Average Age-adjusted Mortality Research Articles

Quantifying mortality burden in patients with cancer due to COVID-19 in the US: A national cross-sectional analysis.

There is limited information on the impact of certain social factors on mortality outcomes in patients with cancer and COVID-19 on a national scale. This study aims to characterize excess mortality and analyze a subset of sociodemographic trends in COVID-19 and cancer mortality. Patients with cancer listed on their death certificates from 2018 to 2021 and patients with COVID-19 and cancer listed on multiple cause of death certificates from the CDC Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database from March 2020 to December 2021 were included. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 1,000,000 population were compared across race/ethnicity groups, sex, and census regions. Crude mortality rates were compared across different age groups and regions based on urbanization status. Average AAMR in patients with COVID-19 and cancer was 41.7 in 2020 and 56.7 in 2021. Mortality rates in patients with cancer and COVID-19 were significantly higher in certain populations. Targeted interventions are necessary to improve outcomes.

State-level disparities in burden of ischemic heart diseases mortality attributable to ambient fine particulate matter in the United States, 1990–2019: Observational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease (2019) study

Background: ambient fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) is an important yet often overlooked risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the United States. However, epidemiologic evidence suggests that current knowledge does not comprehensively capture state-level disparities in mortality for ambient PM2.5-related ischemic heart diseases. MethodsI performed serial cross sectional analysis with ambient PM2.5-attributable ischemic heart diseases decedents between 1990 and 2019. I used the Global Health Data Exchange to extract age adjusted mortality rates in each state, and used Joinpoint software to calculate average annual percentage change.Results: the average age adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) for ischemic heart diseases attributable to ambient PM2.5 for both sex ranged from 1.5 (1.3–1.8) per 100,000 in Hawaii to 1.1 (0.9–1.3) per 100,000 in Mississippi, respectively. The rate of change in AAMR varied widely across states. Compared with the national level, the number of states with smaller decline has increased from 3 before 2002 to 10 after 2011. Oregon, Idaho, and Montana showed an upward trend in AAMR, which was independent of sex after 2011. Between 1990 and 2019, average AAMR for ischemic heart diseases attributable to ambient PM2.5 was higher for male than female in all states. But the number of states with sex disparities in the rate of change has decreased, from 13 in 1990–2002 to 5 after 2011.Conclusions: wide state-level disparities exist in burden of ischemic heart diseases attributable to ambient PM2.5. After 2011, the association between rate of AAMR decline and sex weakened across states. State-level policies and programs are needed to address the avoidable burden of ischemic heart diseases deaths attributable to ambient particulate pollution, with priority for states with a higher burden.

Fall-related mortality trends in Australia and the United Kingdom: Implications for research and practice

ObjectivesTo characterise changes in nationwide fall-related mortality rates in Australia and the United Kingdom (UK) between 2006 and 2016 by age group and sex. Study designTrend analysis of falls mortality data from World Health Organization (WHO) Mortality Database for the Australian and UK population. Main outcome measuresWe assessed age-specific, sex-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates. Mortality trends were assessed via the annual percentage change (APC) using joinpoint regression. ResultsThe annual average age-adjusted falls mortality rate was 38.63 per 1,000,000 population in Australia, and 34.12 per 1,000,000 population in the UK. From 2006 to 2016, age-adjusted mortality rate due to falls increased in Australia and the UK by an average annual rate of 3.77% (95% CI 2.91% to 4.64%; p<0.01) and 2.11% (95% CI 1.43% to 2.80%; p<0.01) respectively. Death rates from falls increased with age. People aged ≥95 years had the highest mortality rate from falls in Australia and the UK. Men had a higher annual average age-adjusted mortality rate from falls than women (1.6 times higher in Australia and 1.7 times higher in the UK). Women had a larger annual percentage increase in falls mortality rate compared to men over the study period. ConclusionsThere was a major increase in reported fall-related deaths in Australia and the UK between 2006 and 2016, especially in the very elderly. Men had a higher mortality rate from falls than women. Factors contributing to the apparent increases in fall-related mortality may include reduced cancer and cardiovascular mortality and better ascertainment of cause of death.

Incidence and Mortality Patterns of Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Belgrade, Serbia (1999⁻2013).

Introduction: To assess incidence and mortality trends of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in Belgrade (Serbia) in a 15-year period (from 1999 to 2013). Material and Methods: Data were obtained from the Cancer Registry of Serbia, Institute of Public Health of Serbia. Standardized incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated by direct standardization method using World Standard Population. Analysis of raw data indicated single-digit numbers per year and per 5-year age cohorts. Therefore, we merged years of diagnosis to three-year intervals, creating so-called “moving averages”. We also merged study population to 10-year age cohorts. Results: Both incidence and mortality rates increased with age, i.e., the lowest rates were observed in the youngest age groups and the highest rates were observed in oldest age groups. In all age groups, except the youngest (15–24 years), AML incidence was statistically significantly higher in men compared with women. Average age-adjusted incidence was 2.73/100,000 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.28–3.71). Average age-adjusted mortality was 1.81/100,000 (95% CI 1.30–2.26). Overall, there were no significant changes in incidence trend. Age-adjusted incidence rates had increasing tendency among men aged 65–74 years (B = 0.80, standard error (SE) = 0.11; p = 0.005) and in total population aged 65–74 years (B = 0.41, SE = 0.09; p = 0.023). Increasing tendency in incidence of AML among women was observed in age group >75 years (B = 0.63, SE = 0.14; p = 0.019). No changes of mortality trend were observed. Conclusion: There was no significant change in trends of AML from 1999 to 2013 in the population of Belgrade.

Mortality related to tuberculosis-HIV/AIDS co-infection in Brazil, 2000-2011: epidemiological patterns and time trends.

Co-infection of tuberculosis (TB)-HIV/AIDS is a persistent public health problem in Brazil. This study describes epidemiological patterns and time trends of mortality related to TB-HIV/AIDS co-infection. Based on mortality data from 2000-2011 (almost 12.5 million deaths), 19,815 deaths related to co-infection were analyzed. The average age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.97 deaths/100,000 inhabitants. The highest mortality rates were found among males, those in economically productive age groups, black race/color and residents of the South region. There was a significant reduction in the mortality coefficient at the national level (annual average percent change: -1.7%; 95%CI: -2.4; -1.0), with different patterns among regions: increases in the North, Northeast and Central regions, a reduction in the Southeast and a stabilization in the South. The strategic integration of TB-HIV/AIDS control programmes is fundamental to reduce the burden of mortality related to co-infection in Brazil.

Trends in varicella mortality in the United States: Data from vital statistics and the national surveillance system

This manuscript describes trends in US varicella mortality using national vital statistics system data for 2008–2011, the first years of the routine 2-dose varicella vaccination program, and characteristics of varicella deaths reported to CDC during 1996–2013. We obtained data on deaths with varicella as underlying or contributing cause from the 2008–2011 Mortality Multiple Cause-of Death records and calculated rates to compare with the prevaccine and mature 1-dose varicella vaccination program eras. We also reviewed available records of varicella deaths reported to CDC through the national varicella death surveillance. The annual average age-adjusted mortality rate for varicella as the underlying cause was 0.05 per million population during 2008–2011, an 87% reduction from the prevaccine years. Varicella deaths among persons aged <20 y declined by 99% in 2008–2011 compared with prevaccine years. There was a 70% decline in varicella mortality rates among those <20 y in 2008–2011 compared to 2005–2007. Among the 83 deaths reported to CDC during 1996–2013 classified as likely due to varicella, 24 (29%) were among immunocompromised individuals. Five were among persons previously vaccinated with 1 dose of varicella vaccine. In conclusion, although the US varicella vaccination program has significantly reduced varicella disease burden, there are still opportunities to prevent varicella and its associated morbidity and mortality through routine varicella vaccination, catch-up vaccination, and ensuring that household contacts of immunocompromised persons have evidence of immunity.

Asian-Americans and Trauma: Unexamined Disparities

Introduction: Trauma-related mortality among Asian-Americans has never been quantified or examined in a systematic fashion. As Asian-Americans comprise the fastest growing race/ethnic group in the United States, an assessment of their population experiences and needs is warranted. Methods: Mortality data was obtained from the CDC's Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Trends in intentional injury mortality for the Asian-American/Pacific Islander population during 1999-2006 were separated by cause, age group and state. A subsequent comparison between Hawaii and Illinois utilized demographic data from the U.S. Census American Community Survey 2005-2007. Results: While about 60% of Hawaii's population reports being Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (NH/PI) alone, as compared to about 5% of Illinois, the absolute numbers of this population subgroup for Hawaii and Illinois are fairly similar (616,407 vs. 539,345). However, the average age-adjusted mortality rate from intentional injury is three-fold higher in Hawaii than in Illinois, at 12/100,000 vs. 4.5/100,000, respectively. There are no striking differences in median age, Asian alone (46.2 vs. 34.3); median age, NH/PI alone (31.4 vs. 27.6); percent male, Asian alone (49.2% vs. 47.0%); percent male, NH/PH alone (44.6% vs. 50.1%), median yearly household income, Asian alone ($65,327 vs. $70,419); median yearly household income, NH/PI alone ($54,836 vs. $45,238); to account for this difference. The top three leading causes in Hawaii were suicide by suffocation, suicide by firearm and suicide by fall, whereas the leading causes in Illinois were suicide by suffocation, homicide by firearm and suicide by firearm. Conclusions: From this initial exploratory study, there is no demographic explanation for why the intentional injury mortality rate—particularly due to suicide—among the Asian-American/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander population is three-fold higher in Hawaii compared to Illinois. Additional qualitative and quantitative research is needed to elucidate the risk factors and circumstances surrounding these injury patterns. Ultimately, the objective of this research is to create culturally sensitive strategies for the primary prevention of violent deaths in this population.

Burden of tuberculosis in Serbia

The objective of this study is to estimate the burden of tuberculosis (TB) in Serbia in the period 1992-2002 based on incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALY). The average age-adjusted TB incidence rate in the period 1992-2002 was 36.7/100,000 in males and 21.4/100,000 in females. During the period observed, TB incidence levelled of after a long period of decreasing trend during the preceding several decades. The incidence showed slightly increasing tendency in males and decreasing one in females. The average age-adjusted mortality rate was 4.1/100,000 in males and 1.3/100,000 in females. Mortality rates significantly decreased in both males (P = .0001) and females (P = .0001). The burden of TB (DALY) was 0.70/1000 for males and 0.26/1000 for females. DALY rates significantly decreased in both males (P = .009) and females (P = .008). TB incidence and mortality as well as DALY rates increased with aging.

Trends and patterns in prostate cancer mortality in Belgrade, Serbia: a join-point analysis

The objective of this analysis was to examine recent changes in prostate cancer mortality among the male population of Belgrade, Serbia, during the period 1975-2002. Mortality data (official death certificates) for prostate cancer were gathered from published and unpublished material of the Municipal Institute of Statistics in Belgrade. Mortality rates were standardized according to the European standard population. Trends in mortality rates were assessed using join-point analysis. During the period from 1975 to 2002 in the population of Belgrade the average age-adjusted mortality rate from prostate cancer during this period was 17.5/100,000 (95% confidence interval, 15.4-19.6), ranging from 8.2/100,000 in 1984 to 31.2/100,000 in 2002. Since 1986 mortality rates among men aged 50 years and over have risen by nearly 6% per year, with the increases being slightly higher among older men (70 years and over 8% per year) compared to younger men (50-69 years, 4% per year). Mortality due to prostate cancer is rising quickly among men in Belgrade. This level of increase is the highest of any reported increase internationally and contrasts sharply with the widespread decrease in prostate cancer mortality in many developed countries.