Auxiliary Lines Research Articles

Cross-PIC: A cross-scale in-context learning network for 3D multibeam point cloud segmentation of submarine pipelines

The multibeam sonar has become a powerful tool for undersea pipeline detection, which can obtain high quality three-dimensional point cloud data. However, the identification accuracy of current pipeline algorithms remains low because of insufficient utilization of context features. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved context-learning point cloud segmentation network, named Cross-scale Point-In-Context (Cross-PIC), to identify submarine pipelines. Cross-PIC designs the sampling module Balanced-FPS to improve the equalization sampling. Meanwhile, Cross-PIC constructs different scale coding architecture based on context learning, which includes Auxiliary line and Baseline for multi-scale feature encoding. Finally, the Refine Module is designed to realize cross-scale coded feature fusion to output segmentation results. Experiments with different fuzzy degrees show that Cross-PIC also significantly outperforms the original Point-In-Context network with less training data. Cross-PIC also achieves better results than other networks based on point, voxel, and dynamic graph convolution.

공학 도구 기반의 보조 구성 도형 분석을 통한 논증 기하 학습 방법 탐색

This paper proposes proof methods for synthetic geometry problem by dividing it into a process of observing geometric properties of auxiliary constructions(auxiliary lines and auxiliary circles) drawn using technology tools without logical proof and a process of logically proving the observes geometric properties. Through this method, students can approach problems more easily and the utilization of technology tools is maximized, so each student can solve geometry problems that were difficult to solve using traditional methods. In addition, it can be expected that this method will play a meaningful role in improving students' logical thinking abilities by being able to solve problems with only basic geometry knowledge without using difficult geometric theorems.

The Improvement of Luminous Uniformity of Large-Area Organic Light-Emitting Diodes by Using Auxiliary Electrodes

The study developed a large emission area of flexible blue organic light-emitting diodes (BOLED) on a polyethylene terephthalate/ Indium tin oxide (PET/ITO) substrate using a polycyclic skeleton ν-DABNA Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) material. Initially, a 1 × 1 cm2 blue OLED was fabricated to optimize the layer thickness. The blue OLED structure consisted of PET/ITO/HATCN/TAPC/UBH-21:ν-DABNA/TPBi/LiF/Al. However, as the emission area increased to 3.5 × 3.5 cm2, the current density decreased due to the resistance of PET/ITO, leading to luminance non-uniformity. To address this issue, auxiliary Au lines were added to the ITO anode to enhance current injection. Despite this, when the Au lines reached a thickness of 30 nm, average light emission was disrupted. To improve the luminescence characteristics of large-area PET/ITO OLEDs, a capping and planarization layer of PEDOT:PSS was applied. Grid uniformity revealed a significant increase in overall luminance uniformity from 74.1% to 87.4% with the addition of auxiliary Au lines. Further increases in grid line density slightly reduced uniformity but enhanced brightness, resulting in brighter, flexible, large-area blue OLED lighting panels.

Selection of hand features based on Random Forest algorithm and hand shape recognition

To obtain effective features applicable to hand morphology recognition, the method of obtaining effective feature indicators based on the Random Forest (RF) algorithm to downscale hand morphology parameters is proposed. Firstly, 232 female university students collected three-dimensional hand information, constructed auxiliary point, line, and surface standardised measurement methods, obtained 33 characteristic parts of human dimensions, and used k-means clustering for hand morphology subdivision. Hand morphology can be divided into three categories: short, slender and broad. The RF algorithm is used for feature index importance assessment and hand shape recognition model. The accuracy of the feature metrics determined by the RF algorithm, PCA, and VC method applied to hand shape recognition is compared and analysed to verify the effectiveness of the dimensionality reduction of the RF algorithm. The results showed that the feature indexes used for hand shape recognition were five items: hand length, thickness at the metacarpal, thenar width, the distance between the thumb and index finger, and distance from the root of the little finger to the centre of the wrist. Using the RF algorithm to reduce the dimensionality is more effective; the average recognition accuracy of the four hand shape recognition models is 93.78% on average, compared with PCA and VC reduction methods, the average accuracy of hand shape recognition models is increased by 19.17%, and 14.86% respectively. The study's results can provide methodological references for the objective selection of characteristic indicators and morphological recognition of human body parts.

Teaching Practice of 'Integration of Theory and Practice' in the Motor Control Course under the Guidance of Moral Education"

The article carries out teaching reform in the aspects of teaching content, teaching methods and means, teaching mode, and moral education of the motor course, re-integrates the educational resources of the electrical control technology course, reconstructs the content of subject knowledge, integrates the craftsman spirit of "dedication, lean, focus, innovation" and the industry values of "safety, standardization, pragmatism, efficiency", and carries out a "theory-practice integration" teaching practice that combines online and offline teaching with ideological and political education as the leading factor, simulation experiment design as the main line, classroom theoretical explanation as the auxiliary line, and practical operation as the strengthening factor. It ensures the integration of value shaping, knowledge impartment, and ability cultivation, and implements the goal of cultivating morality and fostering talents.

Experimental study on mooring system of tunnel element subjected to current loading during the standby period before its immersion

ABSTRACT The safety of mooring system during the standby period is important for the follow-up immersion of tunnel elements. In this study, performance of a typical four-point mooring system, subjected to the current loading alone, was experimentally investigated. The latter is characterised by different direction, tidal elevation, and velocity, reaching the magnitude up to 2.5 m / s . The experimental results of motions of the tunnel element and tensions of the mooring lines were presented, based on which the safety of the mooring system and its correlation with the motions of the tunnel element are discussed. The results indicate that the magnitude of both the tensions of the mooring lines and the motions of the tunnel element increase with increasing current velocity, which is particular visible after reaching the 1.5 m / s -threshold. Whereas their relative values are governed by the current direction. The current loading is mainly carried by the mooring lines on the front side of the incoming current, among which the auxiliary lines generally governs the safety status of the mooring system. In this study, the maximum allowable current velocity can reach 1.5 m / s at the low tidal elevation of 12.016 m , where the safety factor of the mooring system keeps no smaller than 1.0, irrespective of the current direction. However, the maximum current speed is limited to 1.0 m / s at the high tidal elevation of 20.084 m . This maxima can be increased by strengthening the auxiliary mooring lines, in order to prolong the time window for construction of the immersed tunnel.

An on-machine measurement technique with sub-micron accuracy on a low-precision grinding machine tool

The on-machine measurement system can effectively improve the machining efficiency and accuracy of the optics in the grinding stage, but the common grinding machine has large geometric errors and ambient temperature errors, which are the key factors restricting the accuracy of on-machine measurement. In this paper, a high-precision error separation technique including geometric error separation and temperature error separation is proposed to achieve sub-micron level measurement accuracy in the grinding stage. The on-machine measurement system is built based on the color confocal sensor. A sensitive error model is established based on Abbe's principle and multi-body dynamics, and the geometric error separation with zero Abbe's error is achieved by a high-precision reference mirror. Then the temperature error influence model is established based on the scanning path, and the temperature error separation method based on the auxiliary profile line is proposed according to the temperature error model. Finally, it is verified through experiments that after error separation, the measurement accuracy of the on-machine measurement system is improved from tens of micron to sub-micron, which exceeds the measurement accuracy of ordinary coordinate measurement machines (CMMs), and can effectively improve the machining accuracy and efficiency in the grinding stage.

Research progress and development trend of flexible hand rehabilitation gloves

The flexible hand rehabilitation glove is proposed to solve the problems of long rehabilitation training time for patients and high workload for doctors, and to make the treatment more effective. With the advances in robotics, robotic-assisted therapy has developed rapidly and has become an essential complement to conventional treatment. To understand flexible hand rehabilitation glove devices, with the different construction types of actuators and drive methods as the mainline, the corresponding study of these structures as the auxiliary lines. The characteristics and the current state of research have been discussed. A brief introduction to manufacturing actuators and rehabilitation systems is also given. Through the analysis of hand rehabilitation gloves, some current advantages and disadvantages are summarized, and future directions and functional diversification are envisaged. Certain feasible research suggestions have been proposed for future development regarding structure, functional diversity, and a combination of driving methods. These include that there will be more combinations of pneumatic and motor driven, combining the advantages of both methods to overcome the disadvantages of each. The structural design will be more in line with anatomy and ergonomics, make it more esthetically pleasing. More innovative controls methods will be adopted to achieve more complex rehabilitation functions.

Weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation of ALS Point Clouds Based on Auxiliary Line and Plane Point Prediction

Weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation of ALS Point Clouds Based on Auxiliary Line and Plane Point Prediction

Power quality in the circuits of traction substation

Rail transport in Poland uses direct current electric traction to power vehicles (locomotives and multiple units). It is therefore necessary to convert the AC voltage of the power system into the DC voltage of the traction system. The conversion of alternating voltage into direct voltage takes place in traction substations. Rectifier units installed at traction substations are used for this purpose. As a result, electric traction should be classified as non-linear consumers. In addition, the traction substation load changes dynamically. All this makes the electric traction a recipient generating a number of disturbances to the network. These disturbances affect the quality of electricity in the power system from which the traction substations are supplied, and the quality of energy in auxiliary and non-traction lines. The article presents the results of the analysis of measurements of electricity quality indicators recorded at selected points of the traction substation line. Parameters characterizing the quality of electricity were recorded, among others, in in the main line supplying the traction substation, non-traction needs line and auxiliary circuits. The presented article is another in a series of publications related to the assessment of the impact of DC electric traction on the power system.

A monotone finite volume element scheme for diffusion equations on arbitrary polygonal grids

We develop a monotone finite volume element scheme for the diffusion problem on arbitrary polygonal grids inspired by the scheme in the literature ([35]). The main contributions of this paper include three aspects. Firstly, some auxiliary lines or points are introduced for any polygonal element so that it can be partitioned into two or more triangles, and one novel type of its control volume is concomitantly designed. In this paper, we mainly discuss quadrilateral grids. Secondly, some piecewise linear finite element spaces are imported for the trial spaces. Fictitious elements, continuous extensions and the nonlinear two-point flux idea can all be inherited from the triangular case. Therefore, the monotonicity of the scheme is easily proved only by the assembling of some triangles' element stiff matrices. Thirdly, the agreeable adaptability for distorted grids is completely borned. The strict convexity restriction on the grids can also be removed, the concave or severely distorted polygonal (such as quadrilateral) grids are transformed as the convex and general regular triangles. Finally, numerical results confirm its monotonicity, accuracy and stability.

Influence of Aperture of Radiating Strip Structure on Electrodynamic Characteristics of Patch Antenna

The paper presents the results of numerical modeling of the electrodynamic characteristics of a Vivaldi type patch antenna based on a circular disk resonator. The modeling was carried out using the semi-open resonator model by the finite element method (FEM) implemented in the HFFS package. The antenna was fed using a coplanar line segment. The antenna elements were placed over a grounded plane. The influence of design parameters and the function determining the curvature of the exponentially expanding slot discontinuity on the frequency, energy and polarization characteristics was investigated. It was established that with a certain selection of variable parameters, such an antenna can be matched with external circuits in the range from 7.03 GHz to 20 GHz with a level of VSWR values not exceeding 1.92. In the amplitude-frequency characteristic, fairly wide frequency bands with almost perfect matching are observed. The choice of the type of excitation element in the form of a section of the coplanar line made it possible to exclude additional elements inherent in Vivaldi antennas, namely, a section of the auxiliary strip line and a balancing resonator. This kind of antenna allows to form radiation patterns of various shapes from single-sided to cosecant quadrate. At the same time, in some intervals of observation angles, the formed fields turn out to be elliptically polarized with an ellipticity coefficient close to unity. The combination of the obtained results makes it possible to predict the use of this kind of antennas for operation with broadband signals.

Matematik Öğretmenlerinin Dinamik Geometri Yazılımı Temelli Acil Uzaktan Öğretim Sürecine Özgü Orkestrasyon Tiplerinin İncelenmesi

The aim of this study is to examine secondary school mathematics teachers’ orchestration types specific to their dynamic geometry software-based emergency remote teaching. The theoretical lens of the study is instrumental orchestration in which teachers’ teaching styles with the use of technological tools are defined as orchestration types. The study was designed as a case study whose participants were two secondary school mathematics teachers (Faruk and Ela) experienced in the use of dynamic geometry software in their face-to-face teaching processes. Semi-structured interviews and observations were performed in order to collect the data in the study. The collected data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis method. The results of the study reveal that the teachers developed two new orchestration types during the emergency remote teaching process While Faruk developed the Teacher-in-sherpa-role orchestration in which the teacher performed the operations asked by the students; both teachers performed the Screen-as-board in which they used virtual pen to draw auxiliary lines, place marks and take notes on the screen. In addition, Ela adapted the Monitor-and-guide orchestration into her teaching process, in which a student-monitoring system regarding dynamic geometry activities played an essential role. The results show that various orchestration types identified in the literature do not occur in the remote teaching processes due to their characteristics regarding the physical classroom environment. It is suggested that further studies focus to examine the orchestration types developed by mathematics teachers in the post-pandemic remote teaching processes.

Machine Vision Based The Spatiotemporal Information Identification of The Vehicle

Accurately identifying the vehicle load on the bridge plays a vital role in structural-stress analysis and safety evaluation. Also, extracting the spatiotemporal information of the vehicle’s is crucial for identifying the vehicle load. This study aimed to propose a vehicle spatiotemporal information-identification method based on machine-vision technology. First, digital video surveillance cameras were installed in the front and on the side of the monitoring section to capture real-time videos of vehicles passing through the monitoring section. The background-difference method was used to detect vehicles based on the frontal video. Subsequently, the transverse position was evaluated according to the distance between the vehicle’s license plate and the lane line. Other vehicle parameters, including the vehicle’s speed, the number of axles and the wheelbase, were identified based on the lateral video and the auxiliary lines with a known distance. Second, a laboratory model experiment and multiple field tests under different scenes were carried out to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method. The results indicated that the average identification errors of wheelbase for the model experiment and the field tests were all 1.12% and those of the vehicle’s speed were 1.25% and 1.35, respectively. Also, the average deviations of the lateral position were 2.57 mm and 2.69 cm, respectively. The variances of the identified error of the three parameters for the field tests were 0.78%, 1.83 cm and 0.54%, respectively. This verified that the proposed method has high accuracy, reliability and good anti-noise performance. KEYWORDS: Machine vision, Spatiotemporal information, Load identification, Orthotropic deck, Bridge engineering.

A Transformer-Embedded Multi-Task Model for Dose Distribution Prediction.

Radiation therapy is a fundamental cancer treatment in the clinic. However, to satisfy the clinical requirements, radiologists have to iteratively adjust the radiotherapy plan based on experience, causing it extremely subjective and time-consuming to obtain a clinically acceptable plan. To this end, we introduce a transformer-embedded multi-task dose prediction (TransMTDP) network to automatically predict the dose distribution in radiotherapy. Specifically, to achieve more stable and accurate dose predictions, three highly correlated tasks are included in our TransMTDP network, i.e. a main dose prediction task to provide each pixel with a fine-grained dose value, an auxiliary isodose lines prediction task to produce coarse-grained dose ranges, and an auxiliary gradient prediction task to learn subtle gradient information such as radiation patterns and edges in the dose maps. The three correlated tasks are integrated through a shared encoder, following the multi-task learning strategy. To strengthen the connection of the output layers for different tasks, we further use two additional constraints, i.e. isodose consistency loss and gradient consistency loss, to reinforce the match between the dose distribution features generated by the auxiliary tasks and the main task. Additionally, considering many organs in the human body are symmetrical and the dose maps present abundant global features, we embed the transformer into our framework to capture the long-range dependencies of the dose maps. Evaluated on an in-house rectum cancer dataset and a public head and neck cancer dataset, our method gains superior performance compared with the state-of-the-art ones. Code is available at https://github.com/luuuwen/TransMTDP.

Optimization and application of artificial intelligence in robotic automated distribution network overhead line engineering

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence is a product of high-end technological development since the 21st century, which has subverted people's traditional cognition in many aspects and greatly enriched and improved people's lives. Artificial intelligence has covered every aspect of life, and the distribution network overhead line project is also one of them. The combination of the two symbolizes the combination of modern technology and infrastructure construction, which is of great significance for modern economic and social development and transformation and upgrading. OBJECTIVES: In order to solve the practical problems in the design of artificial intelligence and distribution network overhead line engineering, this paper focuses on the practical use of such artificial intelligence as robots in distribution network overhead line engineering. METHODS: The models of spatial perception, target recognition and automatic calculation are established, and some key technical problems of robots put into actual engineering are simulated and calculated. RESULTS: In the spatial perception model, the combination of robotic arm and laser device is utilized to solve the problem of direct sunlight, which affects the localization. In the target recognition model, combining the algorithms of minimum spanning tree and maximum critical path, the computational accuracy is improved to 1 mm. in the automatic computation model, the introduction of auxiliary lines and the secondary confirmation of manpower make the error of the work further reduced. CONCLUSION: This paper's simulation algorithm for the reality of the distribution network overhead line project provides a more detailed solution to improve the technical content of the distribution network overhead line project and the quality of construction management is not a simple task, the need for the relevant distribution network overhead line project enterprises as well as the corresponding distribution network overhead line project personnel to take targeted measures.

Augmented Reality Surgical Navigation System Integrated with Deep Learning.

Most current surgical navigation methods rely on optical navigators with images displayed on an external screen. However, minimizing distractions during surgery is critical and the spatial information displayed in this arrangement is non-intuitive. Previous studies have proposed combining optical navigation systems with augmented reality (AR) to provide surgeons with intuitive imaging during surgery, through the use of planar and three-dimensional imagery. However, these studies have mainly focused on visual aids and have paid relatively little attention to real surgical guidance aids. Moreover, the use of augmented reality reduces system stability and accuracy, and optical navigation systems are costly. Therefore, this paper proposed an augmented reality surgical navigation system based on image positioning that achieves the desired system advantages with low cost, high stability, and high accuracy. This system also provides intuitive guidance for the surgical target point, entry point, and trajectory. Once the surgeon uses the navigation stick to indicate the position of the surgical entry point, the connection between the surgical target and the surgical entry point is immediately displayed on the AR device (tablet or HoloLens glasses), and a dynamic auxiliary line is shown to assist with incision angle and depth. Clinical trials were conducted for EVD (extra-ventricular drainage) surgery, and surgeons confirmed the system's overall benefit. A "virtual object automatic scanning" method is proposed to achieve a high accuracy of 1 ± 0.1 mm for the AR-based system. Furthermore, a deep learning-based U-Net segmentation network is incorporated to enable automatic identification of the hydrocephalus location by the system. The system achieves improved recognition accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 99.93%, 93.85%, and 95.73%, respectively, representing a significant improvement from previous studies.

Hydraulic feasibility of discharging sludge from a local WWTP to a centralized WWTP through sewage network lines

Over the recent years, due to the increase in the population covered by local wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), upgrading the existing treatment plants needs special attention more than ever. One of the suggested solutions removal the existing sludge treatment units in local WWTP and transfer the sludge to a centralized WWTP. The present study was developed to investigate the hydraulic feasibility of sludge transfer from Shahrak-e-GharbWWTP as a local treatment plant to South Tehran sewage treatment plant in Tehran. To this end, at first, a map containing descriptive information and hydraulic characteristics related to the sewage transmission network between local and centralized WWTP was collected from the sewage company. This information was used to calculate the maximum capacity, current flow and draw the hydraulic profile of the sewage transmission line. Then, the transmission line profile was drawn using Manning's hydraulic model and SewerCAD v10.01 software. According to the obtained results, areas 1 and 3 with sewage line diameters of 1000 and 1400 mm did not have any special problem in terms of entering the sludge. Hydraulic analyzes showed that some lines in areas 2, 4, 5, and 6 suffered setbacks and crises after the increase of sludge, which require auxiliary lines. The results indicated that more than 85% of the sewage network lines have the ability to transfer the excess sludge of the local treatment plant, however, in 36 lines, mostly located in zones 2 and 6, with a diameter of 1200 and 2000 mm, there is a crisis of sewage filling and backflow. Therefore, in order to reduce hydraulic stresses in these lines, it was suggested to build an auxiliary line (bypass ring at the beginning and end of these lines).

Inter- and intra-rater reliability of new application software for computerised paediatric version of Wisconsin Gait Scale

The paediatric version of Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS) is a reliable tool for gait assessment in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). We decided to develop a solution which will make it possible to objectify the descriptive paediatric version of the WGS, and which, consequently, will allow researchers/clinicians to more easily perform accurate assessment of gait patterns in patients. The aim of the study was to assess inter- and intra-rater reliability of new application software for computerised paediatric version of the WGS in children with hemiplegic CP. The study involved 31 children with hemiplegic CP. The app was designed using a model based on thematic categories of the paediatric WGS, and utilising auxiliary lines between specific points on the patient’s body, and taking into account angular values, duration and length of the specific gait phases, in order to enable acquisition of quantitative data corresponding to the components of the WGS. The gait of the study participants was recorded, in series of videos. These provided material for three independent raters who reviewed the recordings twice and assessed the participants’ gait using the app. After the evaluation was completed, the data were retrieved from the software. The new application software for the computerised paediatric WGS presents very good inter- and intra-rater reliability. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was very high in measurement 1 (ICC > 0.9) and 2 (ICC > 0.8), which reflects a very high degree of agreement between the three examiners; there was also high agreement for the specific examiners, between the two measurements (ICC > 0.9). The observational gait scale, objectified through the new software, and enabling computer-aided use of the paediatric WGS, presents practical advantages for examiners since it facilitates decisions taken in the process of WGS-based assessment in children with spastic hemiplegic CP.

Design and Experiment of an Automatic Row-Oriented Spraying System Based on Machine Vision for Early-Stage Maize Corps

Spraying pesticides using row alignment in the maize seedling stage can effectively improve pesticide utilization and protect the ecological environment. Therefore, this study extracts a guidance line for maize crops using machine vision and develops an automatic row-oriented control system based on a high-clearance sprayer. First, the feature points of crop rows are extracted using a vertical projection method. Second, the candidate crop rows are obtained using a Hough transform, and two auxiliary line extraction methods for crop rows based on the slope feature outlier algorithm are proposed. Then, the guidance line of the crop rows is fitted using a tangent formula. To greatly improve the robustness of the vision algorithm, a Kalman filter is used to estimate and optimize the guidance line to obtain the guidance parameters. Finally, a visual row-oriented spraying platform based on autonomous navigation is built, and the row alignment accuracy and spraying performance are tested. The experimental results showed that, when autonomous navigation is turned on, the average algorithm time consumption of guidance line detection is 42 ms, the optimal recognition accuracy is 93.3%, the average deviation error of simulated crop rows is 3.2 cm and that of field crop rows is 4.36 cm. The test results meet the requirements of an automatic row-oriented control system, and it was found that the accuracy of row alignment decreased with increasing vehicle speed. The innovative spray performance test found that compared with the traditional spray, the inter-row pesticide savings were 20.4% and 11.4% overall, and the application performance was significantly improved.