Available Water Supply Research Articles

Mapping and Identification of Ecosystem Services Hotspots in the Brazilian Pampa Biome.

The intensification and expansion of changes in land use and land cover (LULC) can reduce the availability and quality of natural habitats and ecosystem services (ES). These changes have generated environmental damage in different parts of the world, especially in biomes more susceptible to modifications, such as the Pampa biome in the extreme south of Brazil. The Pampa biome has been neglected by environmental protection laws, despite its broad ecosystem and social importance. In this study, we used InVEST models to map and quantify five ES provided (i.e., water supply, carbon stock, groundwater stock, sediment retention and habitat quality) by 14 watersheds distributed in the Brazilian Pampa biome as well as determine ES hotspots by summing the areas with high provision of ES. We identified low availability of water supply and groundwater stock in practically the entire study area. High sediment retention and carbon stock were reported in areas with the presence of native vegetation. In addition, despite the large degraded areas, we observed high habitat quality associated with native vegetation in all studied watersheds. The hotspots varied spatially in the study area according to the proposed scenarios, the supply and the overlap of ES. Scenario 1 (>50% of ES) presented a larger area of high provision of ES. In contrast, scenario 2 (>75% of ES) presented smaller patches of areas with high provision of ES distributed across different watershed. We observed that large territorial extensions with high and medium provision of ES are vulnerable to the negative effects of LULC. Our study presented scenarios that indicate areas of high provision of ES, contributing to a more practical application, being a simplified and useful tool that can assist conservation and sustainable policies.

WASH services and menstrual hygiene management among reproductive age females in the IDPs camps of Shire town in Tigray region of Ethiopia: a cross- sectional study

Menstruation is a natural cyclic occurrence experienced by reproductive age females in a good health which deemed a proper management, otherwise, it ends with various health complications and impaired quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the menstrual hygiene management practice and its determinant factors among reproductive age females living in the IDPs camps of Shire town, Northern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 633 reproductive age females in Shire town from May to June 2022. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis and binary and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to obtain the descriptive findings and to investigate the strength of the association respectively. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of good menstrual hygiene management practice among the reproductive age females was 41.9% (95% CI, 38-45.8%). Menstrual hygiene management practice was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with access to sanitary materials, educational level, availability of continuous water supply and sex-separated latrines. The results of this study demonstrated that more than a half of the reproductive age females did not have good menstrual hygiene management practices. Consequently, it is recommended to work collaboratively to enhance the menstrual hygiene practice, especially in IDPs camps.

Effects of hydrological variability on the sustainable use of water in a regional economy. An application to Tuscany

Existing input-output (IO) models have mainly focused on water demand. Some studies have incorporated water supply (availability), but do not take into account its natural variability, an essential element when performing a water stress analysis. The present study integrates the hydrological variability of water availability into a hydroeconomic IO model, considering its exogenous effects on water supply and its exogenous effects on water demand. Two endogenous effects are considered: i) changes in blue water requirements in the agricultural industry due to variations in precipitation and evapotranspiration, and ii) changes in grey water requirements in all discharging industries due to variations in runoff and groundwater recharge. By means of a T-years hydrological series and Monte Carlo simulations, the model allows estimating T values of the Extended Water Exploitation Index (EWEI), obtaining its empirical probability distribution and confronting it with scarcity thresholds. Additionally, the model includes a methodology to incorporate intra-annual variation, obtaining the critical month EWEI and defining a more transparent and endogenous scarcity threshold. Empirically tested for the Italian region of Tuscany considering a multivariate hydrological model for the generation of a 100-year hydrological series, our results allow a more in-depth analysis of water scarcity in the region.

Comparing Company Valuation Before and After IPO Study Case PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy Tbk

Affordable energy resources of energy play a crucial role in economic and social development to support food production, availability of water supply and sustainable healty lifestyle. In order to avoid long-term scarcity resulting from the continuous use of non-renewable energy sources, we must explore all potential renewable energy source that align with concernes about climate change and other environmental issues. As a continuation of the Indonesian government’s efforts to generate clean and environmental friendly energy, PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) was established in 2006. It has contributed 82% of the installed geothermal energy capacity in Indonesia. By leveraging Indonesia’s location within the Ring of Fire as one of the world’s geothermal energy hubs, PGE has been supplying electricity to more than 2 million households in Indonesia with a potential emission reduction of 9.7 million tons of CO2 per year. To achieve sustainable business growth, PGEO is optimizing production in its operational areas by expanding installed capacity. In the company consideration, IPO is an appropriate step to financing the expansion. The author compares the company’s value before and after the IPO to determine the short-term impact of the IPO, helping investors gauge their confidence in making investment decisions in PGEO. This study utilizes secondary data from prospectuses, financial statements, annual reports, sustainability reports, company-published documents, as well as data from IDX.co.id and IDN Financials.com. The data was collected and analyzed to understand evaluate financial performance, and assess the company’s value before and after the IPO. The calculation of the company’s intrinsic value is conducted using the Discounted Cash Flow Valuation method for the pre-IPO period against the company’s financial projections for the years 2019 to 2022 and for the post-IPO period against the company’s financial projections for the years 2024 to 2028, using discount rates of 8.25% and 8.65% for each. In resulting the intrinsic value pre-IPO is IDR 1.141,28 and the intrinsic value post-IPO is IDR 1.300,86. The stock price of PGEO at its IPO on February 23, 2023, was IDR 875, while the adjusted closing price on December 29, 2023, was IDR 1,170. This study founds that the market price of PGEO’s stock, both before and after the IPO, are overvalued.

Exploring environmental factors that influence the distribution of poplar trees

AbstractPoplar is an invasive alien plant (IAP) that encroaches on fragile landscapes in South Africa, but the environmental factors that contribute to its spread are not well understood. To address this gap, we conducted a study using generalised linear models (GLM) to identify the most significant local environmental factors that drive poplar establishment and dispersion in Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP). We then ranked these variables according to their contribution to poplar occurrence using a random forests regression approach. Our GLM analysis revealed that soil properties such as soil organic carbon, sand and silt, topographical variables such as aspect and slope, normalised difference moisture index (NDMI) and poplar distance from rivers are significant factors affecting poplar survival. After ranking the variables, we found that the three most important factors influencing poplar occurrence were aspect, slope and poplar distance to rivers, followed by the sand, silt, NDMI, and soil organic carbon. Our results are consistent with previous studies, indicating that topographical variables and the availability of sufficient water supply are the primary drivers of the spread of IAPs. This study provides useful insights in managing and monitoring poplars in delicate landscapes.

Sistem Kontrol Level Air pada Tandon Air Berbasis Microcontroller dengan Penahan Riak Gelombang

An automatic water level controller mechanism in a water tank is needed to maintain the availability of water supply. One way is to create a control system that uses an ultrasonic sensor as a detector of the water level that is fed back to the water tank filling pump. To minimize fluctuations in sensor readings, a mechanism is needed to minimize the occurrence of water ripples. To provide easy information to users on site, a monitoring system in the form of an LED indicator is also added that informs the condition of the water level in the water tank. Therefore, in this study, a tool will be created that can automatically control and monitor the water level based on Arduino Uno which uses an ultrasonic sensor and LED indicator with a wave ripple holder

Spatial Patterns of Water Supply and Use in California

Spatial and temporal patterns of water supply and consumptive water use were analyzed from 475 Detailed Analysis Units by County (DAUCOs) spatial units across California during 2002 through 2016 to evaluate spatial and temporal variability and how it might associate with precipitation variability and other factors. Many, but not all, DAUCOs have relatively low total water supply variability compared to that of state-wide precipitation. Such low variability, in DAUCOs having sufficient diversity of water supply sources, is the result of switching between sources as needed to maintain a reliable total water supply. We used multiple approaches to explore these variations which involved four categories of water supply (local, groundwater, imported, and other) and two categories of water use (agricultural and urban). First, a cluster analysis of the volumetric water balance data identified a small set of clusters having similar magnitudes and proportions of water supply sources and water use—some of them composed of only a few DAUCOs but accounting for a disproportionate amount of the state’s water use. Second, a principal components analysis identified leading modes of anomalous water supply and water use among the 475 DAUCOs, capturing most of the time variation during 2002 to 2016. The most prominent mode exhibits a multi-year trend, most strongly involving increasing groundwater supply and agricultural water use, and decreasing urban water use and imported water supply. Over the study period, trends in both supply and use were pronounced, but differed considerably across California DAUCOs. One predominant subset of DAUCOs grew their agricultural water use with increased groundwater supply; in contrast to a widespread group of DAUCOs which reduced their urban water use. An important result for planners is our finding that variation in precipitation—itself important—is amplified by the human response to water supply availability and regulatory policy.

Tradescantia response to air and soil pollution, stamen hair cells dataset and ANN color classification.

Tradescantia plant is a complex system that is sensible to environmental factors such as water supply, pH, temperature, light, radiation, impurities, and nutrient availability. It can be used as a biomonitor for environmental changes; however, the bioassays are time-consuming and have a strong human interference factor that might change the result depending on who is performing the analysis. We have developed computer vision models to study color variations from Tradescantia clone 4430 plant stamen hair cells, which can be stressed due to air pollution and soil contamination. The study introduces a novel dataset, Trad-204, comprising single-cell images from Tradescantia clone 4430, captured during the Tradescantia stamen-hair mutation bioassay (Trad-SHM). The dataset contain images from two experiments, one focusing on air pollution by particulate matter and another based on soil contaminated by diesel oil. Both experiments were carried out in Curitiba, Brazil, between 2020 and 2023. The images represent single cells with different shapes, sizes, and colors, reflecting the plant's responses to environmental stressors. An automatic classification task was developed to distinguishing between blue and pink cells, and the study explores both a baseline model and three artificial neural network (ANN) architectures, namely, TinyVGG, VGG-16, and ResNet34. Tradescantia revealed sensibility to both air particulate matter concentration and diesel oil in soil. The results indicate that Residual Network architecture outperforms the other models in terms of accuracy on both training and testing sets. The dataset and findings contribute to the understanding of plant cell responses to environmental stress and provide valuable resources for further research in automated image analysis of plant cells. Discussion highlights the impact of turgor pressure on cell shape and the potential implications for plant physiology. The comparison between ANN architectures aligns with previous research, emphasizing the superior performance of ResNet models in image classification tasks. Artificial intelligence identification of pink cells improves the counting accuracy, thus avoiding human errors due to different color perceptions, fatigue, or inattention, in addition to facilitating and speeding up the analysis process. Overall, the study offers insights into plant cell dynamics and provides a foundation for future investigations like cells morphology change. This research corroborates that biomonitoring should be considered as an important tool for political actions, being a relevant issue in risk assessment and the development of new public policies relating to the environment.

Adherence to Infection Prevention Practice Standard Protocol and Associated Factors Among Healthcare Workers.

Healthcare-associated infection affects more than 100 million patients annually. Healthcare workers' poor adherence to standard infection prevention and control procedures can result in many negative consequences, ranging from disability to death. A facility-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2021 among 379 healthcare workers selected using a stratified random sampling technique. All types of healthcare providers except pharmacy professionals were included in the study. Standardization and validation of the study tool were performed ahead of data collection. Multivariable regression was used to assess the variables associated with adherence. The study found that 60.2% of healthcare workers (95% CI, 55.1-65.2) had good adherence to infection prevention practices, and 68.7% and good knowledge of infection prevention practices. Training on infection prevention methods (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.04-2.72), availability of water supply at hand washing station (AOR = 2.90; 95% CI, 1.62-5.31), and attitude toward infection prevention (AOR = 2.64; 95% CI, 1.65-4.24) were identified as predictors of adherence to infection prevention and control procedures. More than half of the participants had good adherence to infection prevention guideline practices. In-service infection prevention training, a consistent water supply at the hand washing station, and a positive attitude of participants were associated with good adherence to infection prevention practices.

Strategi Guru Dalam Membentuk Karakter Peduli Lingkungan Siswa

The study seeks to identify the approaches and factors, both supportive and hindering, utilized by teachers in fostering a compassionate ethos at MI Ash Shiddiqiyah. Employing qualitative descriptive research, the author draws upon school principals, teachers, and students as data sources. Data gathering methods encompass observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis involves the reduction of information, presentation of findings, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show that the teacher strategy used is implementing activities that must be carried out daily so that it becomes a habit, such as cleaning every morning, in addition to providing sufficient cleaning tools, providing insight into the importance of caring for environmental cleanliness which is integrated into the learning process, providing motivation. , appreciation, and good example by teachers. The supporting factor in forming this character is that teachers receive a lot of support from the school principal and the school committee. Apart from supporting factors, there are inhibiting factors in this process, namely the lack of availability of clean water supplies. The conclusion is that the strategies used by teachers are quite varied and continue to be implemented and even improved in protecting the environment.

Investigating the Influence of River Geomorphology on Human Presence Using Night Light Data: A Case Study in the Indus Basin

Human settlements have historically thrived near rivers due to enhanced navigation and trade, and the availability of water supply and resources. The use of night light data, representing economic activities, provides a novel approach to studying the interactions between human activity and rivers over time. Here, we use the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) stable night light data from 2000 to 2013 as a proxy for human presence and activities to quantify the statistical relationships between night light presence and intensity in the Indus Basin, Asia. We test how these data are affected by proximity to trunk channels and by channel type (single/multi-thread) in the study area. We find that night light presence is enhanced by 26% within a 0 to 5 km proximity range of the Indus River and its tributaries, relative to the basin as a whole. We interpret this to represent increased human presence and activity within this zone. However, the mean intensity is lower near the river and higher away from the river, signifying denser settlements, such as towns and cities, which are preferentially located away from the Indus and its tributaries. Moreover, the enhancement of lit pixels signifying human presence and activities is increased by 18% near single-thread sections of the Indus River, compared to segments of the Indus displaying multi-thread morphologies. We suggest that this is due to the enhanced stability of single-threaded channels, relative to mobile multi-threaded channel reaches. This study demonstrates how night lights are an important tool in studying the relationship between human presence and river dynamics in large catchments such as the Indus, and we suggest that these data will have an important role in assessing differential flood spatial and social vulnerability at a regional scale.

RANCANG BANGUN PROTOTIPE SISTEM ATS-AMF BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER DI PERUMDA AIR MINUM TIRTA SANJIWANI UNIT PRODUKSI BLANGSINGA

The continuity of electricity supply from generators to consumers cannot always be guaranteed due to various factors such as planned outages, distribution failures, and the impacts of natural disasters. The Regional Public Water Company (Perumda) Tirta Sanjiwani has adopted generators as Backup Power Sources to ensure the availability of water supply to consumers. However, the Blangsinga Production Unit of Perumda Tirta Sanjiwani faces challenges in switching electricity supply between PLN and the generator set (genset), especially in operations requiring uninterrupted continuity. To overcome the instability of the electricity supply from PLN, the use of automatic systems such as ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) and AMF (Automatic Main Failure) is necessary. The function of ATS is to switch from PLN to the backup power source (genset) when there is a disturbance or outage in PLN. AMF is responsible for detecting failures in PLN and initiating the genset as well as transferring the load to the backup power source when there is a failure in the main power supply. The ATS-AMF system prototype is designed using voltage sensors, frequency sensors, current sensors, and relays to ensure optimal performance and responsiveness to environmental conditions and power supply conditions.

A Seasonal Analysis of the Quality of and Safety of Drinking water harnessed from Roadside Entombments in East Rural, St. Andrew Jamaica

Due to the increase in population density in urban areas and the uncertainty associated with the availability of municipal water supplies, roadside water entombments have remained an important water source for many residents of Jamaica. This research focused on the seasonal, quality and safety of water harnessed from two non -municipal roadside water supplies. The study employs a cross sectional quantitative approach and uses international and national water quality standards as the benchmark. The aim of the study was to describe the seasonal quality and safety of water harnessed from roadside water entombments in East Rural St. Andrew Jamaica. The physiochemical, microbiological quality and safety of the water supplies were assessed. Two microbiological samples were collected from each source during the wet and dry months. In 100 % of the microbiological samples the Total Coliform levels exceeded national and international limits of Zero CFU/L for safe drinking water.

Changing agricultural practices as a result of variable water resource availability in a hilly area of An Giang province, Vietnam

Abstract Located in the Southwest of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, An Giang province is an important center of agricultural production, especially rice cultivation. Climate change impacts are one of several man-made factors affecting water resource availability for agriculture in the province. It is recognized that new solutions are crucial to adapt to the present and future conditions of a scarcer water supply. This paper explores climate factors affecting water resource availability in agriculture and some recent adaptations being adopted by farmers in one district of An Giang province. Hydro-meteorological data was collected together with in-depth interviews as a tool to point to proximate changes in water status and availability and to evaluate local inhabitants’ awareness of climate risks and adaptive strategies. The results noted that climate factors (temperature, humidity, annual rainfall) have altered over time, causing decreased availability of water supplies for agriculture. Recognizing this situation, both structural adaptation and non-structural solutions may occur simultaneously to maintain agricultural production efficiency. The types of crops, tolerant varieties, and irrigation projects suitable for various geographical areas were considered for more adaptive agriculture production locally. To address some of the problems that farmers face, water-saving technologies are an essential part of a range of potential solutions to maintain agricultural production and protect the environment in the future.

Menstrual hygiene management practice and associated factors among secondary school girls in eastern Ethiopia: The influence of water, sanitation and hygiene facilities.

Inadequate water supply, poor sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities in schools, insufficient puberty education and a lack of hygienic menstrual hygiene management (MHM) items (absorbents) cause girls in developing countries like Ethiopia to view menstruation as shameful and uncomfortable. However, there was little evidence of female MHM practice and associated factors among secondary school girls in eastern Ethiopia. To assess MHM practice and associated factors among secondary school girls in eastern Ethiopia. Institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted. A total of 473 secondary schoolgirls were selected using a stratified sampling technique. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire, double-entered to Epidata version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was computed using frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviations. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to assess the association of the school water, sanitation and hygiene facilities with MHM. Adjusted odd ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence interval was computed to show the strength of the association between dependent and independent variables. The goodness of fit of the model was tested by the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Out of 473 study participants, 72.93% of them (95% CI: 68.74-76.76) reported good MHM practices. The study also found that availability of continuous water supply (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI: (1.42-4.01)); types of toilet (AOR = 2.01, 95% CI: (1.20-3.40)), confined space (AOR = 3.02, 95% CI: (1.49-4.76)) and having females' toilets alone inside in the school (AOR = 2.70, 95% CI: (1.20-4.40)) were significantly associated with female students' good MHM practice. The survey revealed that some of the secondary schoolgirls practiced poor menstrual hygiene management (MHM), which needs further improvement. The study also found that the availability of continuous water supply in the school, types of toilet facility in the school, availability of private space to manage periods at school, learning about MHM in schools and availability of female toilets kept locked inside were factors significantly associated with MHM practice of students, which require integration of Zonal Health and education bureau to jointly work towards the improvement of school WASH facilities.

Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Status of Ekosodin Community Residents, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Healthy living has been known to be linked to availability of portable water supply, clean sanitation, access to good hygienic and attainment of nice healthy status. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the assess level of water supply sanitation, hygiene and health status of residents of Ekosodin community, Edo State using a structured questionnaire from 300 respondents analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22. Findings showed that residents of the community primarily relied on boreholes as their main water source, with 72.7 % of respondents indicating its usage. The sanitation facilities, such as toilets, were predominantly available, but there was a need for additional facilities, as indicated by 24.7 % of respondents. In terms of hand hygiene, 67.3 % of participants reported the availability of soap and water in their premises. Moreover, 82.7 % of respondents stated that they had separate containers for bathing and storing drinking water, contributing to improved hygiene practices. Health status’ findings revealed the prevalence of vomiting (66.7 %) among participants. Hospital/clinic facilities were the primary choice for medical treatment (74.7%), followed by herbal preparations (25.3%). In conclusion, a community-based intervention program needs to be carried out to educate the populace of Ekosodin residence on maintenance of hand washing practices, toilets and sanitary facilities.

Digital Control and Management of Water Supply Infrastructure Using Embedded Systems and Machine Learning

Water supply infrastructure operational efficiency has a direct impact on the quantity of portable water available to end users. It is commonplace to find water supply infrastructure in a declining operational state in rural and some urban centers in developing countries. Maintenance issues result in unabated wastage and shortage of supply to users. This work proposes a cost-effective solution to the problem of water distribution losses using a Microcontroller-based digital control method and Machine Learning (ML) to forecast and manage portable water production and system maintenance. A fundamental concept of hydrostatic pressure equilibrium was used for the detection and control of leakages from pipeline segments. The results obtained from the analysis of collated data show a linear direct relationship between water distribution loss and production quantity; an inverse relationship between Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) and yearly failure rates, which are the key problem factors affecting water supply efficiency and availability. Results from the prototype system test show water supply efficiency of 99% as distribution loss was reduced to 1% due to Line Control Unit (LCU) installed on the prototype pipeline. Hydrostatic pressure equilibrium being used as the logic criteria for leak detection and control indeed proved potent for significant efficiency improvement in the water supply infrastructure.

The abundance and types of plankton in milkfish ponds at Banyuasin South Sumatera

Tidal lowland is an area with significant potential for fisheries development, especially in aquaculture. Abundant water supply and land availability provide great opportunities for cultivating aquaculture commodities such as fish, shrimp, and crab. However, effective water quality management poses a significant challenge, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation based on biological, physical, and chemical assessment. Among the crucial parameters influencing water fertility, the presence of plankton stands out. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate water fertility by identifying plankton species, abundance, diversity, dominancy, and water quality in milkfish ponds at Banyuasin, South Sumatra. The results showed that the abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton ranged from 1030-1791 individual L-1 and 103-461 individual L-1, respectively. Furthermore, Bacillariaceae was recorded to be the highest specie, followed by Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Protozoa, Rotifer, and Arthropoda. The range diversity index varied between 1 to 2.6, while the density and dominance indices ranged from 0.9 and 1, as well as 0.1 and 0.8, respectively. The classification of the pond's fertility fell within the mesotrophic category, signifying a moderate level. In conclusion, the water quality maintained an optimum range, thereby supporting the growth of plankton and milkfish. Meanwhile, only ammonia was below the optimum range stipulated by PP No. 22 of 2021 suggested.Keywords:bioindicatormilkfishplanktontidal lowlandwater quality

An assessment of the physiochemical quality of drinking water from tube wells and its effects on human health in Sokoto metropolis

Available, accessible and safe drinking water supply may enhance health and development. The availability of potable water supply plays a key role in the realization of health improvement measures in any community. Water supply reduces the incidence of water related diseases, infant mortality rates and increases the children’s life expectancy. Safe and quality water is a basic need for every human being and catalyst for good health and development in any nation globally. Safe drinking water is the most important in the control of diseases such as dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid, etc. in fact its reported that 80% of all the diseases in the world especially in Africa are associated with unsafe water. This paper aimed at assessing whether if the tube wells ground water in Sokoto South Local Government are of good quality standard for human consumption as enshrine by WHO’s (2017) guidelines and SON (2015) for the protection of human health. Meanwhile, primary data were generated by collecting samples of water from selected tube wells in different locations in the study area using purposive sampling techniques. Three most important physicochemical parameters were tested. The most important physic parameter tested and analyzed was pH, of the water while the most important chemical parameters tested and analyzed were chloride (Cl), and nitrate (NO3) using descriptive statistics method. The results show that the water from the tube wells are physicochemically fit for human consumption. The paper recommended that such water should still be treated, boiled, frozen and thawed before consumption.

Fouling minimization with nanofluidic membranes; How electric field may help

Researchers have given water purification substantial consideration in recent years as the availability of fresh water supplies has become a worldwide problem. Water treatment is the typical use for membranes. Enhancing membrane performance is thus a much sought after area of study. In this study, we examine a nanochannel that is embedded in a nanofluidic membrane, located between two reservoirs containing KCl electrolyte solution with equal concentrations. The neutral component present in the source reservoir is bovine serum albumin (BSA). A negatively charged polyelectrolyte layer coats the inside of the nanochannel, making the mass transfer more manageable and efficient. By applying an electric field and inducing electroosmotic flow, the electrolyte passes through the nanochannel without a change in concentration, while BSA is concentrated in the feed reservoir. Fouling performance was evaluated by measuring the flux of fluid passing through the nanochannel, the concentration difference CK+-CCl-, the electroosmotic velocity of the flow, and the time average volume flux. The BSA rejection was also monitored as a goal function. The difference between the electrolyte and the soft layer's physical–chemical properties was varied, and the parameters of electrolyte concentration, surface charge density of the soft layer, and type and frequency of the applied electric field, were all altered to determine their impact on membrane fouling. To do this, the Poisson-Nernst-Planck, continuity, and Navier-Stokes equations were numerically solved using the finite element method in an unsteady state. The findings demonstrate that fouling in the nanochannel can be reduced by increasing the charge density of the soft layer and lowering the electrolyte concentration. Using an AC field at intermediate frequencies is far more successful than a DC field in reducing fouling. Nevertheless, the AC field does not outperform the DC field in fouling reduction at either low or high frequencies tested.