Auxiliary Concepts Research Articles

Towards autonomous supply chains: Definition, characteristics, conceptual framework, and autonomy levels

Recent global disruptions, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing geopolitical conflicts, have profoundly exposed vulnerabilities in traditional supply chains, requiring exploration of more resilient alternatives. Among various solution offerings, Autonomous supply chains (ASCs) have emerged as key enablers of increased integration and visibility, enhancing flexibility and resilience in turbulent trade environments through the widespread automation of low level decision making. Although ASC solutions have been discussed and trialled over several years, they still lack well-established theoretical foundations. This paper addresses this research gap by presenting a formal definition of ASC along with its defining characteristics and auxiliary concepts. We propose a layered conceptual framework, called the MIISI model. An illustrative case study focusing on the meat supply chain demonstrates an initial ASC implementation based on this conceptual model. Furthermore, we introduce a seven-level supply chain autonomy reference model, delineating a trajectory towards achieving full supply chain autonomy. Recognising that this work represents an initial endeavour, we emphasise the need for continued exploration in this emerging domain. This work is designed to stimulate further research, both theoretical and technical, and contribute to the continual evolution of ASCs.

The Universality of Functions in the Sciences at Large and in Computing

Universality of a concept here means wide conceptual and practical usefulness in mathematics and applications. The function concept owes its universality to simplicity, generality, and powerful algebraic properties. Advantages proven in the sciences at large significantly benefit computing science as well. Universality critically depends on the definitional choices. The first half of this article shows that a “function” in the sense prevalent throughout the sciences, namely, as fully specified by its domain and its values , entails the characteristics that most contribute to universality. This link is clarified by some less well-understood aspects, including the role of function types as partial specifications, the ramifications of having composition defined for any pair of functions, and unification by capturing various notions not commonly seen as functions. Simple but representative examples are given in diverse areas, mostly computing. When a codomain appears at all in basic textbooks, it mostly involves a self-contradicting definition, corrected by the labeled function variant. Either way, it severely reduces universality, especially for composition. Yet, the axiomatization of category theory common in theoretical computing science offers no other choice. The second half explores how waiving one axiom generalizes category theory to include a wider variety of concepts, primarily the conventional function variant. It is also shown how this can be done unobtrusively for typical categorical notions, such as products, coproducts, functors, natural transformations, adjunctions, Galois connections, and auxiliary concepts, illustrated by example definitions and technical comments. Allowing the familiar function variant renders category theory more appealing to a wider group of scientists. A lesson for mathematics in general is Rogaway’s maxim: “Your definitional choices should be justified!”.

Review: Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War

Review: <i>Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War</i>

Field lines in art and physics

The physical space surrounding us is not empty, it is filled by objects and fields. Macroscopic objects are visible, but fields can only be detected with sensitive instruments rather than the naked eye. Physicists introduced visual clues (field lines, trajectories, streamlines, equipotential surfaces) based on helpful mathematical concepts to characterize (the mostly invisible) physical fields. These illustrations are used in high school-level physics, but – due to their abstract nature – are not easily understood by students. Most of the confusion is caused by students mistaking the plotted auxiliary concepts for physical reality. We can help their understanding by drawing parallels between the visual representation of fields and the technical methods used by a painter to express the subject.

Struktura pytań

By drawing on the results presented in (Jonkisz 2019), this paper formulates a general schema of questions. The schema is then applied to specific kinds of questions (with examples). The paper defines some auxiliary concepts, including a broader notion of negation, which are then employed in the analysis of the structure of questions. The accuracy of the proposed schemata has been checked in the case of some examples regarded in the literature as difficult to analyze and classify.

ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF INFORMATICS STUDIED AT SECONDARY SCHOOL

The article raises the problem of classification of the concepts of computer science and informatics studied at secondary school. The efficiency of creation of techniques of training of pupils in these concepts depends on its solution. The author proposes to consider classifications of the concepts of school informatics from four positions: on the cross-subject basis, the content lines of the educational subject "Informatics", the logical and structural interrelations and interactions of the studied concepts, the etymology of foreign-language and translated words in the definition of the concepts of informatics. As a result of the first classification general and special concepts are allocated; the second classification — inter-content and intra-content concepts; the third classification — stable (steady), expanding, key and auxiliary concepts; the fourth classification — concepts-nouns, conceptsverbs, concepts-adjectives and concepts — combinations of parts of speech.

Unconscious perception and reverie: an intersubjective connection.

This paper discusses an intriguing topic for psychoanalysis: the concept of unconscious communication. Beginning with the concept of unconscious perception, it moves on to figurability and culminates with reverie. Auxiliary concepts, such as receptive unconscious, intersubjectivtiy, countertransferrence and empathy, are discussed in order to articulate the conceptual network on which theoretical arguments are based.

THE STUDY OF CONCEPTUAL COMPOSITION OF SOVIET POETRY DEVOTED TO THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

The article describes the conceptual structure of the body of Soviet poetry, dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, identified by the automatic semantic analysis, cluster analysis and contextual interpretation of semantic core. We specify the central lexis (the semantic weight ≥20), the near peripheral lexis (19-6) and the far peripheral lexis (5-2) and hence the nuclear, auxiliary and peripheral concepts. We also determine the ratio of generalized or abstract concepts and concrete, basic-level concepts; the former somewhat prevail over the latter. The abstract concepts include "intellective" (war, waiting, return, death, memory, hope, glory, grand, terrible, Motherland, victory, come to life, soul, etc.) and "emotive" (grief, sadness, guilt, love, fear, fatigue, courage, duty, power, pain, conscience, etc.). The concrete concepts provide detailed profiling of the ground against which particular figures are represented, here we find the realities of the front (soldiers, trench, track, wet, drag, move, attack, run, boom, etc.), and the realities of the civilian life (yard, childhood, garden, village, hut, etc.); the realities of military and civilian life are closely intertwined. Based on R. Langacker’s tenet that the greater the attention upon the ground, the greater the objectivity of construal, we conclude on the objective representation of the wartime by the Soviet poets.

The all-source Green’s function (ASGF) and its applications to storm surge modeling, part I: from the governing equations to the ASGF convolution

In this study, a new method of storm surge modeling is proposed. This method is orders of magnitude faster than the traditional method within the linear dynamics framework. The tremendous enhancement of the computational efficiency results from the use of a pre-calculated all-source Green’s function (ASGF), which connects a point of interest (POI) to the rest of the world ocean. Once the ASGF has been pre-calculated, it can be repeatedly used to quickly produce a time series of a storm surge at the POI. Using the ASGF, storm surge modeling can be simplified as its convolution with an atmospheric forcing field. If the ASGF is prepared with the global ocean as the model domain, the output of the convolution is free of the effects of artificial open-water boundary conditions. Being the first part of this study, this paper presents mathematical derivations from the linearized and depth-averaged shallow-water equations to the ASGF convolution, establishes various auxiliary concepts that will be useful throughout the study, and interprets the meaning of the ASGF from different perspectives. This paves the way for the ASGF convolution to be further developed as a data-assimilative regression model in part II. Five Appendixes provide additional details about the algorithm and the MATLAB functions.

Russian

This article describes the process of information retrieval as cognitological procedure. For information retrieval used auxiliary concepts: information design, information environment, information relations. This article describes the basic concepts of search: concept and pattern. The symbolic modeling as a procedure for constructing patterns is presented. Also, the philosopher cognitive science is given.

Visibilidades de crianças e infância

Este artigo pretende discutir os diferentes significados de ‘criança’, ‘crianças’ ou ‘infância’, em diferentes contextos, com vistas a analisar a pertinência do que pode ser chamado de visibilidade – ou invisibilidade – da infância. São utilizados, para a discussão, conceitos auxiliares, como público/privado, e dicotomias, como proteção/participação. Observa-se, no decorrer da análise, que a ideia de visibilidade ou invisibilidade das crianças e da infância é ambígua e que seus significados variam historicamente. O artigo apresenta ainda uma avaliação em relação à produção de estatísticas sobre a infância e as crianças, e, nessa linha, analisa o lugar das crianças na política social.

Adverbial clauses with-igand the “until-puzzle”

This paper is devoted to untangling some of the cross-linguistic puzzles that are associated with temporal adverbial clauses in general, and until-clauses in particular. After a brief introduction to the issues raised by the construction in Hungarian, the paper presents an overview of the complexities of until-clauses and prior attempts at analyzing these. Then, an account that was first proposed in MacDonald & Urogdi (2009a;b; 2011) for English is presented, and it is argued that until-constructions do not require any of the special machinery that has been proposed to explain their behavior. The analysis outlined accounts for the properties of temporal adverbials formed with until and for without reference to auxiliary concepts like “expletive negation” and “stativizing negation”. After this detour into English, we return to Hungarian, where until-clauses present a more complex picture than they do in Germanic, and we see how even these data can be accounted for without special stipulations. Finally, the...

Interaction of imaginary-charge-carrying dyon with particles

By analytic continuation from a SU(2) gauge field solution, Wu and Yang [Phys. Rev. 13, 3233 (1976)] obtained a static and sourceless solution of gauge theory for the group SL(2,C) [also for SO(3,1)]. This field configuration resembles a dyon that carries an imaginary charge. We present here a scheme that allows us to derive consistently the equations describing the interaction between the Lorentz gauge field and particles in the classical limit. They look like Wong’s equations in which gauge field components and color charges are complex. The complex charges and complex gauge field components can be understood as auxiliary concepts, while the equations of motion of particles in the outer space as well as kinematical and dynamical characteristics of the motion are real. The obtained equations are applied to investigate the case of particles in the mentioned dyon field configuration. The expressions of total energy and angular momentum, as integrals of motion of particles, are derived. The equations of motion allow planar motions, for which an analytic description of orbits is carried out.

Cancer and Low Dose Responses in vivo: Implications for Radiation Protection

The Linear No Threshold (LNT) hypothesis states that ionizing radiation risk is directly proportional to dose, without a threshold. This hypothesis, along with a number of additional derived or auxiliary concepts such as radiation and tissue type weighting factors, and dose rate reduction factors, are used to calculate radiation risk estimates for humans, and are therefore fundamental for radiation protection practices. This system is based mainly on epidemiological data of cancer risk in human populations exposed to relatively high doses (above 100 mSv), with the results linearly extrapolated back to the low doses typical of current exposures. The system therefore uses dose as a surrogate for risk. There is now a large body of information indicating that, at low doses, the LNT hypothesis, along with most of the derived and auxiliary concepts, is incorrect. The use of dose as a predictor of risk needs to be re-examined and the use of dose limits, as a means of limiting risk needs to be re-evaluated. This re-evaluation could lead to large changes in radiation protection practices.

Mapping brains without coordinates

Brain mapping has evolved considerably over the last century. While most emphasis has been placed on coordinate-based spatial atlases, coordinate-independent parcellation-based mapping is an important technique for accessing the multitude of structural and functional data that have been reported from invasive experiments, and provides for flexible and efficient representations of information. Here. we provide an introduction to motivations, concepts, techniques and implications of coordinate-independent mapping of microstructurally or functionally defined brain structures. In particular, we explain the problems of constructing mapping paths and finding adequate heuristics for their evaluation. We then introduce the three auxiliary concepts of acronym-based mapping (AM), of a generalized hierarchy (GM ontology), and of a topographically oriented regional map (RM) with adequate granularity for mapping between individual brains with different cortical folding and between humans and non-human primates. Examples from the CoCoMac database of primate brain connectivity demonstrate how these concepts enhance coordinate-independent mapping based on published relational statements. Finally, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of spatial coordinate-based versus coordinate-independent microstructural brain mapping and show perspectives for a wider application of parcellation-based approaches in the integration of multi-model structural, functional, and clinical data.

A Simple, Accurate Formula for the Duration of a Portfolio of Bonds Under a Non-Parallel Shift of a Non-Flat Yield Curve

It is well known that the various formulas for the duration of a vanilla bond give inaccurate results. Their accuracy can be improved by the addition of extra elements, such as convexity or duration vectors. But the results remain inaccurate. A recent paper proposed a new formula for the duration of a portfolio of vanilla bonds. The formula gives a precise, accurate value for any parallel shift in a flat yield curve, without the need for auxiliary concepts. The analysis is performed in the complex plane, and uses all possible interest rates that solve the time value of money equation. In this paper, the analysis is reworked to produce a second, 'complex' formula that is more general. It copes with any non-flat yield curve and any non-parallel shift in the curve, and it is simpler and easier to prove. Some insights and puzzles presented by the new analysis are discussed.

Spin-Philicity and Spin-Donicity as Auxiliary Concepts To Quantify Spin-Catalysis Phenomena

For molecular systems susceptible to undergo a change of their spin state as a result of a chemical reaction with a given reactant, the spin-polarized density functional theory is used to define the concepts of “spin-philicity” ( ) and “spin-donicity” ( ) as global reactivity indexes. They are defined as the maximum energy change when a molecular system acquires or donates a spin number ΔNS to increase ( ) or decrease ( ) its spin multiplicity. The spin transformation of chemically reactive species induced by the interaction of these molecules with external spin carriersa phenomenon known as spin catalysisis discussed on the basis of an absolute scale for and . As an illustration of the method, a selection of paramagnetic and diamagnetic molecules, commonly used as spin catalyst, is classified within this scale and the hierarchy obtained is compared with the available experimental information.

Towards a more synthetic view of evolution

The 21st century will be the century of biology, and evolutionary biology will be the linchpin. Yes, this is a bold statement, but it is certainly in keeping with Dobzhansky's famous dictum about evolution. Dobzhansky was one of the major architects of the Modern Synthesis. This book by Schlichting and Pigliucci (SP the Final Synthesis is just gathering steam. Note that these dates are just rough guides and not meant to imply that significant work did not occur outside those periods. What is critical is that within these periods the relevant disciplines all become focussed on the same research program. We are now in the midst of this final joining of biological disciplines. This joining, if history is a guide, will take the next couple of decades. This joining will be driven from the evolutionary side. It is the evolutionary side within which the disciplines are linked by a synthetic theory. The molecular side is primarily linked by a shared set of techniques and a viewpoint that centers all questions ultimately on DNA sequences. Because the evolution side is much more theory driven, that is where synthetic concepts tend to arise. This book by S&P is an excellent example of such theorydriven synthesis. Also, if truth be told, as a whole evolutionary biologists tend to have a larger perspective than those in many other biological disciplines. Looking back on the Modern Synthesis is useful for the task ahead (Mayr and Provine, 1980). In particular, if we learn anything from that episode in our history, we

Phase-space localization and discrete representations of wave fields

The high-frequency behavior of wave fields in free space is characterized by localization in phase space, exemplified by the description of geometrical optics in which distinct wave vectors are associated with the rays passing through each spatial point. I explore the manifestation of phase-space localization in discrete representations of the wave field, in particular the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and the Gabor representation. A number of auxiliary concepts, such as spectral truncation, the Lagrange manifold, and the Landau–Pollak (LP) theorem, are described and exploited in the process of understanding the behavior of high-frequency fields, and it is shown that the Lagrange manifold is the source in phase space of the dominant contributions to these discrete representations in a number of specially selected examples. The LP theorem specifies the number of discrete degrees of freedom required for a given field to be approximated to a prescribed accuracy, and the theorem controls both the number of samples for DFT implementation and the number of Gabor coefficients required. The behavior of the Gabor coefficients away from the Lagrange manifold is studied for a Fresnel wave (quadratic phase variation on a line), and it is shown that these coefficients decay exponentially, signifying the localization of the Gabor representation. The number of operations required for computing the Gabor representation is compared with the fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) implementation of the DFT, with the LP dimension used as the common cardinality of the two representations, the result being that the FFT is asymptotically more efficient than the Gabor representation even after one allows for the localization of the latter. However, the Gabor representation can be used in circumstances in which the FFT is inapplicable, when the explicit localization is a significant advantage.

The functorial composition of species, a forgotten operation

In order to study the functorial composition of species, we introduce the auxiliary concepts of cyclic type and fixed points enumerator of a species. Basic formulas are established and applications are given to the computation of the cycle index series of classes of graphs, pure m-complexes, coverings and m-ary relations that are structured in various ways.