Average Beck Depression Inventory Score Research Articles

Association between non-penetrative sexual activities and depression in women with vaginismus: a cross-sectional study.

This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the association between non-penetrative sexual activities (NPSA) and depression levels in women diagnosed with vaginismus. A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted between March 2016 and June 2019, after approval by the Fırat University Faculty of Medicine ethics committee. Participants comprised married women referred to our female sexual dysfunction outpatient clinic with vaginismus. Diagnosis of vaginismus was established following comprehensive evaluations, including gynecological examination and psychiatric assessment. Sociodemographic data and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were collected. We compared depression levels between women who engaged in NPSA and those who did not. Of the 75 women with primary vaginismus included in the study, 18 did not engage in any NPSA and 57 engaged in at least one NPSA. The average BDI score of those who engaged in NPSA was significantly lower than those who did not. A negative correlation was found between the number of NPSA engaged in and BDI scores (r = -0.494). Women with vaginismus had high depression scores, but engaging in NPSA was associated with lower depression levels. The findings suggest that incorporating NPSA into clinical interventions may be beneficial for managing depression in women with vaginismus.

Evolving Mental Health Dynamics among Medical Students amid COVID-19: A Comparative Analysis of Stress, Depression, and Alcohol Use among Medical Students.

Background and Objectives: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has posed an array of new challenges for medical students worldwide. Amidst academic rigors, students are confronted with unique stressors, potentially affecting their mental health and substance use. This study aimed to investigate the multifaceted effects of depression, alcohol use, and stress on medical students and discern how these factors have been amplified by the pandemic's circumstances, and to identify predictors of mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Materials and Methods: Two online anonymous and cross-sectional surveys were conducted at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" in Romania among medical students in 2018 and in 2022. Data were gathered via online questionnaires distributed through closed student groups on social media platforms, with a total of 1061 participants, to investigate stress, depression, alcohol and drug use, and the impact of the pandemic and online education on mental health, maintaining anonymity and ethical approval. The Medical Student Stress Questionnaire (MSSQ) was employed to measure different aspects of stress, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) provided insights into the participants' depressive symptoms, and for the assessment of alcohol consumption habits, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was utilized. Results: Our findings showed a significant decrease in mean depression scores (13.81 vs. 11.56, with p < 0.001) from 2018 to 2022. In 2018, students scored significantly higher in the overall stress-related domains. Additionally, being female, facing financial constraints, and being in pre-clinical years emerged as predictors of heightened academic-related stress and depressive symptoms. Students who had experienced the loss of a family member due to COVID-19 exhibited a statistically significant rise in their average BDI score and current anxiety levels. Conclusions: The pandemic, despite introducing new stressors, may have indirectly fostered an increased focus on students' mental health, leading to more refined support mechanisms. Specialized interventions, taking into account gender and financial problems, are needed to address the multifaceted challenges faced by medical students. Our study highlights the ongoing need to nurture both the academic and emotional strength of future medical practitioners.

Depression symptoms and quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

To determine depression symptoms and quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The data were collected using the Participant Information Form, PCOS Quality of Life Questionnaire (PCOSQ-50), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The study was conducted with 131 women. The average BDI score was found to be lower in women with PCOS who perceived their income as sufficient (p = 0.033) and who worked (p = 0.003) and was found to be higher in the participants who had hirsutism (p = 0.008) and acne (p = 0.045). The PCOSQ-50 average score was 178.15 ± 27.27 in women without depression symptoms and 139.14 ± 31.33 in women with depression symptoms. The PCOSQ-50 total score was higher in women without depressive symptoms (p = 0.000). Healthcare professionals should evaluate depression symptom levels using standard measurement tools and provide appropriate counseling.

Depressive disorders among physician parents in times of COVID-19 pandemic

IntroductionStudies have shown that physicians manifest a clear duty to work. For parents, reconciling work with parenthood is not easy and can even lead to depression.ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and the factors for depression in Tunisian physician parents.MethodsThis was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 93 Tunisian physician parents, conducted on google drive in March 2021, including a questionnaire containing the parents’ personal and professional data and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).ResultsIn our study, the sex ratio (M/F) was 0.05. The average age was 34.43 years old. Almost three-quarters of doctors (71.3%) were providing on duty services in the hospital while 69% were providing at least one call per month in COVID units. The average BDI score was 6.16. According to the BDI score, 60.9% of participants had depression. The BDI score was correlated with several types of dissatisfaction: dissatisfaction with the relationship with his child (p = 0.002), time devoted to the partner (0.001), time devoted to the child (p = 0.004), child’s educational style (p &lt;0.001), time spent on leisure or personal activities (p &lt;0.001), child’s academic performance (p = 0.001) and child’s behavior (p &lt;0.001). Furthermore, the BDI score was associated with postponing having a child for career reasons (p = 0.038) and thinking that his career is slowed down by parenthood (p &lt;0.001).ConclusionsDepression’s rate among physician parents appears to be significant. It’s associated with a feeling of guilt and dissatisfaction, hence the necessity of an early detection and management.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Evaluation of the relationship between physical activity level and functional capacity, depression and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical activity level on functional capacity, depression and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).Materials and Methods: Seventy nine patients who were diagnosed with knee OA according to ACR (American College of Rheumatology) criteria who applied to Inonu University, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, were included in the study. Radiological stage of knee osteoarthritis was evaluated according to the Kellgren Lawrence score. The patients were divided into two groups as Inadequate Activity Group (IAG) and Physically Active Group (PAG) according to their answers to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Patients were evaluated using the ShortForm 36 (SF-36) questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC).Results: WOMAC physical function scores were lower on PAG. The average BDI score of PAG was significantly lower than IAG. The average SF-36 scores in PAG were found to be significantly higher when compared with the IAG (p 0.05).Conclusion: Increased physical activity in patients with knee osteoarthritis; It has positive effects on functional capacity, depression and quality of life.

Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes of Young Adults with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Turkish Population

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the functional status, life quality, mood and functionality of the adult patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in Turkish population. Forty-seven patients with JIA were included in the study. Demographic features, disease characteristics, number of tender and swollen joints, pain score according to visual analogue scale and disease activity according to Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) were calculated and recorded. Functional disability was evaluated with a modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (m-HAQ). Quality of life was evaluated with Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale-2 (AIMS-2). Mood status was evaluated with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The average DAS28 score of the patients was 4.37. Mean m-HAQ score was 1.25. According to AIMS-2 subscales, the average mobility level score was 5.5, walking and bending score was 6.0, hand and finger function score was 5.0, arm function score was 3.5, self-care score was 2.5, household tasks score was 3.75, social activities score was 6.0, support from family and friends score was 3.13, arthritis pain score was 6.0, level of tension score was 5.5, mood score was 6.0, satisfactory of health score was 7.31, and the general perception of health score was 5.0. The average BDI score was 19.0 while BAI score was 20.0. Although patients have mild disease activity and functional disability, their mood status and life quality are better. Patients may adapt to their disability status and survive their functional independence.

Impact of Depressive Symptoms on All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

to assess the association between depression and all-cause mortality in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We enrolled in this study 156 patients (mean age 55.3±9.6 years) with CHF and implanted devices for CRT. Mean duration of follow-up was 51.6±33.4 months. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to evaluate depressive symptoms (DS); DS were considered absent for a score 0-9, mild to moderate - 10-18, severe - ≥19. For assessment of association of DS and mortality we used multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model with estimation of hazard ratios (HR) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 %CI). Average Beck Depression Inventory score was 12.4±8.3. In 66 patients (42.3 %) there were no DS, 57 patients (36.5 %) had mild, and 33 (21.2 %) - severe DS. These groups did not differ by main clinical-functional and laboratory indicators. Among individuals without DS prevailed men (90.9 vs. 69.7 % among those with severe DS, p=0.007). Hypercholesterolemia was more frequent in patients with DS (63.3 vs. 43.9 % in patients without DS, p=0.02). During follow-up 33 patients died (21.2 %). Adjusted HR of death from all-causes for DS score as continuous parameter was 1.05, 95 % CI 1.01-1.09, p=0.02. Patients without DS were used as reference (HR=1.0) in analysis of categorical indicator. HR was 1.08, 95 % CI 0.46-2.54, p=0.9 in patients with mild, and 2.92, 95 % CI 1.17-7.32, p=0.02 - with severe DS. DS were associated with gender and hypercholesterolemia. Severe DS were independently associated with all-cause mortality in patients with CHF and implanted CRT devices.

Rapid effectiveness of intravenous ketamine for ultraresistant depression in a clinical setting and evidence for baseline anhedonia and bipolarity as clinical predictors of effectiveness.

Intravenous ketamine has been established as an efficacious and safe treatment, with transient effect, for treatment-resistant depression. However, the effectiveness of intravenous ketamine in non-research settings and with ultraresistant depression patients remains understudied. This study aims to measure the response and remission rates in ultraresistant depression patients in a clinical setting by means of a retrospective, open label, database study. Secondarily, the study will attempt to support previous findings of clinical predictors of effectiveness with intravenous ketamine treatment. Fifty patients with ultraresistant depression were treated between May 2015-December 2016, inclusive, in two community hospitals in Edmonton using six ketamine infusions of 0.5 mg/kg over 40 min over 2-3 weeks. Data were collected retrospectively from inpatient and outpatient charts. Statistical analysis to investigate clinical predictors of effectiveness included logistic regression analysis using a dependent variable of a 50% reduction in rating scale score at any point during treatment. At baseline, the average treatment resistance was severe, with a Maudsley Staging Method score of 12.1 out of 15, 90.0% were resistant to electroconvulsive therapy, and the average Beck Depression Inventory score was 34.2. The response rate was 44% and remission rate was 16%. As a single predictor, moderate or severe anhedonia at baseline predicted a 55% increased likelihood of response. As a combined predictor, this level of anhedonia at baseline with a diagnosis of bipolar depression predicted a 73% increase in likelihood of response. In a clinical setting, intravenous ketamine showed effectiveness in a complex, severely treatment-resistant, depressed population on multiple medication profiles concurrently. This study gave support to anhedonia and bipolar depression as clinical predictors of effectiveness.

DOĞUMA HAZIRLIK EĞİTİMİNİN GEBELERDE PRENATAL BAĞLANMA VE DEPRESYON RİSKİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Objective: This study is conducted to specify the effects of birth preperation training on the depression risk of pregnant women and their prenatal attachment levels.Method: This semi-experimental designed single group pretest-posttest study was conducted with 44 pregnant women attending the prenatal preparatory class of a public hospital. In the data collection process of the study, Pregnancy Presentation Form, Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PBI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used . The data were collected through interview method by the researchers.Results The mean for the age of the participants is 26,29±4,34, for the mean of the participants gestational week is 30,47±3,00, for the gestational observation number is 8,06±2,33. The average BDI score before participating in the birth preparation class is is 14.77 ± 7,40, the mean PBI score is 59,90 ± 12,40. The mean BDI score of the participants after participating in the birth preparation class is 8.06 ± 5.26. The mean PBI score is 71,88 ± 8.25. Prenatal attachment was found high in women who were planned pregnant, nuclear family and working women and the risk of depression was found low in multiparous women, Conclusion: It has been observed that birth preperation training decreases the depression risk of the pregnant women and increased the level of mother-baby attachment.

Effect of stress management training on depression, stress and coping strategies in pregnant women: a randomised controlled trial

Introduction: Pregnancy is a period of important biological and psychosocial changes and a period that carries high risk of experiencing anxiety and stress. It is important to reduce the depression and stress that is experienced in this period or to reduce the severity of the stress and to increase the stress coping power of the pregnant women. The research was conducted to examine the effect of stress management training on pregnant women’s depression, stress and methods for coping with stress.Methods: Randomised controlled study of 202 pregnant women (experimental group: 103; control group: 99). The experimental group received stress management training and standard care; the control group received standard care. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and ways of coping inventory (WCI).Results: Both groups showed a decrease in average BDI score during the study; the decrease was greater in the experimental group (p < 0.05). In the two assessments carried out after training the experimental group had lower average PSS scores than the control group (p < 0.05). At the second and third assessments the experimental group had higher scores than the control group on the self-confident approach and search for social support approach WCI subscales (ps < 0.05).Discussion: The average BDI and PSS scores of pregnant women in the experimental group decreased after training in coping with stress. Their scores on the self-confident approach, optimistic approach and search for social support WCI subscales increased. Stress management training is an effective method of encouraging pregnant women to take a positive approach to coping with stress.

Influence of depression in a sample of people with hallux valgus.

Hallux valgus (HV) is a highly-prevalent forefoot deformity associated with progressive subluxation and osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint; it is believed to be associated with depression. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of patients with varying degrees of HV involvement to depression using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The sample consisted of 102 participants (mean age: 45.1 ± 1.6), who attended an outpatient centre where self-report data were recorded. The degree of HV deformity was determined in both feet, and the scores on the BDI were compared. A total of 38.24% of the sample had depression, with an average BDI score of 10.55 ± 12.36 points. There was a statistically-significant association between the degree and presence of HV in both feet (P = 0.0001). People with a greater degree of HV deformity in any foot also have a significant increase in depression based on BDI scores, regardless of sex.

CHILD PROTECTION AND ADULT DEPRESSION: EVALUATING THE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF EVACUATING CHILDREN TO FOSTER CARE DURING WORLD WAR II

This paper combined data collected from war time government records with survey data including background characteristics, such as factors that affected eligibility, to examine the adult depression outcomes of individuals who were evacuated from Finland to temporary foster care in Sweden during World War II. Using war time government records and survey data for a random sample of 723 exposed individuals and 1321 matched unexposed individuals, the authors conducted least squares adjusted means comparison to examine the association between evacuation and adult depression (Beck Depression Inventory). The random sample was representative for the whole population of evacuees who returned to their biological families after World War II. The authors found no statistically significant difference in depressive symptoms during late adulthood between the two groups; for example, the exposed group had a 0.41 percentage points lower average Beck Depression Inventory score than the unexposed group (p = 0.907). This study provides no support for family disruption during early childhood because of the onset of sudden shocks elevating depressive symptoms during late adulthood.

Characteristics of Depressed Patients Treated in Rural Areas of Chile

Objective: To describe a group of depressed patients that participated in a clinical intervention to improve depression treatment in rural areas. Materials and Methods: It is a clinical intervention for depressed patients from 15 rural hospitals. The principal outcome is depressive symptomatology measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the secondary outcome is quality of life. The intervention consists of a collaborative program between primary care teams and specialized teams, with support from an electronic platform and a call center. Results: 254 subjects—13.8% men and 86.2% women—were recruited, with an age range between 18 and 65 years. The majority had a stable partner and attended high school. Homemakers made up 47.4% of the sample, and 38.7% were employed. The average BDI score was 29.8 (s. d. = 9.2). There was a history of previous depressive episodes in 42.9% of the cases, 37.4% presented severe suicide risk, and 59.1% had a comorbid anxiety disorder. Conclusion: It is a clinical sample of patients with severe depressive symptoms who are treated by primary care physicians in rural zones. The sample had comorbid anxiety and poor quality of life associated with their mental illness.

Suicidal ideation in seropositive patients seen at a South African HIV voluntary counselling and testing clinic

Suicidal behaviour and HIV/AIDS are significant public health concerns. The aim of this study was to investigate suicidal ideation in patients who were referred to a voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VCT) clinic and who were found to be seropositive. This in order to improve suicide prevention and intervention strategies amongst such patients. The sample studied consisted of volunteer adult patients referred over a three-month period to a HIVVCT clinic based at a university-affiliated general state hospital. Patients completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic data. Suicidal ideation was measured using the Beck Hopelessness Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), at two time points (within 72 hours after notification and again at a 6 week follow-up). All patients received extensive pre-and post-test counselling. HIV-test results were available for 189 (99.5%) of the original sample of 190 patients studied, with 157 (83.1%) testing positive. More females tested positive as did unemployed and single/divorced patients. The mean age for HIV-positive patients was 33.49 (SD = 9.449), and for HIV-negative patients it was 37.94 (SD = 15.238). Age was a significant factor in that for each year increase in age, the risk of testing HIV-positive decreased by 4.1%. Lower education and traditional beliefs were also significantly associated with testing HIV-positive. At 72 hours suicidal ideation was present in 17.1% (95% confidence interval 12.16% to 23.45%), and at 6 weeks in 24.1% (95% confidence interval 17.26% to 32.39%) of the seropositive patients. Their average BDI scores were 15.20 and 14.23 respectively at the two time points. Suicidal ideation was present in a significant number of the seropositive cohort studied and increased over a six week period among these patients. The average BDI scores at both time points imply a clinical depression. The findings also suggest an association between positive HIV-test results and certain socio-demographic variables that can act as indicators for suicidal ideation in HIV-infected persons, although this requires further research. Although the relationship between suicidal ideation and HIV-infection is complex, it is an important consideration when assessing patient suicide vulnerability at HIV VCT clinics and when implementing suicide prevention and management strategies.

Improved key health outcomes in women with fibromyalgia undergoing different supervised exercise programmes: a randomised controlled trial

The aim of this study was to compare the relative effects of supervised aerobic exercise (AE) with a combined programme of supervised aerobic, muscle strengthening and flexibility exercises on important health outcomes in women diagnosed with fibromyalgia (FM). Sixty-four women diagnosed with FM were randomly allocated to one of three groups: AE, combined exercise (CE) or usual care control. They were assessed at baseline and after 24 weeks using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Short-form Health Survey (SF-36) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Functional outcomes were aerobic capacity (6-min walk test), hand-grip strength and range of motion. A 14%-15% improvement from baseline in total FIQ score was observed in the exercise groups (p≤0.02), and was accompanied by reductions in BDI scores of 8.5 (p&lt;0.001) and 6.4 (p&lt;0.001) points in the AE and CE group, respectively. Relative to nonexercising controls, CE evoked improvements in the SF-36 physical function (p=0.003) and bodily pain (p=0.003) domains and was more effective than AE for evoking improvements in the vitality (p=0.002) and mental health (p=0.04) domains. Greater improvements were also observed in shoulder/hip range of motion and handgrip strength in the CE group. The magnitude of improvement in FIQ scores constitutes a clinically relevant change in FM and is similar to those reported previously after AE interventions in some studies. The improvement in average BDI score in the AE group is comparable to that previously reported after AE interventions suggesting that the changes in BDI scores evoked by this exercise modality are less pronounced. Although changes in global SF-36 scores were similar across exercising groups, improvements in a broader range of SF-36 domains were observed. Furthermore, effect size changes in relation to the controls were generally greater than those observed after the programme of AE. Given the equivalent time commitment required for AE and CE, our results suggest that women with FM can gain additional health benefits by engaging in a similar volume of combined strength, flexibility and AE.

ORIGINAL RESEARCH—PSYCHOLOGY: Depression Resulting from Olfactory Dysfunction is Associated with Reduced Sexual Appetite—A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study

ABSTRACT Introduction Anecdotal reports from patients with smell loss provided the basic motivation for the present study on sexual dysfunction among patients with olfactory dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sexual appetite and the subject’s depression in regard to olfactory function. Methods Eighty-six patients referred to our smell and taste clinic with olfactory dysfunction were investigated. Olfactory function was assessed by means of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test battery consisting of tests for odor threshold (T), odor discrimination (D), and odor identification (I). Their results were summed up to a composite score, the so-called “TDI score.” All participants completed a questionnaire including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and 11 questions for evaluation of the sexual appetite in regard to the time before the onset of olfactory dysfunction and since the olfactory dysfunction. The points received for the latter questions were summed up to the so called Sexual Appetite Index (SAI). Results Olfactory testing revealed that 38 patients were functionally anosmic, 39 patients were hyposmic, and nine patients were normosmic. The average BDI score was 11.0 ± 8.4 points. Evaluation of the SAI questionnaire revealed a significant decrease (P = 0.003) of the score from 22.7 ± 4.5 points from the time before to 21.4 ± 4.9 points since the onset of olfactory loss. No significant correlation was found between olfactory function and the SAI since the onset of olfactory dysfunction. However, the BDI score correlated negatively with the SAI since the onset of olfactory dysfunction (r85 = −0.36; P = 0.001). Conclusion The present study does not confirm the hypothesis that loss of olfactory function directly impacts on sexual appetite. It seems that depression caused by olfactory loss is the main cause for the self-reported decrease in sexual appetite as the onset of olfactory dysfunction.

Cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility of cognitive therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, and fluoxetine (prozac) in treating depression: a randomized clinical trial

Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of cognitive therapy (CT), rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT), and fluoxetine (Prozac) for major depressive disorder (MDD) were compared in a randomized clinical trial with a Romanian sample of 170 clients. Each intervention was offered for 14 weeks, plus three booster sessions. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were obtained prior to intervention, 7 and 14 weeks following the start of intervention, and 6 months following completion of intervention. CT, REBT, and fluoxetine did not differ significantly in changes in the BDI, depression-free days (DFDs), or Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Average BDI scores decreased from 31.1 before treatment to 9.7 six months following completion of treatment. Due to lower costs, both psychotherapies were more cost-effective, and had better cost-utility, than pharmacotherapy: median $26.44/DFD gained/month for CT and $23.77/DFD gained/month for REBT versus $34.93/DFD gained/month for pharmacotherapy, median $/QALYs=$1,638, $1,734, and $2,287 for CT, REBT, and fluoxetine (Prozac), respectively.

Acute Stabilization in a Trauma Program: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT Previous treatment outcome studies from a hospital-based Trauma Program in Texas reported a marked reduction in depression, hopelessness and suicidality during acute inpatient and day hospital treatment. In the current pilot study, the authors measured Beck Depression Inventory scores at admission and discharge from inpatient treatment at a hospital-based Trauma Program in Michigan serving a similar population and employing the same treatment model. The average Beck Depression Inventory Score at admission was 33.3 and at discharge an average of 10.3 days later, it was 13.5. The results of this pilot study indicate that the excellent treatment response at the Texas hospital likely can be replicated at other locations.

Depressive symptoms of patients using clean intermittent catheterization for neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury

Prospective, cross-sectional study, based on cases of spinal cord injury (SCI). Three outpatient medical departments in Seoul, Korea. To assess depressive symptoms in patients on clean intermittent catheterization after SCI. In total, 102 subjects (68 males and 34 females, mean age 39.5 with a range of 18-75 years) were included in the primary analysis. A control group of 110 was selected from the routine health checkup. All subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). For patients and controls, the average total BDI scores were 20.3+/-1.0 and 11.4+/-0.5, respectively (P<0.001). With regard to severity of depression among patient groups, three (3.0%) reported normal; four (3.9%) reported mild to moderate depression; 24 (23.5%) reported moderate to severe depression; and 71 (69.6%) reported severe depression. On the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a positive association with the risk of depression was observed in gender and type of catheterization. Female patients had a 3.8-fold higher risk (odds ratio (OR) 13.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-10.31; P=0.008) of depression than male patients. In the same model, patients who were unable to perform catheterization independently had a 4.6-fold higher risk (OR 4.62; 95% CI 1.67-12.81, P=0.003) of depression than those who were able to perform self-catheterization. The results demonstrate that the patients with neurogenic bladder secondary to SCI have higher degrees of depression than normal population. In addition, our findings also suggest that depression is closely related to gender and patient's ability to perform self-catheterization.

Cross-sectional and Prospective Study of Exercise and Depressed Mood in the Elderly : The Rancho Bernardo Study

This study examined cross-sectional and prospective associations of exercise with depressed mood in a community-based sample of older men and women (aged 50--89 years in 1984--1987) in southern California. Regular strenuous exercise and exercise > or =3 times per week were reported; depressed mood was assessed by using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). After exclusion of persons with categorical depression and those rating themselves largely or extremely physically limited during the previous month, data on 932 men and 1,097 women were available for cross-sectional analysis. Exercise and depressed mood were reassessed for 404 men and 540 women in 1992--1995; these data were the focus of prospective analyses. In 1984--1987, exercise rates were high (>80%), and average BDI scores were low. Cross-sectional analyses indicated that before and after adjustment for covariates, exercise was significantly associated with less depressed mood. However, prospective analyses of the 944 persons who attended both clinic visits indicated no association between baseline exercise and either follow-up BDI score (p > 0.10) or change in BDI score between baseline and follow-up (p > 0.10). Results confirm that exercisers have less depressed mood. However, exercise does not protect against future depressed mood for those not clinically depressed at baseline.