, 28.93, 25.64 and 142.00µgg-1, respectively. Based on CF, PLI and Igeo indices, most of the findings for the studied elements were at the low pollution level. The results also showed that the most likely origin of the studied metals was anthropogenic sources. The results of PERI indices showed that potential ecological risk at only one of the collection sites. In contrast, a high ecological risk was obtained for Cd. Hazard Index values were below safe levels for all studied elements. CR levels for elements were also classified as negligible and acceptable or tolerable risk, although the highest CR value for Cr indicated possible harm to humans. The findings showed the need for more attention and continuous monitoring of the concentration of metals, especially chromium, to announce a possible warning and prevent their harmful effects. It should be noted that the present study is the first research with mentioned objectives in Mashhad city and also in Khorasan Razavi province.

Amulti-year study monitoring the cadmium content inthe tissues oflambs and sheep sampled inthe Czech Republic between 2001 and 2022.

Cadmium isone ofthe most important environmental contaminants. Animals grazing onnatural pastures are particularly exposed tocadmium. Sheep are mostly reared inextensive and grazing systems. Therefore, sheep may accumulate larger amounts ofcadmium compared toother ruminant species and are agood indicator ofexposure tocadmium contamination inagiven area. The determination ofcadmium concentrations inthe muscles, livers and kidneys oflambs and sheep was carried out inthe Czech Republic during the period 2001-2022. The average cadmium content inthe livers and kidneys ofall the lambs was 0.037±0.006 and 0.061±0.013mg.kg-1, respectively. The average cadmium content inthe livers and kidneys ofall the sheep was 0.319±0.047 and 1.255±0.204mg.kg-1, respectively. The maximum limit for human consumption was not exceeded inany ofthe 24samples inthe lambs but was exceeded in5 of33liver samples and 12 of33kidney samples inthe adult sheep. The average value ofcadmium inthe muscles ofthe lambs and sheep was 0.004±0.001mg.kg-1. The maximum limit for human consumption was not exceeded inany muscle sample. The cadmium content inboth the liver and inthe kidney differs significantly between the lambs and sheep, being higher inthe sheep (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Nostatistically significant trend ofadecrease inthe cadmium content inthe lamb and sheep tissues was found during the observed time (P>0.05). Wecan sum up that there isanevident need for further monitoring ofthe cadmium concentration inlamb and sheep tissues inthe Czech Republic.

APPLICATION OF BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN THE AREA OF ZENICA

The paper presents a study of the effects of soil bioremediation of contaminated soils by sowing Corn (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at three locations in the area of Zenica(Gradisce, Stranjani, and Ã… erici) in the spring of 2018. From March to September, soil samples were gathered to determine the concentration of the following heavy metalsiron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co). The initial soil analysis shows that the soils average concentrations of manganese, nickel, vanadium, cadmium, and molybdenum exceed the permitted limit value. The values of average phytoaccumulation coefficients indicate that alfalfa removes heavy metals in the soil more successfully for iron (0.0346 mg/kg), nickel (0.0732 mg/kg), lead (0.0892 mg/kg), vanadium (0.1152 mg/kg), molybdenum (0.072 mg/kg) and chromium (0.2182 mg/kg). The highest averagetransfer coefficient valueswere achieved for zinc (3.4157 mg/kg) and copper (4.1129 mg/kg) when corn was used. Both plants reached the same levelof cobalt accumulation (2.5 mg/kg).

Microplastics and cadmium pollution in Chinese sweet potato fields

Context and backgroundMicroplastics (MPs) and heavy metals (HMs) coexist in the farmland of China.MotivationIt still remains unclear the extent of their exposure and distribution in sweet potato fields.HypothesisPolyethylene (PE) or polyamide (PA) is the main MP pollutant in contaminated sweet potato sites, and the MP abundance in low-latitude and eastern areas is highest. Methods: In this study, saturated NaCl solution, a stereo microscope, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and an electrothermal digester are used for the extraction, observation, identification of MPs, and analysis of Cd elements in soil, respectively.MethodsIn this study, saturated NaCl solution, a stereo microscope, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and an electrothermal digester are used for the extraction, observation, identification of MPs, and analysis of Cd elements in soil, respectively.ResultsHere, we found an average MP level of 112,400 items/kg in 30 sweet potato field sites based on the items in 5 g soil and the magnification (200x), and the maximum abundance was 197,153 items/kg in Laiyang city, Shandong province, by field survey. The distribution characteristics of MPs are middle-latitude areas &amp;lt; low-latitude areas, and eastern areas &amp;gt; central areas. Most MPs are of the fragment and film shape, which account for 47.96 and 40.22%, respectively. In order to detect MP polymers in three cities named “Liancheng,” “Huanggang,” and “Laiyang” with different degrees of development, a laser infrared imaging system was used as a novel instrument to explore the MPs larger than 10 μm.ConclusionThe results showed that PA is the main MP pollutant in contaminated sweet potato sites, and soil texture, planting time, and urbanization processes may be the main factors affecting MP distribution. The average cadmium (Cd) concentration in 215 field sites is 0.15 mg/kg, and the local Cd pollution is existing, but the overall pollution is low. In addition, Cd concentration was negatively correlated with MP abundance. This study reveals the status of MP and also Cd pollution in sweet potato fields, which provides a theoretical basis for the safe production and utilization of sweet potato fields.

Bioaccumulation of Cadmium and Copper in Different Areas of The Eastern Part of The Gulf of Finland

The Gulf of Finland (with the estuary of the Neva River) is located in the northeastern part of the Baltic Sea and plays a key role in the formation of biological resources and the quality of the natural environment of the entire Baltic Sea. Along with eutrophication, its ecosystem is subject to anthropogenic pollution with toxic elements, including heavy metals. In this work, we analyzed the content of cadmium and copper in bottom sediments of the Gulf of Finland and in the tissues of the dominant species of benthic macrofauna — the deposit-feeder polychaete Marenzelleria arctia and the predatory isopod Saduria entomon. Significant variability was found in the spatial distribution of these elements in both environments. The average concentrations of cadmium (0.67±0.1 mg/kg of dry matter) in bottom sediments were correspondingly two times higher, and copper (34.4±4.0 mg/ kg) 1.5 times lower than the threshold levels established for the Baltic Sea. A significantly higher content of these metals was found in the tissues of isopods than polychaetes; in some locations it is an order of magnitude higher in isopods than in polychaetes. The factor of trophic transfer of metals in the Gulf food web showed biomagnification, i. e. accumulation of metals during the transition from low-level consumers (M. arctia) to predatory consumers (S. entomon), cadmium by 3.7 times and copper by 8.7 times. Thus, both species of benthic animals have high accumulative activity in relation to cadmium and copper, which contributes to the active transport of both metals from bottom sediments to marine biota, and, ultimately, transfer to the higher levels of the food web (fish, birds and mammals).

Risk assessment of four toxic heavy metals in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems around BSCIC tannery industrial estate of Savar, Dhaka,Bangladesh.

The shifting of tannery industries from Hazaribagh to Savar adjacent to Dhaleshwari River might have inevitable adverse impacts, especially the heavy metal contamination of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The study was carried out to investigate the concentrations of four heavy metals in the soil, water, and plant samples collected from around Dhaleshwari River adjacent to the Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation Tannery Industrial Estate, Dhaka. This study revealed that average concentrations of cadmium and chromium in soil exceeded the maximum permissible limit of World Health Organization (1996) and average concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in water exceeded the maximum permissible limit of World Health Organization (2011) and Environmental Conservation Rules (1997). The average concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in the roots and shoots of both Eichhornia crassipes and Cynodon dactylon exceeded the maximum permissible limit of Food and Agriculture Organization/ World Health Organization (2016). Ecological risk assessment using indices model for soil pollution indicated that soil is mostly contaminated with cadmium and chromium which can pose strong ecological risk Health risk assessment using indices model for water pollution revealed the high degree of contamination and unacceptable non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk for adults as well as children through ingestion of water. Average bioconcentration factor and bioaccumulation factor were higher in Eichhornia crassipes than Cynodon dactylon for lead, cadmium, and chromium. Average translocation factor was also higher in Eichhornia crassipes for all the metals except cadmium. It is suggested remedial and mitigation measures be instituted to control environmental degradation of the newly established Tannery Industrial Estate.

Unveiling the Rising Threat of Cadmium Pollution and Alarming Health Risks Associated with the Consumption of 15 Commercially Important Fish Species in the Middle Stretch of River Ganga, at Patna, India.

Among environmental contaminants, the rising level of cadmium in freshwater ecosystems is one of the most significant global concerns. The study addresses the current pollution status of cadmium in the middle stretch of River Ganga and explores the potential hazard associated with the consumption of 15 commercially important fish species by the inhabitants. Together 72 water and sediment samples were analyzed from the four representative sampling sites of River Ganga after the surveillance of major anthropogenic stressors. The concentration of cadmium ranges from 0.003 to 0.011mg/l and 0.2 to 3.48mg/kg in water and sediment respectively in 2022. The average concentration of cadmium was recorded to be the highest in Channa punctatus (1.35mg/kg), followed by Rita rita = Johnius coitor (1.15mg/kg), and the lowest in Labeo bata (0.2mg/kg). The finding highlights greater exposure duration and feeding preferences of fish species have played a significant role in the bioaccumulation of the metal in the riverine system. Notably, the domestic effluents, agricultural runoffs, and pollutants brought along by the tributaries of River Ganga are identified as the main anthropogenic stressors for the moderate to considerably polluted status of the River Ganga. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) have revealed a higher susceptibility to cadmium contamination in children followed by females, and males. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) has noted intake of Rita rita, Channa punctata, Puntius sophore, and Johnius coitor could be more detrimental to children's health than adults.

Pollution Assessment and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Surface Waters and Bottom Sediments of the Krzna River (Poland)

Due to their toxicity, lack of bioaccumulation and biodegradability, and ease of binding to sediments, heavy metals are considered the main pollutants of rivers. It is, therefore, necessary to control and monitor these pollutants. The present study analyzed the Krzna River, which flows in southeastern Poland and has an outlet to the Bug River. Over much of its length, the Bug River forms Poland’s border with Belarus, while its origin is in Ukraine. The main purpose of the conducted research was a qualitative and quantitative analysis of selected heavy metals, i.e., Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu, in bottom sediments and surface waters of the Krzna River. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the level of contamination of the studied matrices and identify the sources of pollution. Eighty samples of water and bottom sediments from the Krzna River were collected for the analysis. Due to the varying distribution of metals under the influence of changes in temperature, precipitation, and humidity, the samples were collected in May and August 2023. The average cadmium content in the sediments studied was the same in both May and August, at 0.6 mg/kg. In contrast, the nickel content of the sediments ranged from 4.6 to 6.1 mg/kg in May and from 4.8 to 6.8 in August. Only nickel and cadmium of the five heavy metals tested were present in amounts exceeding the geochemical background value. Analysis of the results indicates that only a minimal amount of heavy metals remain dissolved in the surface waters, and the remainder contaminates the sediments. The average concentrations of metals in the studied bottom sediments and surface waters were as follows: zinc &gt; lead &gt; nickel &gt; copper &gt; cadmium. The content of metals in the studied sediments was not high, but at the same time, their presence above the geochemical background indicates anthropogenic human activity. Any changes in hydrodynamic conditions and various environmental factors may result in the re-release of heavy metals contained in sediments into surface waters.

Quality variations of leachate resulting from cigarette filter recycling as a challenge for its management

Recycling is known as a solution for cigarette filter management, but this may cause the release of trapped pollutants in it. Cigarette smoke toxins and chemicals that trapped in the cigarette filter can accumulate in the recycling leachate. In this study, littered cigarette filters and freshly smoked cigarette filters were recycled and the resulting leachate was analyzed. The results showed that the minimum and maximum Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the studied leachates were 2100 mg/L and 11,300 mg/L, respectively. The maximum temporal variation in the studied leachate quality was 74.28%, but the maximum spatial variation was 314.2%. COD in the freshly smoked sample was 2600–9200 mg/L more than the littered samples. The average concentration of chromium, lead, nickel, and cadmium in littered samples was 0.023, 0.024, 0.045, and 0.019 mg/L, respectively. Environmental conditions such as humidity, the efficiency of the urban cleaning system in reducing the resistance of littered filters, the difference in the quality of the filter and tobacco, and the difference in smoking behaviors were effective in this variation. Reducing the toxicity of cigarette smoke and improving the efficiency of the urban cleaning system can lead to the same quality, but leachate treatment is necessary to reduce the environmental risk.

Сравнительная гигиеническая оценка качественного состава питьевой воды централизованной системы водоснабжения в отдельных районах г. Рязани

INTRODUCTION: Providing the population with drinking water that meets national standards is one of the urgent problems. In connection with the use of ground and surface waters for water supply in Ryazan and their different proportions in the water supply system, the quality of drinking water in individual districts of the city may have special features. AIM: Comparative hygienic assessment of the qualitative composition of drinking water of the centralized water supply system in the residential districts of Ryazan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of laboratory quality control of drinking water of central water supply system for the period from 2012–2021 were analyzed according to the monitoring data of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Ryazan Region. The calculation of the average many-year concentrations and the percentage of samples that do not meet hygienic requirements, was carried out. For statistical processing, the method of analysis of variance and Scheffe and Tamhein tests for paired comparisons were used, taking into account the results of Levene test. Statistical parameters were calculated in SPSS Statistics 19 software. RESULTS: Excess hardness of drinking water was recorded in all districts of the city, with the proportion of such samples ranging from 0.8% (Solotcha) to 74.1% (Stroitel). The average value of the total water hardness in Stroitel district was the highest, 7,554 mg-eq./l, exceeding the hygienic norm. In most districts, with the exception of Kanishchevo, Diagilevo, Zheleznodorozhny and Sovetsky, water samples (0.9–2.7%) were recorded that did not meet hygienic requirements for the content of generalized and thermotolerant coliform bacteria. The average many-year concentration of iron (2+) in the drinking water of the centralized water supply system of the village of Solotcha 2.5 times exceeded the MPC (0.3 mg/l) and was significantly higher than in the compared territories, and in 64.6% of samples its one-time concentrations did not correspond to the hygienic norm. In the territories of the districts: Dashkovo-Pesochnya, Kanishchevo, Mirny, Sovetsky and Zheleznodorozhny, the proportions of water samples with one-time concentrations of aluminum exceeding the MPC (0.2 mg/l) ranged from 1.5% (CI 95%; 0.3–8.2%) to 6.1% (CI 95%; 2.4–14.6%). One-time concentrations of boron above the MPC (0.5 mg/l) were recorded in drinking water in all districts of the city with the exception of Diaghilevo and Oktyabrsky, and ranged from 1.0% (CI 95%; 0.2–5.2%) to 1.9% (CI 95%; 0.52–6.68%). The average many-year concentration of cadmium in the drinking water of Dashkovo–Pesochnya residential area was 0.0006 mg/l and 1.9-14 times exceeded that in other districts of the city (p &lt; 0.05), while the proportion of water samples where one-time concentrations of this toxicant exceeded the MPC (0.001 mg/l) was 4.7%. Also, cadmium concentrations exceeded the hygienic standard at the control points of water supply network in Mirny (in 2.9% of samples), Sovetsky and Zheleznodorozhny districts (0.9% of samples in each). One-time concentrations of nickel most often exceeded the respective MPC (0.02 mg/l) in the drinking water of Dashkovo-Pesochnya and Solotcha residential areas making 10.9% (CI 95%; 4.7–23.0%) and 11.1% (CI 95%; 4.8–23.5%), respectively, and least often of Mirny and Moskovsky areas — 2.2% (CI 95%; 0.4–1.3%) (p &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The territorial features of the qualitative composition of drinking water of the centralized water supply system of the city of Ryazan are determined, consisting in higher average values of individual parameters and the percentages of samples that do not meet hygienic standards for hardness in Stroitel, Sovetsky, Zheleznodorozhny and Dashkovo-Pesochnya districts; for the content of sanitary-indicative microorganisms — in Stroitel, Dashkovo-Pesochnya, Mirny and Oktyabrsky; for the iron content (2+) — in Stroitel, Zheleznodorozhny, Oktyabrsky, Kanishchevo and Solotcha; for boron — in Stroitel; for cadmium — in Dashkovo-Pesochna and Mirny; for nickel — in Dashkovo-Pesochna and Solotcha; for lead — in Stroitel and Mirny.

Effects of Soil Properties on Pb, Cd, and Cu Contents in Tobacco Leaves of Longyan, China, and Their Prediction Models.

Longyan City in Fujian Province is one of China's top-quality tobacco-producing areas and plays an essential role in local economic development. To determine the correlation between heavy metal content in tobacco leaves and soil factors, soil physical and chemical properties and heavy metal contents of lead, cadmium, and copper in tobacco leaves were measured and analyzed by the correlation regression method. The content of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil was determined using hydrochloric acid extraction-AAS and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to determine heavy metal in tobacco leaf. The findings revealed that the average concentrations of lead, cadmium, and copper in the soil were 12.1, 0.092, and 3.88 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, the average levels of lead, cadmium, and copper in tobacco leaves were 2.33, 4.89, and 4.35 mg/kg, respectively. The cadmium enrichment coefficient of 54.3 was higher than lead and copper, indicating a greater health risk. Soil pH value was negatively correlated with lead content in tobacco leaf, while potassium and phosphorus nutrient levels were negatively correlated with copper content. In contrast, a positive correlation was established between the presence of organic matter with cadmium content in tobacco leaves. The prediction models of lead, cadmium, and copper in tobacco leaves can be expressed by the regression equation corresponding to each heavy metal as follows: YPb=2.33 - 0.005∗ XK+0.007∗XN - 0.271∗XpH+0.065∗XPb (R2 = 0.787), YCd=1.55+0.012∗XOM - 0.014∗XCu+34.6∗XCd (R2 = 0.891), and YCu=4.64 - 0.029∗XP - 0.007∗XK+0.245∗XCu (R2 = 0.724), respectively. The prediction models above provide an effective predictive tool for assessing heavy metal risk in tobacco leaves using soil properties in the study area.

Assessment of Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals in the Market Gardening Areas of Korsimoro

The aim of this study was to assess heavy metal soil pollution in market garden areas in the commune of Korsimoro. The analysis focused mainly on zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg). Composite samples of soil labels s1 to s21 were taken from the market garden site around the dam at a depth of 0-20 cm. A total of 21 soil samples were taken. The soil samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) at the Bureau of Mines and Geology of Burkina Faso laboratory (BUMIGEB).&#x0D; The enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), géoaccumulation index (Igeo) and pollution load index (PLI) were determined from the metal concentrations obtained.&#x0D; The average concentrations of heavy metals vary as follows:&#x0D; Cd &gt; Co &gt; Cr &gt; Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Cu &gt; Hg &gt; Pb &gt; As.&#x0D; The average concentrations of cadmium (587.039mg/kg±20.546), mercury (29.048mg/kg±20,647), nickel (60.037 mg/kg±14,615) and cobalt (575.956mg/kg±66,693) exceed the WHO limit values for agricultural soils.&#x0D; The calculated CF values show very high contamination of Co, Cd and Hg, considerable contamination of Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni and As, and no contamination of Pb.&#x0D; The EF values show very severe enrichment for cobalt (Co), followed by overall extremely severe enrichment for cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg).&#x0D; The calculated Igeo indicates extreme cadmium, mercury and cobalt contamination.&#x0D; The calculated PLI values are all greater than one. These results show that all the soils are polluted.&#x0D; The index determination approach makes it possible to predict the extent of soil pollution by the heavy metals considered in our study.

Determination of the Concentration of Heavy Metals in Artisanal Cheeses Produced in the Mexican States of Tabasco and Chiapas.

Cheese consumption provides humans with minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins. In Mexico, several cheese varieties are produced, each with its texture, scent, and flavor. The artisanal cheeses made in the states of Tabasco and Chiapas-including, among others, the varieties named crema (cream), doble crema (double cream), oaxaca, panela, fresco, bola, poro, cotija, and asadero-have a high demand in the domestic and foreign markets. The intensification of anthropic activity in these states causes an increased emission to the environment of contaminants like heavy metals, which could reach human foodstuffs through the food chains. In particular, heavy metal contents in cheeses consumed daily by these states' local populations might represent a public health risk. Because of that, our objectives in this work were to determine the concentrations of lead, cadmium, nickel, copper, zinc, and iron in artisanal cheeses produced in the states of Tabasco and Chiapas and to determine the values of the hazard quotient (HQ), total hazard quotient (THQ), and cancer risk total (CRT) for adult and young men and women. The results of our analyses of cheese samples from the states of Tabasco and Chiapas showed that the average concentrations (mg kg-1) of cadmium (0.0023 ± 0.002, 0.0023 ± 0.002 mg kg-1, respectively, for each state), lead (0.0047 ± 0.00, 0.0051 ± 0.002), nickel (0.0039 ± 0.0046, 0.0031 ± 0.0039), copper (0.0199 ± 0.021, 0.0202 ± 0.022), zinc (0.1611 ± 0.18, 0.194 ± 0.21), and iron (61.84 ± 4.23, 65.76 ± 6.61 mg kg-1), the first three values lower than the limits established by the FAO/WHO and Codex Alimentarius. The value of THQ that we obtained was less than one, and that of CRT was within the limits established by the US-EPA, which means that the consumption of artisanal cheeses from Tabasco and Chiapas by humans does not imply a risk of disease or cancer.

Prediction of human health risk and disability-adjusted life years induced by heavy metals exposure through drinking water in Fars Province, Iran

Exposure to heavy metals in contaminated drinking water is strongly correlated with various cancers, highlighting the burden of disease. This study aimed to assess the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, and Cr) in drinking water of Fars province and evaluate the attributed burden of disease. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment was performed using the hazard quotient (HQ) method, while the carcinogenic risk assessment utilized the excess lifetime cancer risk approach. The burden of disease was evaluated in terms of years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) for three specific cancers: skin, lung, and kidney cancer. The average drinking water concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) were determined to be 0.72, 0.4, 1.10 and 0.72 μg/L, respectively. The total average HQ of heavy metals in drinking water in the study area were 0.127, 0.0047, 0.0009 and 0.0069, respectively. The average ILCRs of heavy metal in the entire country were in the following order: 1.15 × 10−5 for As, 2.22 × 10−7 for Cd and 3.41 × 10−7 for Cr. The results also indicated that among the various counties analyzed, Fasa experiences the greatest burden of disease in terms of DALYs, with a value of 87.56, specifically attributed to cancers caused by exposure to arsenic. Generally, it can be said that the burden of disease is a critical aspect of public health that requires comprehensive understanding and effective intervention.

Content of Lead and Cadmium in the Tissues and Organs of the Wild Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos L.) Depending on the Region of Poland Where It Is Harvested.

A property common to heavy metals is that even in small concentrations they can exert toxic effects on living organisms, including humans. The aim of this study was to analyze the quality of the tissues and organs of wild mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos L.) by estimating the potential hygiene and toxicological hazard associated with the concentrations of lead and cadmium in these tissues and organs, as well as the influence of the birds' sex and place of origin on these parameters. A significantly higher average lead content was noted in the breast muscles and the livers of the mallards harvested in the Leszno hunting district compared to the birds from the Siedlce hunting district. A higher average cadmium concentration was recorded in the breast and leg muscles of the mallards harvested in the Leszno hunting district than the Siedlce hunting district. The concentration of cadmium in the tissues and organs of the mallards harvested in the Siedlce or the Leszno hunting district did not exceed the acceptable limits for the muscles and livers of slaughtered animals. This study found no significant effect of the sex of the wild crossbreeds on the content of lead and cadmium in tissues and organs. This study showed that the mallard has a measurable response to environmental pollution with lead and cadmium, and therefore it is a species that could to some extent be used as a bioindicator of the level of contamination of the environment with these xenobiotics. The ban on the use of lead pellets as ammunition in Poland may largely limit the degree of lead contamination of the tissues and organs of mallards.

Assessing the presence, concentration, and impacts of trace element contamination in a Chesapeake Bay tributary adjacent to a coal ash landfill (Possum Point, VA)

Coal ash (CA) is an industrial waste product that has been shown to contain several neurotoxic constituents such as cadmium, selenium, mercury, lead, and arsenic. Contaminant-laced leachates enter the environment via seepage, runoff, permitted discharge, or accidental spills from CA storage ponds or landfills which may pose a risk to wildlife residing in receiving waterways. In this study, we assessed 1) the presence and concentration of thirteen trace elements (Al, Ca, Mg, Cr, Cd, As, Se, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, B) in surface water and sediment grab samples using ICP-OES, 2) the temporal variability of trace elements using Pb-210 dated sediment core samples, 3) differences in species diversity using environmental DNA (eDNA) analyses, and 4) the presence and concentration of trace metals in banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) epaxial muscle tissue collected from waterways surrounding the Possum Point Power Station (Stafford, VA). Results showed the highest concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Se, Zn, and B in Quantico Creek (QC) adjacent to the coal ash ponds and elevated average cadmium and zinc concentrations compared to both upstream and downstream locations along the Potomac River. Sediment core profiles and Pb-210 analyses showed historical enrichment of several trace elements in QC beginning after the commissioning of the power plant in 1948. When compared to upstream and downstream sites, species diversity was drastically reduced in Quantico Creek based on eDNA identification. Muscle tissues of banded killifish collected in Quantico Creek displayed increased Al, Cd, and Zn concentrations compared to upstream and downstream sites. Collectively, our results demonstrate the potential impacts of coal ash landfills on aquatic ecosystems and suggest that further research is needed to fully inform risk assessment and remediation efforts.

Distributions of Chromium, Copper, and Cadmium in the estuary-coastal surface sediment of Tin-Rich Island

Belitung Island known as one of the tin producer in the world, as it lied in the South East Asian tin belt. The study was conducted in the North Belitung Island to investigate some metal elements concentration of sediment along the estuary river and coastal area near to carbonate reef environment system. Thirteen sediment samples were collected from estuarine riverbed, shoreline, and offshore of North Belitung. The concentrations of metal elements were analysed to assess the environmental pollution characteristics by using flame AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. The result indicated that the average concentrations of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) were 1.62-18.26, 5.72-80.07, and 1.4-4.59 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The calculation of geo-accumulation index (Igeo) was adopted in this study to evaluate the heavy metal pollution. The Igeo values revealed that this research area has been moderately polluted by Cr and Cu, and unpolluted-moderately polluted by Cd. Based on the contamination level to adverse biological effect, the heavy metals concentration in this research area has the low potential to adverse biological effect by Cr and Cu, and low-moderately potential by Cd. This information is important to lead the study about any other elements and heavy metals to evaluate the risk assessment in the tropical area.

Ensuring the ecological safety of agroecosystems in conditions of increased content of heavy metals in fodder and manure of cows

Environmental pollution with organic waste from livestock, especially cattle manure, is relevant for various countries of the world, including the United States of America and the countries of the European Union. Manure, which contains toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, copper and zinc, is a much greater threat to agroecosystems and, in particular, to the soil. In the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, a scientific and economic experiment was conducted on dairy cows for the production of ecologically safe milk. During the experiment, the research groups were fed a special mineral-vitamin premix and an injection of a biological preparation that enhanced the elimination of heavy metals with excrement. Experiments were conducted in four farms with different livestock. At the end of the experiment, 10 samples of manure mass were taken from each farm (total of 40 samples) and a chemical analysis of the concentration of heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn was made using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (spectrophotometer AAS-30). It was established that as a result of the content in animal diets of fodder with exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations of heavy metals, they, passing through the gastrointestinal tract, fall together with excrement into manure. The average concentration of cadmium was 0.07-0.11 mg/ kg, lead 5.48-8.25 mg/kg, copper 37.71-47.42 mg/ kg, zinc 66.55-81.49 mg / kg. Litter manure is subsequently applied to agricultural land as an organic fertilizer. In order to prevent soil contamination with heavy metals, it is necessary to establish the expediency of applying organic fertilizers to vegetable and fodder crops in each specific case, especially those that are fed to dairy cows. In connection with the difficulty, in today's conditions, for farmers to purchase a sufficient amount of mineral fertilizers, to increase the use of organic fertilizers, if their quantity is sufficient in the farm, but their application to the soil should be controlled and standardized, taking into account the concentration of toxicants in the manure mass and the soil of agricultural lands with simultaneous improvement of grinding and uniformity of distribution over the field. The use of modern equipment for crushing and spreading manure, as well as scientifically based methods of its composting, growing vermiculture, synanthropic fly larvae or biogas production will contribute to the introduction of manure into the soil as an ecologically safe organic fertilizer, will positively affect its mechanical and physical chemical properties, will ensure a good economically effective yield of crops, ecological safety of agroecosystems, cows with ecologically safe feed.Keywords: average daily hopes, premix, bioprepared, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, contaminated feeds, antidote substances. Key words: manure, heavy metals, organic waste, ecological safety, agro-ecosystem, dairy cows.