Available Concentrations Of Cu Research Articles

Impact of Anthropic Activities on Soil Quality under Different Land Uses.

Anthropization often leads to land use transformation, causing deep changes to soil properties and its quality. Land use change could be an environmental and socioeconomic problem, as it impacts soil quality and ecosystem services. There is an urgent need to understand the pressures affecting soil quality. The aim of the work is to quantify the impact of different land uses on soil abiotic and biotic properties and on its quality. To achieve the aims, soils from different land uses (forest, urban and agricultural) were collected in the surroundings of Naples and analyzed for pH, water content, contents of C and N, C/N ratio and total and available concentrations of Cu, Ni and Pb, microbial and fungal biomasses, basal respiration and metabolic quotient. Then, a soil quality index (SQI) was calculated for each land use. The results showed that soil abiotic and biotic properties of the agricultural sites differed from those of forest and urban sites. At agricultural sites, microbial abundances decreased due to low amount of C and N and to high amount of Cu and Pb. This caused low use efficiency of energetic substrates and a reduced soil quality of agricultural sites as compared to forest and urban sites.

Bioavailability of soil Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from soil fractions

Cationic micronutrients bioavailability depends on the chemical characteristics of soil fractions. Fourteen soils received individual doses of five micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B) arranged in seven treatments set according a Baconian Matrix. The soils incubated with treatments during 15 days had corn cultivated in greenhouse for 30 days, in three consecutive growth cycles. The cationic micronutrients were determined in the corn shoots after each growth cycle. Soil samples collected before the first and after each growth cycle had the available concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn determined by single extractions (Mehlich-1 and DTPA-pH 7.3) and by sequential extraction. Correlation analysis was performed for the Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations determined in the corn shoots, the available concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soils (Mehlich-1 and DTPA) and the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil fractions (sequential extraction). The distribution of available metals forms in fractions reflected their affinity with soil components. Soil available Cu correlated with Cu bound to organic matter. The exchangeable fraction was the main source of soil available Mn and Zn. The Fe availability related mainly to the Mn oxides, Fe oxides, and exchangeable fractions. The plants absorbed Cu mainly from the Mn-oxides and organic matter fractions. Manganese absorbed by plants originated from the exchangeable and Mn-oxides fractions. The Zn absorbed by plants originated mainly from the exchangeable fraction. Correlations of single metal extractions (Mehlich-1 and DTPA) with Cu, Mn and Zn contents in plants were positive.

In-situ immobilization of copper and cadmium in contaminated soil using acetic acid-eggshell modified diatomite

Abstract Industrial purified diatomite modified for in-situ immobilization of copper and cadmium in contaminated soil was studied. The results showed the chemistry properties and electronegativity of acetic acid-eggshell modified diatomite (AEMD) was increased significantly, the surface area and pore volume of AEMD were improved to 23.47 m2 g−1, 0.164 cm3 g−1 from 18.83 m2 g−1 and 0.139 cm3 g−1 respectively. After treated with 5% AEMD for 75 days, the concentrations of Cu and Cd in contaminated soil showed 69% and 66% reductions after being extracted by 0.01 mol L−1 CaCl2 solution respectively, the concentrations of available Cu and Cd in contaminated soil extracted by TCLP were decreased by 74% and 65% respectively, the immobilization of Cu and Cd in contaminated soil by AEMD was contributed to the electrochemical adsorption and functional group complexation on the diatomite surface. The result can be explain as follow, the acetic acid-eggshell modified methods could load CaO on the surface of diatomite and promote the effective functional groups on the surface, and then the adsorption sites of diatomite increased and Cu and Cd in the soil got effective immobilization accordingly.

Effects of a native earthworm species (Amynthas morrisi) and Eisenia fetida on metal fractions in a multi-metal polluted soil from South China

The effects of the native species Amynthas morrisi and the composting earthworm Eisenia fetida were evaluated on the forms of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in a long-term contaminated Chinese soil, with and without added organic matter (OM), in a 60-day laboratory experiment (25 °C field capacity). Four metal fractions were extracted using a sequential procedure: water-soluble exchangeable and carbonate-bound fraction (WAEX), Fe and Mn oxides fraction (FMOX), organic compounds (ORGA), and residual non-extractable fraction (RESI). The sum of available fractions (AVA = WAEX + FMOX + ORGA) and the total contents of the surface casts and non-ingested soil were calculated. In all treatments, all casts of the two earthworm species had higher pH and DOC (Dissolved organic carbon) contents and lower Eh values than those of their respective controls. Amynthas morrisi casts contained higher concentrations of available forms (AVA) of Cd (+84.1%) and Zn (+39.9%) and lower concentrations of available Cu (−10.1%) than those in the control soil (P < 0.05). Organic matter addition limited the variations of pH, Eh and DOC and had the opposite effect to earthworms on metal speciation. However, in the soils of all experimental units and compared with control soil, earthworms increased organically bound Pb (+16.0%) and Cu (+46.1%, A. morrisi; 64.0%, E. fetida), whereas other extractable forms of elements decreased, depending on the metals and their chemical forms (P < 0.05). Amynthas morrisi had similar effects on metal dynamics to the exotic E. fetida and reproduced when organic matter was added; both are therefore good candidates for soil phytoremediation technologies based on increased earthworm activities.

Differential speciation and availability of copper in soils derived from different parent materials in Imo State, southeastern Nigeria

Effective and efficient management of copper (Cu) in soils for optimum crop production and environmental conservation depends on proper knowledge of the various copper forms and fractions in soils as well asparent material. The distribution of forms of Cu in soils of different parent materials (coastal plain sands, alluvium, false-bedded sandstones and Imo clay shale) in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria was evaluated using sequential extraction procedure, comprising of six fractions; water soluble (WS), exchangeable (EX), specifically sorbed/CO3 bound (SSC), Fe-Mn bound (Fe-Mn), organic matter bound (OMB) and residual bound (RE) fractions. Soil was sampled at 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60 and 60-75 cm depths from each soil. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means separation was done by the procedure of Least Significant Difference at 5% probability level. Correlation analysis of the various Cu forms and some soil properties was also carried out. Results showed that the water soluble, specifically sorbed/carbonate bound, Fe-Mn bound, organic matter bound (OMB) and residual bound (RE Cu fractions differed significantly among the soils of the different parent materials. The Fe-Mn bound copper was the dominant fraction in most of the soils, contributing 41.53-46.63% to the total Cu, being highest in the alluvial soil (6.389 mg kg-1) and lowest in the Imo clay shale soil (2.231 mg kg-1). Moderate concentrations of available Cu (0.694-1.456 mg kg-1) were observed and significant differences were observed among the soils. Correlations among the different Cu forms (WS vs EX r - 0.48; EX vs Fe-Mn r −0.46) and some soil properties (OM vs Fe-Mn r −0.86; Ca vs RE r −0.59; Clay Vs Fe-Mn r −0.53) were determined.Key words: copper fractions, copper availability, parent materials, soil properties, southeastern Nigeria

Modeling and optimization of struvite recovery from wastewater and reusing for heavy metals immobilization in contaminated soil

AbstractBACKROUNDFew studies have been carried out to connect nutrients recovery from wastewater and heavy metals immobilization in contaminated soil. To achieve the goal, ammonia nitrogen (AN) and phosphorus (P) were recovered from rare‐earth wastewater by using the formation of struvite, which was used as the amendment with plant ash for copper, lead and chromium immobilization.RESULTSAN removal efficiency and residual P reached 95.32 ± 0.73% and 6.14 ± 1.72 mg L−1 under optimal conditions: pH=9.0, n(Mg): n(N): n(P) = 1.2:1:1.1, which were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). The minimum available concentrations of Cu, Pb and Cr (CPC) separately reduced to 320.82 mg kg−1, 190.77 mg kg−1 and 121.46 mg kg−1 with increasing immobilization time at the mass ratio of phosphate precipitate (PP)/plant ash (PA) of 1:3. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) were beneficial to immobilize Cu, both of which showed no effect or even a negative effect on Pb and Cr immobilization.CONCLUSIONBuilding up a suitable ‘bridge’ to connect and achieve recovery of nutrients and reuse of struvite. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Assessment of the health quality of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal): Heavy metals and benthic foraminifera

This work analyses the distribution of heavy metals in the sediments of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) assessed by total digestion and sequential chemical extraction of the sediments. The influence of environmental parameters on the living benthic foraminiferal assemblages was studied. The most polluted parts in the Ria de Aveiro are areas where the residence time is high and cohesive sediments are deposited. Organic matter, which is an excellent scavenger for a number of metals, is in general more abundant in the finer deposits of this lagoon, which act as sinks of anthropogenic pollutants. This condition is observed in Aveiro canals and Murtosa channel where sediments with the highest concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cr are found. The sediments of Murtosa channel are also enriched in As, Co and Hg. In Aveiro canals the enrichment of heavy metals is mostly related to the past industrial production at their margins (ceramic and metallurgy), whereas in Murtosa channel with effluent discharges of the Chemical Complex of Estarreja. Foraminiferal density and diversity reach higher values near the lagoon mouth under higher marine influence and decline in general under very low-oxygen conditions. Some species seems to be indifferent to the increasing of TOC (e.g. Haynesina germanica and Ammonia tepida) and some have an opportunistic behaviour in areas with very depressed levels of oxygen (e.g. A. tepida and Quinqueloculina seminulum) whereas other species can better tolerate sulphide/reducing conditions (e.g. H. germanica, Bolivina ordinaria, Buliminella elegantissima, Bulimina elongata/gibba and Nonionella stella) a widespread condition in this lagoon. Foraminiferal density and some species are negatively correlated with concentrations of heavy metals. A most sensitive group of species to higher concentrations of heavy metals is identified (such as B. ordinaria, B. pseudoplicata and B. elongata/gibba) and another one of more tolerant species (such as H. germanica A. tepida and Q. seminulum). Foraminifera are more tolerate higher available concentrations (AC) of Zn in any phase than higher AC of Cu adsorbed do clay minerals (F1) and associated with Fe and Mn oxides (F2) and of Pb in F2; the phase F2, probably the most mobile phase, and even phase F1 seems to be more toxic than the increasing of metals in organic matter (F3).

Rhizosphere Characteristic of Available Trace Elements During the Succession on Abandoned Croplands in the Loess Plateau, China

The different chemical and biological properties of the rhizosphere affect metal speciation in the soil, which in turn affects metal bioavailability. Changes in the rhizosphere accumulation of trace elements by plants may affect natural succession. This study investigated the effects of rhizosphere and bulk soils over time on available trace element (Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) concentrations in abandoned croplands at the Dunshan watershed in the Loess Plateau. Results showed that trace element accumulation depends on plant species, soil condition, and successional stage. The trace elements exhibited different responses to plant root presence. During the succession on the abandoned croplands in the Loess Plateau, organic C, total N, and available Zn concentrations in the rhizospheres increased compared with those in the bulk soil, whereas the pH and available Mn concentration decreased. The dominant species showed higher rhizosphere organic C, total N, available Mn, available Fe, and available Zn concentrations than the companion species. The concentrations of available Mn, Fe, and Zn in the rhizosphere of the early successional species Artemisia capillaries Thunb showed no detectable age-related tendency. In contrast, the concentrations of available Cu, Fe, and Zn in the rhizosphere of the later species Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb increased with years since abandonment. Correlation and regression analyses indicated that trace element accumulation is closely associated with organic C and total N concentrations for the later successional species, and increased organic C and total N concentrations can enhance its absorption of the trace elements.

Soil microbial activities and heavy metal mobility in long-term contaminated soils after addition of EDTA and EDDS

A 40-day incubation experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the microbial activities and heavy metal availability in long-term contaminated arable and grassland soils after addition of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or EDDS ([S,S]-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid). Soils with similar contamination of heavy metal from the vicinity of a lead smelter were used in the experiment. The soil microbial carbon (C mic) decreased significantly after addition of EDTA in the arable soil (CM1); lesser effects were observed in the grassland soil (CM2). Addition of EDDS caused a decrease of C mic during the first 10 days of incubation. In the later phases of the experiment, C mic increased, and even exceeded the amounts found in the control soils. Respiratory activities and metabolic quotients ( qCO 2) increased after the addition of the chelating agents into the soils. Higher respiratory activities and qCO 2 were observed in the EDTA-treated soils. The readily available heavy metal fractions were extracted with NH 4NO 3 solution. Readily mobilizable heavy metal fractions of Cd, Pb, Zn, and (in part) Cu increased during the first 3–10 days of incubation in the presence of EDTA. The addition of EDDS particularly increased concentrations of available Cu. Significant correlations between NH 4NO 3-extractable metals, soil respiratory activities, and qCO 2 were found in both soil treatments with EDTA and EDDS. This indicates that enhanced metal mobility seriously affects the microbial processes in experimental soils. In addition, the relationships between NH 4NO 3-extractable Cd, Cu, and the microbial biomass were found in the CM1 soil amended with EDTA.

Effect of Ectomycorrhiza on Cu and Pb Accumulation in Leaves and Roots of Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) Seedlings Grown in Metal-Contaminated Soil

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of high concentrations of available Cu and Pb in soil originated from the vicinity of a copper foundry in Poland (Cu, 2,585–3,725 mg kg−1 d.wt.; Pb, 1,459–1,812 mg kg−1 d.wt.) on the growth and chemical constituents of Betula pendula seedlings. Control plants grew in unpolluted forest soil. Dry matter accumulation in the plants during the growing season and root/leaf mineral content were determined. Colonization of birch roots by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi also was evaluated, as was soil dehydrogenase activity for influence of the metals on soil microorganisms. The heavy metals negatively affected seedling growth, ECM colonization, and soil dehydrogenase activity. A reverse relationship was found between ECM abundance and heavy metal concentrations in birch leaves, indicating the potential of mycorrhizas to protect the aboveground part of young silver birch seedlings from elevated environmental levels of Cu and Pb.

Release of phenols from Lupinus albus L. roots exposed to Cu and their possible role in Cu detoxification

The mechanisms enabling plants to tolerate high concentrations of available Cu in their rhizosphere are still poorly understood. To better understand the mechanisms involved, Lupinus albus L. (white lupin) was grown over 40 days in a hydroponic system compelling roots to develop under sterile conditions in the presence of a nutrient solution containing 0.5, 20 or 62 μM Cu. The following parameters were investigated in detail: low molecular weight phenols in nutrient solution (colorimetric assay), high molecular weight phenols in roots and in solution (HPLC-MS, HPLC-UV), pH, redox potential in solution (electrochemistry) and Cu distribution in the plant (AAS) as well as in apical root sections (EDX microanalysis). Finally, in vitro adsorption studies using voltammetry were conducted to evaluate the Cu adsorption behaviour of different phenolic compounds. When exposed to 62 μM Cu, biomass production of white lupin was strongly reduced. Plants grown in the presence of 20 μM Cu had a similar dry matter production compared to the control plants grown in a 0.5 μM Cu solution. However, an increased release of soluble and high molecular weight phenols into the solution was observed. The concentration of polyphenolic compounds in the roots (particularly isoflavonoids like genistein and genistein-(malonyl)-glucoside) was significantly higher for lupins grown in a 20 μM Cu solution compared to the control plants. As shown by an in vitro adsorption study, these phenolic compounds can bind Cu ions. In addition, plants exposed to 20 and 62 μM Cu cumulated high Cu amounts in root cell walls whereas only low amounts reached the symplasm. Therefore, it is proposed that the complexation of Cu2+ ions in the rhizosphere and in the roots apoplasm by phenolic compounds could alleviate Cu-mediated toxicity.

The effect of copper therapy on the growth rate and blood composition of young growing cattle

SUMMARYA total of 187 animals (mainly Friesian dairy heifers) on nine farms in Wharfedale, Nidderdale, Calderdale and the Vale of York were weighed, condition scored and blood sampled on three occasions during the grazing season 1977. On each site, half of the animals each received two injections of a Cu preparation (200 mg Cu total), one in May and one in July. Herbage samples were taken in May, July and September.Despite the fact that many animals started the experiment with low blood total Cu concentrations, growth rates during the experimental period were all satisfactory (lowest mean value 0·70 kg/day) with a significant increase due to treatment being observed on only one site. The Cu treatment, however, had a significant effect on blood and plasma total Cu values with the treatment either increasing the level to normal in animals which had started with low values, or maintaining the value in animals starting with near normal concentrations. On certain sites, animals in the untreated group ended the experiment with very low blood and plasma total Cu values (0·02–0·03 mg/100 ml). To prevent the possibility of a Co deficiency on some sites interfering with the experiment, all animals received a Co bullet initially. Despite these, concentrations of vitamin B12 in serum samples taken during and at the end of the experiment were low by present interpretation. This suggests either that Co bullets were an ineffective treatment or that the present interpretation of serum vitamin B12 concentration in bovines is incorrect.The calculated concentrations of available Cu estimated from herbage analysis indicated that on most sites the value was below the optimum for the growing cattle under study. The results of the experiment suggest that even when blood Cu values and herbage available Cu values are low a growth response to Cu injections may not occur over the course of a grazing season.

The availability of copper to grazing ruminants in parts of North Yorkshire

SummaryA total of 225 herbage samples were taken from two areas with a history of bovine hypocupraemia and examined for their Cu, Mo, total S, Zn, Fe and Cd content.In general, the concentrations of Cu and Mo (mean values 10·4 and 1·6 mg/kgD.M. respectively) were normal, as were those of Zn, Fe and Cd (mean values 43, 255 and 0–59 mg/kg D.M. respectively). The total S concentrations (mean value 3·5 g/kg D.M.) were, however, higher than found by some other workers.The concentrations of available herbage Cu were calculated using the following relationship of Suttle &amp; McLauchlan (1976):logTA Cu = –0·0019 Mo–0·0755 S–0·0131 Mo × S–1·153,where TA Cu is the true availability of Cu, and Mo and total sulphur (S) are dietary concentrations as mg/kg D.M. and g/kg D.M. respectively. Animal requirements for available Cu were derived from estimates of the factorial Cu requirements of various classes of livestock, and when these were compared with the calculated concentrations of available Cu in the herbage they provided a possible explanation for the widespread hypocupraemia experienced in these areas.