Network Availability Research Articles

A Study on Problems in the Insurance Repository System in India

This section discusses the problems of the insurance repository system and it is possible to state that the situation is quite chaotic here. Due to the availability of many repositories in the industry, policyholders are confused and the emergence of repository services distorts the insurers-policyholders nexus. Further, the majority of the policyholders have low computer literacy which extends the problem as far as the adoption of the repository services is concerned and also increases the possibility of exploiting the policyholder information. But when arrangements are made to try and bring the services closer to ensure that they are availed to all the various policyholders of the repository services, it is realized that many of the life insurance firms do not encourage the policyholders through active marketing. And, it contributes to the other issue which makes the policyholders’ attitude towards the repository system not highly positive. Promoting the use of the repository system has also been lacking tangent arising from the interface initiates that copy with the hands of the regulatory bodies such as IRDA. In the context of this research, system barriers, including network availability bear more difficulty in being solved, hence resulting in higher variability in as well as levels and patterns of use of the repository system compared to consolidated groups like the CPRP. These complex challenges underscore the need to come up with suitable and feasible interventions to address the issues that have characterized the insurance repository system, with the view to making it functional for all the targeted users and other stakeholders.

Impact of Temperature and Shading on Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Telecom Sites

Nigeria's rural mobile network boom strains its power generation. Expensive and polluting diesel generators power off-grid base stations, prompting mobile network operators to explore solar PV systems. However, real-life performance under field conditions is a major concern, as manufacturer datasheets often fall short. This study highlighted the performance of a solar PV system powering a telecommunication station in Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria. We examined temperature, irradiance and shading effect. The findings highlight the impact of shading and temperature on energy yield and performance ratio (PR). While stand-alone and solar tracking systems had similar PRs (66 to 68 percent), tracking systems generated the most energy (4.53 energy yield) due to increased solar exposure. However, this benefit came with a trade-off; higher temperature losses (1559 kWh) caused by temperature rise from direct sunlight. Additionally, the nearby structures significantly impacted tracking systems by causing shading. In conclusion, well-designed solar PV systems for telecommunication stations must consider mitigating factors like shading and temperature. This can achieve substantial advantages: lower operational expenses for operators, improved network availability for rural users, and a reduced environmental impact, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals.

The Analysis of Geospatial Factors Necessary for the Planning, Design, and Construction of Agricultural Biogas Plants in the Context of Sustainable Development

This spatial analysis focuses on the relevant elements regarding the use of renewable energy sources, in particular, biogas, taking into account sustainability. The characteristics of the processes of biogas formation are presented, including the technological and biological aspects of its production. The issues of agricultural biogas plant profitability are discussed using examples from Poland, analyzing the economic and financial aspects of investing in this type of plant. Geospatial analysis supported by geographic information systems (GISs) looked at factors affecting the relief of the land and also the analysis of local plans or zoning decisions for the selected site. In addition, distance relationships and geological aspects taking into account terrain, landslides, and forestation, as well as hydrological aspects relating to flood and flooding hazards, were examined. It analyzed the availability of utility networks and proximity to road infrastructure. It was also examined that the proposed project will not have a negative impact on environmental protection. The analyzed site meets favorable conditions for the construction of the proposed project, and the conclusion drawn from this study is to emphasize the importance of integrating renewable energy sources with information systems to achieve sustainable development.

A novel Distributed Denial of Service attack defense scheme for Software-Defined Networking using Packet-In message and frequency domain analysis

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) enhances network management by improving adaptability, flexibility, and scalability. However, its centralized controller is vulnerable to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks that can disrupt network availability. This study introduces a novel real-time DDoS detection scheme integrated into the SDN controller. The scheme uses a two-step process to analyze Packet-In messages in both time and frequency domains. A time-series is generated by sampling the number of Packet-In messages at specific time intervals, which is compared against a predefined threshold. If exceeded, frequency domain analysis is applied to extract features, which are then used by Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to identify DDoS attacks. The scheme achieves 99.85% accuracy in distinguishing normal traffic from attack traffic, demonstrating its effectiveness in safeguarding SDN environments from DDoS threats.

Assessment of reliability and availability of wireless sensor networks in industrial applications by considering permanent faults

SummaryWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are critical for communication within a mile radius and industrial applications. These networks are very prone to failure due to their enormous number of nodes and their unique hardware and software restrictions. To make sure network performance, a lot of study needs to be done to improve failure tolerance and stability. This study looks at how to judge the availability and dependability of WSNs that have long‐term issues. The suggested method checks how well a network works in various failure cases by using fault trees and Markov chain analysis. Such methods help us find and study possible failure scenarios and how they might impact the network's dependability in a planned way. The results show that WSNs have major flaws and give useful suggestions for making the systems work better. The findings show that using these evaluation methods may greatly enhance the ability to handle faults, lower the risk of damage, and allow developers of WSNs to make smart choices.

Social Media as a Source of Information for the Detection of Adverse Drug Reactions in Post-Marketing Surveillance: A Review

INTRODUCTION. With the development of the Internet and the increasing availability of social networks and fora, patients have received an opportunity to share their medication experiences online. According to the guidelines on Good Pharmacovigilance Practices, social media can be considered an important additional source of patient-derived information in post-marketing surveillance, but the effectiveness of their use in detecting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is still being investigated.AIM. This study aimed to analyse the results of relevant original studies and assess the potential of using social networks and online patient fora as a source of information on ADRs associated with the use of medicinal products.DISCUSSION. Published studies indicate that posts on social networks and patient fora describe both minor and serious ADRs, including new ADRs. The relevance of social media as a source of information about the safety of a medicinal product varies depending on several factors, including the medicinal product class and time on the market, as well as the platform demographics. Young users (18–44 years) are interested in online discussions about medicinal products for mental and reproductive system disorders. Users aged 45–64 years tend to discuss the use of medicinal products for chronic pain (including muscle pain), menopause, and gastritis. Discussions among users over 65 years old predominantly focus on medicinal products for diabetes, heart conditions, and muscle pain. People are much more likely to describe ADRs associated with the use of medicinal products for orphan diseases and cancer on fora for patients than on social networks in general, and vice versa for ADRs associated with the use of medicinal products for mental disorders. In addition, social media may be of interest as a source of information about cases of overdose, misuse and off-label use of medicinal products, and use of medicinal products during pregnancy and lactation.CONCLUSIONS. Social media can be a source of valuable information about the safety of medicinal products and the impact of ADRs on the quality of patients’ lives. Marketing authorisation holders can obtain new information about the safety of medicinal products by extending their safety monitoring strategies to include social media. Nevertheless, since the relevance of a particular social network or patient forum for the detection of ADR cases varies considerably, a preliminary assessment is necessary to ascertain the presence of information on the medicinal product of interest.

INTEGRATION OF TELEGRAM BOT AND UPTIME KUMA FOR WI-FI NETWORK MONITORING USING MIKROTIK

Wi-Fi network monitoring is a crucial aspect in ensuring the availability and security of widely used internet services. This research confirms the use of Telegram bots for notification integration with the Uptime-Kuma monitoring program and proxy devices for Wi-Fi network monitoring. The main router and network controller in this study were Mikrotik devices, while Uptime Kuma was used as a monitoring tool to track the performance and availability of the Wi-Fi network. When important events are discovered on the network, network administrators can receive quick notifications through integration with Telegram bots. In the context of Wi-Fi networks, the Security Policy Development Life Cycle (SPDLC) method is used to design relevant and effective security policies. It includes the stages of planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and regular updating of security policies to maintain optimal levels of security. The results show that the integration of Telegram bots with the Kuma Uptime monitoring tool can improve network availability. This allows quick reaction to Uptime and Downtime reports in network conditions, which record the percentage of time network services are available. Thus, administrators do not need to wait for complaints from users if the connection is suddenly lost, because changes in connection status will automatically send a notification to Telegram.

Protecting unauthenticated messages in LTE/5G mobile networks: A two-level Hierarchical Identity-Based Signature (HIBS) solution

As an essential public infrastructure, the security and reliability of mobile networks have a profound impact on people’s production and life. Although the security of LTE/5G networks has been improved a lot with the evolution of standards, there are still some unprotected messages being transmitted between the cellular network and device due to the symmetric key-based security architecture and the trade-off between security and other criteria like network availability. By exploiting these messages, various security attacks have been proposed and demonstrated against commercial mobile networks and devices in existing literature, such as user location tracking, bidding-down, and DoS attacks. To address this security issue, in this paper, we aim to protect these unauthenticated messages in mobile networks using digital signatures. Based on the idea of Hierarchical Identity-Based Signature (HIBS) in existing work, we analyse and design a two-level HIBS solution in detail in terms of different aspects such as keys generation and provisioning procedures, replay mitigation, and cell selection. Unlike previous work, our proposed solution also supports the protection of individual vulnerable RRC and NAS layer signalling in addition to authenticating the base station. We evaluated the efficiency and feasibility of several existing HIBS schemes and implemented the most efficient one in the 5G standalone network setup using open-source software. The implementation results further proved the feasibility of the solution in practice.

Learning-based visibility prediction for terahertz communications in 6G networks

Terahertz communications are envisioned as a key enabler for 6G networks. The abundant spectrum available in such ultra high frequencies has the potential to increase network capacity to huge data rates. However, they are extremely affected by blockages, to the point of disrupting ongoing communications. In this paper, we elaborate on the relevance of predicting visibility between users and access points (APs) to improve the performance of THz-based networks by minimizing blockages, that is, maximizing network availability, while at the same time keeping a low reconfiguration overhead. We propose a novel approach to address this problem, by combining a neural network (NN) for predicting future user–AP visibility probability, with a probability threshold for AP reselection to avoid unnecessary reconfigurations. Our experimental results demonstrate that current state-of-the-art handover mechanisms based on received signal strength are not adequate for THz communications, since they are ill-suited to handle hard blockages. Our proposed NN-based solution significantly outperforms them, demonstrating the interest of our strategy as a research line.

Examining the efficiency of D2D communication employing DF-enabled multiple relay systems amid co-channel interference

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is emerging as a potential paradigm in contemporary wireless communication systems. Enabling D2D communication in the mmWave range has numerous challenges that must be overcome. The biggest concern is the introduction of interference from several sources. This study investigates the impact of co-channel interference (CCI) on D2D communication when energy harvesting (EH) and decode-and-forward (DF) techniques are used across several relay nodes. It includes mathematical equations for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise ratio (SINR), as well as formulas for calculating the network's outage probability (OP), throughput (TP), and availability rate (AR). Furthermore, it produces an asymptotic expression for analyzing the probability density function (PDF) of the instantaneous SINR, providing a simple and complete approach to understanding its OP, TP, and AR properties. The analytical results are supported by Monte Carlo simulations and MATLAB implementation.

Essential Steps and Strategic Considerations for Successfully Launching a Small-Scale Business

To achieve a successful launch of a small-scale firm, one must carefully navigate through many crucial procedures and strategic considerations. This review essay thoroughly analysed the fundamental activities and techniques required for a successful company’s commencement. Essential elements include completing comprehensive market research to find possibilities and comprehend competition, formulating a comprehensive business plan that delineates objectives, strategies, financial forecasts, and operational plans, and obtaining sufficient finance. The research highlighted the significance of robust financial management methods, including budgeting, cash flow management, and financial forecasting, to guarantee stability and facilitate development. Efficient allocation of resources, adaptation to market changes, and harnessing technology were important strategic considerations for overcoming common difficulties and attaining lasting success. The essay consolidated the latest research and optimal methodologies, offering practical insights for entrepreneurs to improve their company performance and overcome frequent challenges. Suggestions included consulting with specialists, being attentive to market fluctuations, and enhancing the availability of financial resources and support networks. This exhaustive analysis provided a beneficial structure for small-scale enterprises seeking to develop a robust basis for expansion and long-term sustainability. Keywords: Small-scale business, Business launch, Market research, Business plan, Financial management.

An entropy and machine learning based approach for DDoS attacks detection in software defined networks

Software-defined networks (SDNs) have been growing rapidly due to their ability to provide an efficient network management approach compared to traditional methods. However, one of the major challenges facing SDNs is the threat of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, which can severely impact network availability. Detecting and mitigating such attacks is challenging, given the constantly evolving range of attack techniques. In this paper, a novel hybrid approach is proposed that combines statistical methods with machine-learning capabilities to address the detection and mitigation of DDoS attacks in SDN environments. The statistical phase of the approach utilizes an entropy-based detection mechanism, while the machine-learning phase employs a clustering mechanism to analyze the impact of active users on the entropy of the system. The k-means algorithm is used for clustering. The proposed approach was experimentally evaluated using three modern datasets, namely, CIC-IDS2017, CSE-CIC-2018, and CICIDS2019. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the system in detecting and blocking sudden and rapid attacks, highlighting the potential of the proposed approach to significantly enhance security against DDoS attacks in SDN environments.

Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Assessment-Based Sustainability-Informed Maintenance Optimization in Power Transmission Networks

Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Assessment-Based Sustainability-Informed Maintenance Optimization in Power Transmission Networks

Review on DDoS Attack in Controller Environment of Software Defined Network

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks pose a significant threat to the security and availability of networks. With the increasing adoption of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and its multi-controller architectures, there is a need to explore effective DDoS attack detection mechanisms tailored to these environments. An overview of the current research on detecting DDoS attacks in SDN environments, with a focus on different detection techniques, methodologies and problems is presented in this survey paper. The survey attempt to identify the limitations and strengths of current approaches and propose potential research directions for improving DDoS detection in this context.

Explainable semantic wireless anomaly characterization for digital twins

The shift towards software-centric network infrastructures is driven by the increasing need for networks to be responsive, flexible, and scalable in the face of an expanding set of connected devices. The digital twin (DT) approach, mirroring physical entities in a digital format, has emerged as a key enabler of network reliability and availability. Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) into DTs enhances the resilience of networks by providing in-depth analysis and increasingly automated mitigation strategies against operational disruptions. In this work, we propose a new AI-based information extraction module that is part of the DT Monitoring component able to process RSS data, extract and characterize abrupt anomalies. The output of this component is used to maintain an anomaly history in the Link Abstraction within the DT and subsequently inform possible automatic mitigation actions. We design the AI-based information extraction module to identify and characterize three types of RSS based anomalies. Our extensive performance analysis on 10 versions of the “You Only Look Once” architecture reveals that YOLOv8n produces a good tradeoff between performance and computational complexity. We show that our approach performs on par with the state of the art for anomaly detection, while enabling anomaly characterization by location, duration, and severity. By employing two SotA explainability algorithms, we also provide insights into the important regions of the input that trigger the selected model’s classification and characterization decisions.

Wind Farms’ Location and Geographical Proximity as a Key Factor in Sustainable City Development: Evidence from Poland

In this study, the potential impact of wind farm locations on the sustainable development of cities in Poland was evaluated, considering the availability of wind-generated electricity. We analyzed 37 cities in Poland with populations over 100,000. Research indicates that wind farms located 30–80 km from large cities perform best in terms of generating capacity, while greater distances increase transmission costs and energy losses. In Poland, wind farms are primarily situated in the northwestern regions, posing challenges for energy transmission to the southern cities, which are the main centers of energy consumption. The findings show that wind farms with the highest generating capacity are generally about 50 km from major cities. Key factors influencing wind farm locations include technical criteria, economic feasibility, environmental impact, public opinion, and the availability of transmission networks. Sustainable development of wind farms requires strategic cooperation between urban and rural municipalities, joint spatial planning, coordinated land acquisition, and the exchange of know-how.

Meeting the charging demand of Electric Vehicles in Greece: Enabling intercity trips

The increasing need for sustainable transportation has underscored the pivotal role of electric mobility in shaping the future of mobility. Electric Vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution, but their widespread adoption is contingent upon the availability of a reliable charging network. This challenge extends even to EV adoption pioneers like Norway and China. This study delves into the context of EV adoption in Greece, providing insights into the EV market, existing incentives, and the state of charging infrastructure. Reports indicate that Greece is at a critical juncture, with fast EV adoption but sluggish development of Charging Stations (CSs). To address this issue, a Monte Carlo simulation is employed to evaluate the feasibility of long-distance EV trips in Greece and propose an infrastructure development plan. For EVs, the study reveals a linear relationship between battery size and autonomy, with some exceptions emphasizing the importance of data acquisition and individual EV assessment. The study also provides insights into the relationship between trip length and energy consumption, indicating that longer trips exhibit greater fluctuation in energy consumption due to varying conditions, while energy usage patterns of shorter trips are more predictable. Additionally, the analysis presents average energy consumption values for each EV model in different temperature conditions, highlighting the impact of environmental factors on EV performance.

Application of the Multi-Threading Method and Python Script for the Automate of Network

In recent times, there has been a noticeable surge in the inclination towards the implementation of network automation solutions. This trend is driven by the objective of optimizing network availability within the context of hybrid data center networks, which are becoming increasingly prevalent. Reliability, performance, scalability, and minimal resource overhead are crucial solution design characteristics that significantly impact the decision- making process regarding adoption. Recent research has shown that 90% of network outages happen because of human factors and 69% of respondents manage their network with manual method. That high human error of up to 90%, occurs when configuring network devices using manual method. These problems had a negative impact on the functioning of the organization and were harmful to the user. In this research, we investigate solutions to reduce network outage that caused human error using network automation using the Python programming language and multi-threading method. This network automation will reduce configuration time, eliminate human error, and significantly increase efficiency. The aim of this research is to investigate the efficacy of network automation using Python and multi-threading to reduce network outages.The method used in this research is a parallel or multi-tread execution process method using GNS3 as network simulator. Based on experimental results, the multi- thread automation approach is significantly faster than both the serial automation method (67 seconds) and the manual method (248 seconds), this method requiring only 41 seconds to configure all Cisco router devices. If you're looking for speed, look no farther than the multi- thread automation approach, which is 6 times quicker than the manual method and 3.7 times quicker than the serial automation approach. The findings of this study have substantial and immediate implications for the ability of network engineers to speed up the configuration of networks and lower the rate of human error in doing so.

Key Actions to Enable Automation for Mobile Network Security Operations

Over time, the landscape of Cyberspace surrounding Internet Service Providers (ISPs) has undergone enduring transformations. Notably, mobile networks, integral to contemporary societal infrastructure, consistently encounter evolving cybersecurity threats and risks. ISP processes have adapted with a persistent focus on optimizing network performance and availability, yet the challenges emerge from a laborious and protracted network change management process, hindering the practical automation of network security. Addressing the rightful demand for the highest level of security from mobile network users, our research question probes: "How can we intensify the emphasis on network security and facilitate the automation of network security operations?" To delve into this, we conducted extensive interviews with ISPs globally, affirming the inherent difficulty in automating security operations. The findings categorize challenges into three domains: Security Culture, Operational Processes, and Tools. Cultivating a security culture demands a pivotal commitment to change from top management, coupled with dedicated time and resources. Essential to this is the enhancement of security competence, extending beyond specialists to encompass network engineering staff. Robust network security not only safeguards against threats but significantly influences various business processes. Initiating a secure network requires ISPs to articulate explicit security requirements during the network procurement process, exerting pressure on vendors to fortify systems with a security-by-design approach at the factory. Critical to this is the secure deployment of networks, integrating comprehensive network hardening during the build phase. However, findings indicate a prevalent oversight where network security configuration changes are often neglected or deprioritized in favor of network performance. Achieving a harmonious balance between security and performance necessitates a predefined agreement on a network security configuration baseline. This collaborative effort involves network security specialists and competent network engineers. To effectively monitor and enforce network security configuration, ISPs require automation-enabled tools with the predefined baseline, offering capabilities for monitoring and enforcing network assets. In conclusion, our research emphasizes the imperative need for a paradigm shift in organizational culture, operational processes, and tool utilization to enhance the focus on network security and enable the critical automation of network security operations within the ever-evolving landscape of Cyberspace.

Improving Integration of Transportation Modes for Hinterland of Prigi Commercial Port, East Java Province, Indonesia

Prigi Commercial Port was developed to bridge the economic gap between northern and southern regions of East Java Province. Therefore this research analyses the integration of transportation modes in hinterland region of Prigi Commercial Port. Data was collected from the research region and assessed using Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). The results have shown the transportation modes in hinterland region of Prigi Commercial Port to be inadequate and partially achieved. The government took two steps and the first was associated with the preservation and improvement of the positive aspects of transportation mode integration, such as intermodal network availability, route clarity, transfer points across various networks, and time. The second step addressed the less satisfactory elements, such as the availability of primary modes, information, clarity schedule transparency, fare details, clear timing information, and modes connection.