Average Annual Fatality Research Articles

How knowledgeable are people in Nepal about rabies?

Eliminating dog-mediated human rabies cases by 2030 is a collective global pledge. Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, and fatal viral disease tormenting human beings and animals for at least four thousand years. An average annual fatality of 59,000 people has been reported from rabies in more than 150 countries, including Nepal. Understanding people's knowledge towards rabies is paramount to preventing this disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts, namely, Siraha, Parsa, and Parasi in Nepal, from October to December 2021 to assess the level of public awareness of rabies. Information was obtained using a structured questionnaire among 308 household heads. Study findings show that some of the respondents were unfamiliar with the term ‘rabies’. They knew major carriers or sources of rabies, but the majority of them (87.3%) did not know its causative agent. They had some idea of how rabies is transmitted from animals to humans, but they lacked a clear understanding of the fate of the animals and humans once affected cases are symptomatic. Only 35.1% of respondents knew that rabies pathogens attack and multiply in the brain tissues. Rabies vaccination in pets is critical for rabies eradication, yet only 26.3% of respondents were aware of the vaccination schedule. Nearly 90% of respondents thought post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to be effective immediately after a suspected animal bite. The findings show that there was a significant relationship between independent variables viz. pet ownership (X2 = 20.273, p < 0.001), level of education (X2 = 39.215, p < 0.001), household income (X2 = 13.574, p < 0.001), family size (X2 = 15.053, p < 0.001), main occupation (X2 = 11.618, p = 0.020), age (X2 = 6.982, p = 0.008) with dependent variable i. e., knowledge category (good and poor knowledge). Education to invoke awareness among rural people about rabies, its transmission and prevention, including making anti-rabies vaccines freely available, should be the priority for municipalities, public health and veterinary health authorities in the study districts and throughout the country.

Human Violence Detection Using Deep Learning Techniques

The world’s average annual fatality rate from human violence is 7.9 per 10,000 people. Most of this human violence takes place in an isolated area or of sudden. The information delay here is a major impediment in stopping these acts. To thrive on this issue, the detection technique is used in this study. Detecting moving objects from CCTV is one of the most effective computer vision algorithms. CCTV cameras are now in every streets which are extremely helpful in solving cases. Some techniques of deep learning are used as computer vision to predict and detect the action, properties from video. In real-time police reach violent destinations and start checking CCTV cameras, and investigate to proceed further. This study is deliberately designed to detect violent acts from CCTV cameras. The Inception – v3 and Yolo – v5 models detect the violent act, the number of persons involved, and also the weapons used in the situation. The study consists of these deep learning models, which are used to form a video detection system. This model can be used in real-time as an application programming interface (API) or software. The study results showed the proposed model achieves an accuracy of 74%.

Analysis of artisanal and small-scale gold mining accidents and fatalities in Ghana

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), which is rapidly increasing and widely practised across sub-Saharan Africa, is a significant source of livelihood for many people in the communities where they are practised. Apart from ASM presenting some economic benefits, it also poses some challenges to those who engaged in them, notably the health and safety of miners, considering that ASM is inherently risky. The study sought to examine publicly available ASM accidents/fatality reports to identify areas warranting further investigations to ensure the sector's sustainability. A total of 22 media reports of ASM accidents were collected for analysis following some selection criteria. Thirty-six accidents resulting in 622 fatalities were identified from the collected records. Of the 36 accidents, five resulted in single fatalities, with the remaining 32 resulting in multiple fatalities, indicating the high consequence nature of ASM accidents. The results also indicated an average annual fatality rate of 44, which far exceeds the annual fatality of 5 of the large-scale mining sector of Ghana. Regarding the accident locations, the Dunkwa, Tarkwa and Bolgatanga mining districts were identified as priority locations, as they experienced the highest number of accidents/fatalities. The study results improve our understanding of ASM accidents/fatalities and contribute to identifying priority areas warranting targeted interventions to improve the safety performance of ASM in Ghana. Again, the research offers several implications for sustainability and mineral policy, which have been discussed throughout the paper. Specifically, the research findings were compared with the Five Capitals Framework of Sustainable Development to identify sustainability lessons. For instance, it has been suggested that ASM directly employs about a million Ghana and indirectly gives over 4 million more jobs. Therefore, the death of a miner tends to present enormous economic and social problems, including loss of livelihood, disruption of families, rise in social vices and increased poverty. Hence, the need to improve safety conditions at ASM sites that ensures that workers go to work and return home to their families safely cannot be overemphasised.

The Influence of the Privatization Process on Accident Rates in the Forestry Sector in Poland.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the changes in accident rates resulting from the privatization of forest operations. Data from the years 1990–2017 were obtained from the Statistical Forestry Yearbooks issued by Statistics Poland, and were analyzed for two periods: the time of intensive privatization (1991–2002) and the post-privatization period (2003–2017). The data from 1990 were treated as a benchmark. There were 14,626 accidents in total, of which 236 (1.61%) were fatal. The non-fatal accident rate in the whole forestry industry showed a decreasing trend in the study period (t = 2.27, p < 0.05). In the case of the fatal accident rate we can observe an upward trend; in the period of intensive privatization the average annual fatality rate was 0.11, and after privatization it was 0.18 (t = −2.68, p < 0.05). In both periods the fatality rate was twice as high in the private forestry sector as in the public sector. The number of working days lost declined in the public sector and increased in the private sector. An accident in the private sector resulted in 20 days’ longer absence than one in the public sector. The study confirms that despite economic transition, accident rates in Polish forestry remain a serious issue. The main problem to be addressed is the increase in the fatal accident rate, especially in the private sector.

A summary of bird mortality at photovoltaic utility scale solar facilities in the Southwestern U.S.

Recent trends in renewable energy development in the United States (U.S.) show that new installed capacity of utility-scale solar energy has exceeded 30% of total installed capacity of all sources per year since 2013. Photovoltaic solar energy provides benefits in that no emissions are produced; however, there are potential impacts from photovoltaic solar development on birds that include habitat loss and potential for collision mortality. Only 2 papers in the peer-reviewed literature present fatality information from fatality monitoring studies at a photovoltaic utility-scale solar energy facility; however, more data exists in unpublished reports. To provide a more comprehensive overview of bird mortality patterns, we synthesized results from fatality monitoring studies at 10 photovoltaic solar facilities across 13 site-years in California and Nevada. We found variability in the distribution of avian orders and species among and within Bird Conservation Regions, and found that water-obligate birds, which rely on water for take-off and landing, occurred at 90% (9/10) of site-years in the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts Bird Conservation Region. We found that a cause of mortality could not be determined for approximately 61% of intact carcasses, and that approximately 54% of all carcasses were feather spots, introducing uncertainty into the interpretation of the fatality estimates. The average annual fatality estimate we calculated for photovoltaic solar (high-end estimate of 2.49 birds per megawatt per year) is lower than that reported by another study (9.9 birds per megawatt per year) that included one photovoltaic facility. Our results provide a summary of fatalities in bird conservation regions where the facilities are located, but expanding our conclusions to new regions is limited by the location of facilities with fatality monitoring data.

Characteristics of spatiotemporal distribution on severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Henan province

Objective: To explore the characteristics regarding temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal distribution on severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in Henan province. Methods: Surveillance data related to SFTS was collected in Henan province, from year 2014 to 2016. Descriptive method was used to analyze the distribution of SFTS. 1.7.0 software related to the Public health geographic information system (PHGIS), was applied to draw the spatial distribution map of SFTS. Chi-square test was used to compare the different incidence rates. Results: A total of 2 781 SFTS cases, including 34 deaths, were reported in Henan province from 2014 to 2016, with an average annual fatality rate as 1.22%. There were statistically significant differences for the incidence rates of SFTS between different years (P<0.01). Cases were mainly concentrated from April to October, which accounted for 96.66% of the total number, with the incidence peak seen in May. Incidence rates of SFTS in spring, summer, autumn were higher than that in winter. The cases were scattering around in 26 counties of 8 cities. Xinyang city reported 2 714 cases, accounting for 97.59% of the total number of cases in the province. The average annual incidence rate in Xinyang city was 17.22 per 100 000, much higher than that for the whole Henan province (0.98 per 100 000), with statistically significant difference (P<0.01). Six counties reported having death cases, that accounted for 23.08% of the total number of counties, reported to have death cases. Two kinds of incidence patterns of SFTS were noticed in Henan province, with aggregation in some local regions or sporadic in individual counties. The number of counties with reporting cases increased annually. The epidemic area was expanding and gradually spreading from south to north areas of the province. Conclusions: SFTS was characterized with both temporal and spatial clusters in Henan province. Effective prevention and control measures should be made in accordance with the spatiotemporal distribution and the trend on SFTS.

Occurrence, fatality and time distribution of food poisoning in Hunan Province.

To explore the incidence, mortality, trends and time distribution of food poisoning in Hunan Province. The data on food poisoning was derived from the Information Office of Hunan Provincial Health Department. Using the trend-test and circular distribution methods, we have described the current situation of food poisoning and tested the central tendency of the peak time points and the peak time zone of food poisoning in Hunan from 2000 to 2009. On average, the incidence of food poisoning in Hunan from 2000 to 2009 was 0.072 per 100000 population. And the average number of people affected in these incidents was 1.937 per 100000 population. There were no apparent trends in either the number of incidents or people affected between 2000 and 2009 (u=-0.98, P>0.05; u=-1.34, P>0.05, respectively). The average mortality was 0.015 per 100000 population. The trend-test indicated that the average annual mortality decreased significantly from 2000 to 2009 (u=-1.72, P<0.05). Meanwhile the average annual fatality rate was 0.77%. The trend-test revealed statistically significant differences for the average annual fatality rate (u=-1.88, P<0.05). The circular distribution analysis showed that there was a central tendency of the distribution of food poisoning cases, with the average peak time at August 28th and the average peak time zone from June 7th to November 18th for food poisoning from 2000 to 2008. From 2000 to 2009, there is a significant tendency in the average annual mortality and fatality rate of food poisoning in Hunan. Summer and fall are the high seasons for food poisoning. We should pay attention to the peak time zone, especially the peak time point of food poisoning for food safety monitoring, and strengthen the prevention and control on food poisoning.

Occupational Fatalities in the United States Commercial Fishing Industry, 2000–2009

ABSTRACT The occupational fatality rate among commercial fishermen decreased in the United States during 1992–2008; however, commercial fishing continues to be one of the most dangerous occupations in the United States, with an average annual fatality rate of 129 deaths per 100,000 fishermen in 2008. By contrast, the average annual occupational fatality rate among all US workers during the same period was four deaths per 100,000 workers. During the 1990s, numerous safety interventions were developed for Alaska fisheries that resulted in a significant decline in the state's commercial fishing fatality rate. In 2007, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) expanded surveillance of commercial fishing fatalities to the rest of the United States. The purpose of this report is to identify the hazards and risk factors for all causes of occupational mortality in the US commercial fishing industry, and to explore how those hazards and risk factors differ among fisheries and locations. During 2000–2009, 504 commercial fishing fatalities occurred in the United States. Most (261, 52%) occurred following a vessel disaster (defined as a sinking, capsizing, or other event in which the crew was forced to abandon ship) or a fall overboard (155, 31%). Fatalities occurred in Alaska (133, 26%), Northeast (124, 25%), Gulf of Mexico (116, 23%), West Coast (83, 16%), and the Mid- and South Atlantic (41, 8%) regions. Fatalities occurred most commonly while fishing for shellfish (226, 47%), groundfish (144, 30%) and pelagic fish (97, 20%). Average annual fatality rates were calculated for selected fisheries. The Northeast multispecies groundfish fleet had the highest average annual fatality rate (600 deaths per 100,000 full-time equivalent [FTE] fishermen) followed by the Atlantic scallop fleet (425 deaths per 100,000 FTE fishermen) and the West Coast Dungeness crab fleet (310 deaths per 100,000 FTE fishermen). To reduce fatalities among fishermen at greatest risk, additional prevention measures tailored to specific high-risk fisheries should be considered.

Drowning in Alaska: progress and persistent problems

Objectives. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and describe the current problem of drowning in Alaska, measure changes in the rates since earlier studies have been done and compare occupational and non-occupational drowning characteristics.Study design. This is a descriptive observational study, using existing records obtained from several sources to describe and compare drowning victims and event characteristics.Methods. Drowning fatality data were collected from death certificates, law-enforcement reports and news articles. Descriptive statistics and risk ratios were calculated to compare levels of risk based on incident and victim characteristics.Results. During 2000–2006, 402 unintentional drowning deaths, 108 of them occupational, occurred in Alaska, with an average annual fatality rate of 8.9 deaths per 100,000 Alaskans. The victim population was 86% male and 44% Alaska Native; 40% drowned in the south-west region of Alaska. For non-occupational cases with alcohol use documented, 33% were associated with alcohol consumption, as were 78% of those involved with all-terrain vehicle crashes. Only 17% of non-occupational victims who drowned while boating wore a Personal Flotation Device (PFD).Conclusions. The drowning rate in Alaska during 2000–2006 was 8.9 drowning deaths per 100,000 population. This shows a decrease from the rate reported in a 1996 study, but several problems persist. Males and Alaska Natives had elevated risks for drowning. A substantial portion of fatalities were associated with alcohol consumption. PFD use remains low, and child drowning rates were unchanged from earlier studies. Increased data on water temperature and immersion time may help demonstrate the benefits of PFD use to those at risk. Social marketing efforts should be adapted for at-risk populations.

Commercial Fishing Fatalities—California, Oregon, and Washington, 2000-2006

During 2000-2006, commercial fishing was one of the most dangerous occupations in the United States, with an average annual fatality rate of 115 deaths per 100,000 fishermen. By contrast, the average annual occupational fatality rate among all U.S. workers during the same period was four deaths per 100,000 workers. During the 1990s, safety interventions in Alaska fisheries were followed by declines in that state's commercial fishing fatality rates. To assess the need for similar safety improvements in the other three Pacific Coast states, CDC analyzed data on commercial fishing fatalities from California, Oregon, and Washington during 2000-2006. The results of that analysis indicated that the three states combined had an average annual commercial fishing fatality rate of 238 deaths per 100,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) fishermen, approximately double the fishing fatality rate nationwide during the same period. CDC also determined that safety equipment (e.g., immersion suits or life rafts) had not been used adequately in these fatal events, and that the Northwest Dungeness crab fishery had the highest fatality rate of any fishery located off the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington. To reduce fatalities among the Pacific Coast commercial fishermen at greatest risk, additional prevention measures tailored to the Northwest Dungeness crab fishery should be considered.

Landslide hazard analysis for Hong Kong using landslide inventory and GIS

This paper presents a landslide-inventory-based and GIS-based framework for systematic landslide hazard analysis by employing historical landslide data in Hong Kong, coupling with geological, geomorphological, population, climatic, and rainfall data. Based on 1448 landslide data from 1984 to 1998, the diurnal and seasonal distributions of landslides are established and compared with the seasonal rainfall variation. The cumulative fatalities and injuries caused by landslides increase with the cumulative rainfall in Hong Kong, indicating a strong correlation between rainfall and landslide consequences. The average annual fatality and injury rates in Hong Kong caused by landslide are 11.35 and 11.63, respectively. In terms of being hit by a landslide, squatter areas and roads on Hong Kong Island are at the highest risk. A frequency–volume relation for Hong Kong Island was established, and, using this relation, it was estimated that the return period of a 26,000 m 3 landslide (the size of 1995 Shum Wan Road Landslide) is about 3.12 years. A hazard zonation map for Hong Kong Island is established by using historical data. The potential use of GIS technology to incorporate various layers of information is illustrated using Hong Kong Island as an example. Both landslide hazard and risk maps are proposed using raster calculation.

Farm fatalities to youth 1995–2000: A comparison by age groups

Problem: Although a myriad of research illustrates the safety issues related to farm fatalities in youth populations, very little empirical evidence exists that includes work and non-work related farm fatalities to all youths under 20 years of age at the national level. Methods: This research will use death certificate data for the six years from 1995 to 2000 that were collected by NIOSH from all 50 state vital statistics registries. Demographic data from the 1998 CAIS were used in rate calculations. In addition to providing annual fatality rates and descriptions of the general causes of death, this research will examine the variation between age groups. Results: Analysis of 695 total farm-related youth fatalities shows an average annual fatality rate of 9.3 fatalities per 100,000 youths. Males account for 80% of these fatalities. The most prevalent causes of death are: machinery (25%), motor vehicle (17%), drowning (16%), suicide (8%) and homicide (6%). Of all youth fatalities occurring while at work, 45% are to youths less than 16 years of age. This same age group accounts for 71% of all non-work related fatalities. Summary: This research will provide farm families and researchers more detailed information on farm hazards that contribute to the deaths of youths. As these youths may encounter hazards while working or playing in their daily environment, identification and elimination of these hazards will increase overall safety on the farm. This research also indicates the need to include youths under 16 years of age in future comprehensive farm safety research.

Machinery-related occupational fatalities in the United States, 1980 to 1989.

The National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities surveillance system identified machinery-related incidents as the second leading cause of traumatic occupational fatalities in the United States between 1980 and 1989. These incidents resulted in 8,505 civilian worker deaths and an average annual fatality rate of .80 per 100,000 workers. Workers aged 65 years and older had 5.8 times the fatality rate of workers aged 16 to 64 years (4.06 vs. 70). The highest industry-specific rate was noted in agriculture, forestry, and fishing (7.47). Tractors and other agricultural machinery were associated with nearly 9 of every 10 fatal machinery-related incidents involving workers aged 65 or older. Although numerous studies of agricultural machinery-related fatalities are found in the literature, detailed analyses of machinery-related fatalities in the construction industry as well as analyses of work situations and risk factors associated with fatal injuries are needed.

Work-related fatalities in the agricultural production and services sectors, 1980-1989.

A total of 6,727 workers died of work-related injuries in the agricultural production and agricultural services sectors between 1980 and 1989, as established by data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) surveillance system. The agricultural production sector accounted for the higher fatality rate (22.9 deaths per 100,000 workers), due largely to deaths caused by machinery and motor vehicles. The leading cause of death in the agricultural services sector was being struck by falling objects, primarily trees. Fatality rates were highest in the East South Central United States and lowest in the New England states. Blacks had the highest fatality rate (26.4 deaths per 100,000 workers) while workers other than white or black had the lowest rate (18.9 per 100,000 workers). Males were at higher risk of death than females, with the 65 years of age and older male group having the highest rate (60.5 deaths per 100,000 workers). Males 16-24 years of age exhibited the largest decrease in their average annual fatality rate during the 10-year period, down to 7.2 from 20.6 deaths per 100,000 workers. Possible reasons for this decrease are suggested.

Occupational injury deaths among females. The US experience for the decade 1980 to 1989.

From 1980 through 1989, females accounted for 44% of the total employed population. Thus, occupational safety and health issues specific to the experience of women merit consideration. Research has demonstrated that the occupational fatality experience of females is not adequately described by the group of all workers. The leading cause of death for all workers is motor vehicle incidents, while the leading cause of occupational injury death of females is homicide. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has compiled a decade of data on the fatal occupational injury experience of US workers, providing a sufficient number of female cases to allow separate analyses. Over the decade, 3821 females died as a result of injuries sustained at work, with an average annual fatality rate of 0.82/100,000 female workers. Among industries, retail trade and services accounted for nearly half of all occupational injury deaths to females. The detailed occupations with the highest rates of work-related injury death were airplane pilots and navigators, drivers of heavy trucks, construction laborers, and police and detectives. Information on the causes of work-related injury death by occupation is fundamental to the prevention of these deaths. The causes of death in the highest-risk occupations included aircraft crashes, motor vehicle collisions, pedestrians struck by motor vehicles, and homicides by firearms. These data provide a foundation for the prevention of occupational injury deaths among females in the United States.

Deaths as a result of work-related injury in Australia, 1982-1984.

A comprehensive study of deaths of work-related injuries which occurred throughout Australia in the years 1982-1984 was undertaken by means of coroners' records. Of 16,246 coroner-certified deaths that were attributed to trauma or to acute poisoning (excluding deaths of suicide or medical misadventure), the coroners' files were located for 15,462 (95.2%) deaths. From the files, a total of 1738 fatalities was judged to be work-related during the three-year period; of these, 1544 fatalities occurred in persons who were employed in the civilian labour force, which gave an average annual fatality incidence of 8.06 fatalities per 100,000 persons in the labour force. The death rate was much higher in men (12.05 fatalities per 100,000 men) than it was in women (1.34 fatalities per 100,000 women), increased with age, and was highest for the traditionally-dangerous occupations (such as mining, transport and rural occupations). The distribution of work fatalities by the main cause of death, and the nature of the injury event is described.