Aux Sources Research Articles

Citoyenneté et identités religieuses dans la doctrine allemande du droit public ecclésiastique au XIXe siècle. Aux sources intellectuelles du modèle allemand de sécularisation

It is generally accepted that the legal doctrine of ecclesiastical public law as taught in German universities in the 19th century shaped some of the basic notions of current law, particularly the core idea according to which some churches, or »religious societies«, are privileged by law, whereas others are not. This system was conceived in a context where individual religious freedom and the neutrality of the state were not the leading principles, and where the objective was to create a kind of parity between the two main churches (Catholicism and Protestantism) in bi-confessional societies. The conception of a »Christian state« – that is to say, a state that always seeks to translate Christian principles in its law and in its actions and cannot, therefore, admit non-Christians among its citizens – prevailing among 19th-century scholars, and recognition extended only to Christian churches. This article studies the intellectual transformation of this Staatskirchenrecht shaped by Christianity into a more secularized, »public law« oriented vision. It will emphasize the essential moments of these doctrinal evolutions and their reception in positive law. Zitiervorschlag: Reverchon, Florian, Citoyenneté et identités religieuses dans la doctrine allemande du droit public ecclésiastique au XIXe siècle. Aux sources intellectuelles du modèle allemand de sécularisation, in: Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History Rg 29 (2021) 233-244, online: http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg29/233-244

Back to the roots of ARPANET and Internet history with Alexandre Serres

Alexandre Serres’ PhD, “Aux sources d’Internet: l’émergence d’ARPANET” (“The origins of the Internet: the Emergence of ARPANET”), defended in 2000, is quite influential in Francophone research literature and discourse on Internet histories. However, yet untranslated, it has remained little known in Anglophone scholarly circles. The results of this thesis, which strongly echoes other articles and interviews, that are part of this special issue on ARPANET, remain still relevant and valid and we have chosen to introduce the reader to the final part of Serres’ research – an inevitable choice within the 600 pages of this work

Clarice Lispector : aux sources d’une re-naissance

Dans la création littéraire de Clarice Lispector, la mer occupe une place prépondérante. Cet élément se révèle, dès l’origine, comme primordial dans la vie de l’auteure. Dès sa naissance l’océan l’a portée d’un port ukrainien aux rives du Brésil, puis d’une plage du Nordeste à la baie de Rio. La récurrente entrée en fiction de bains de mer – depuis ses débuts de chroniqueuse jusqu’à ses derniers écrits romanesques – renvoie à l’importance fondatrice et matricielle de l’eau autant dans son œuvre que dans son être profond.

Retour aux sources: defining the structural basis of glutamate receptor activation.

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are the major excitatory neurotransmitter receptor in the vertebrate CNS and, as a result, their activation properties lie at the heart of much of the neuronal network activity observed in the developing and adult brain. iGluRs have also been implicated in many nervous system disorders associated with postnatal development (e.g. autism, schizophrenia), cerebral insult (e.g. stroke, epilepsy), and disorders of the ageing brain (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism). In view of this, an emphasis has been placed on understanding how iGluRs activate and desensitize in functional and structural terms. Early structural models of iGluRs suggested that the strength of the agonist response was primarily governed by the degree of closure induced in the ligand-binding domain (LBD). However, recent studies have suggested a more nuanced role for the LBD with current evidence identifying the iGluR LBD interface as a "hotspot" regulating agonist behaviour. Such ideas remain to be consolidated with recently solved structures of full-length iGluRs to account for the global changes that underlie channel activation and desensitization.

‘Under Western Eyes’: a short analysis of the reception of Aboriginal art in France through the press

Good afternoon, I know you are all very tired and are over swept by the communications, so I am going to try to be brief. I am not going to read my paper because when I read a paper in English usually people don’t understand what I’ve said, so I am going to talk more freely. My starting point will be a sentence which is quite known among the art historians : “ce sont les regardeurs qui font les tableaux”, it’s the people who look at the picture that do the picture. It’s a Marcel Duchamp sentence and Fred Myers said in one of his articles “ce qui fait l’art… what does art is the place of its reception”, so he has the same idea as Marcel Duchamp: to look at art from the reception place.To follow this idea I am going to, very simply, show you a press review, and sentences which are for me the main focus of the articles about Australian art. And, mainly I am going to talk about the reception of the Quai Branly project and the exhibition that we closed Sunday night (Aux sources de la peinture aborigene, 09/10/12-20/01/13).It would be good one day to analyze the history of the relations between France and Australia. For the moment I will take examples from exhibitions I know about. There are probably more than that, but I take examples from all the main exhibitions that took place in France in the 80’s and in the 90’s. I have stopped my review in 2000. What I am going to do is to start with the 1993 exhibition at the Musee des Arts d’Afrique et d’Oceanie (MAAO). This starting point [...]

More Publics, More Problems: The Productive Interface between the Pragmatic Sociology of Critique and Deweyan Pragmatism

1. IntroductionThe pragmatic 'sociology of critique' has been developed over the past two and a half decades by a group of French scholars collaborating within the Groupe de sociologie politique et morale at l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. The approach seeks interpret situated communication with a critical lens, understand public disputes and political culture and practice, and propose a structure for a range of common and more nuanced understandings of the variegated socio-political landscapes in which public disputes occur. A critical pragmatic analysis of cases of disputed justice focuses not only on the dynamics of the arguments that actors use justify their engagement in the public sphere, but also on the institutional, technical, legal, and material arrangements that are mobilized support the debates. A common ontological structure and method of inquiry unites this work, oriented around the linked concepts of grammars of public disagreement and models of justice, along with justification, denunciation, and compromise, and the tests which they are put.We refer here the French school of critical pragmatism, but we should note before proceeding in this direction that the term 'critical pragmatism' and its implications have independent origins in North America apart from those in France. In North America, the term can be traced at least as far back as 1935 Alain Locke, who developed a critical pragmatic theory of valuation as a means of undergirding the evolution of cultural pluralism (Kadlec 2007). This thread of American pragmatism notwithstanding, the struggle between pragmatism per se and critical social theory dates the very origins of American pragmatism; notably, with the critique leveled, from France, by one of the fathers of the discipline of sociology, Emile Durkheim, in 1895. In no uncertain terms, Durkheim saw the notion of a pragmatic sociology as a logical contradiction; he saw pragmatism as foregoing inquiry into eternal human truths by flattening these the same plane as sporadic individual actions (Karsenti 2004; Karsenti 2012). By insisting in various ways that, when it comes justifying and judging truth claims, there exists no means to get outside our beliefs and our language so as find some test other than coherence (Rorty 1979, 178), classical pragmatists seemed, from the perspective of classical sociologists, abandon the quest for a means base social inquiry on something more enduring than contemporary human communities.From Durkheim the present, critical social theorists along with conservatives such as Walter Lippmann and Reinhold Niebuhr (MacGilvray 2010) have repeatedly confronted this lack of foundation or external reference point for the purpose of transcending, ordering, or judging individual experience as a failure of American pragmatism contest abuses of power in the real world. Pragmatists working in the American tradition respond these critiques in numerous ways. Hans Joas, for example, argued in 1993 that the stand-off constituted, primarily, an enduring misunderstanding. Richard Rorty's extensive opus draws upon Dewey build a defense and project of American democracy as an eternal project of seeking justice by the greatest number for the greatest number. A number of recent texts1 revive and further this tradition of synthesis. Among these, Torjus Midtgarden (2012, 507) has recently argued that Dewey derives immanent standards for social criticism from a sociological and historical reading of the cultural sources of normative authority. In the French language, recent work such as La Croyance et L'Enquete: aux sources du pragmatisme (Belief and Inquiry: the sources of pragmatism), a collection of essays by French philosophers and social theorists on the relevance of first generation American pragmatists - Dewey and Mead in particular - their own work, suggests a readiness for further bridge building. …

L'Atlas des Utopies. 200 Cartes. 25 Siècles d'Histoire

L'Atlas des Utopies. 200 Cartes. 25 Siècles d'Histoire

Chroniques et propagandistes: Introduction critique aux sources de la première croisade (review)

Reviewed by: Chroniques et propagandistes: Introduction critique aux sources de la première croisade Thomas Lecaque Jean Flori, Chroniques et propagandistes: Introduction critique aux sources de la première croisade (Geneva: Librairie Droz 2010) 353 pp. The First Crusade produced a wealth of sources in its immediate aftermath from both eyewitnesses and monastic chroniclers, explaining the triumphs of God through the men who fought and died en route to Jerusalem. This array of texts, with conflicting accounts and heroes, contested dates and degrees of importance, can be overwhelming for students and scholars alike, and for both groups Jean Flori’s Chroniques et propagandists is a welcome addition to the already full field of Crusade textual analysis. For the novice in the field (who is able to read French), Flori’s book lives up to its subtitle as a critical introduction to the [End Page 194] sources of the First Crusade, focusing on all of the traditional major works: the Gesta Francorum and its derivatives, Raymond d’Aguiliers, Fulcher of Chartres, and Albert of Aachen. It also serves as an introduction to the vast array of historiographical debate on the three major areas of analysis Flori works with: the date of the redaction of the sources, the eyewitness value of the sources, and the partiality of the sources. It has the added benefit of introducing a student to the idea of factionalism in historiography, as Flori makes no bones about where he stands on the various issues and who stands with or against him. For the Crusade historian, on the other hand, Flori’s text will be a touchstone text for both admirers and detractors, as he has attempted to substantially revise the way we approach our major sources. The initial segment of the book takes a quantitative approach to looking at biases within the chosen texts. The first chapter looks at the number of references to the names of the major actors in the First Crusade in the four major original texts to show who their most important figures are. This is then expanded in the second chapter to look at the number of favorable references to each actor to explore the direct biases of the text. What Flori finds is that despite traditional notions of importance based on name-references, the major texts have somewhat different level of valorization than is commonly assumed. This is of absolute importance given the unfortunate weight tradition tends to play in the analysis of primary sources. Raymond d’Aguiliers, for example, while mentioning Raymond de Saint-Gilles three times more than the three next most-mentioned figures, has only one directly laudatory reference to the count. Both chapters reinforce the idea of impartiality on the part of Albert of Aachen—a theme that recurs throughout the text as a whole, as Flori is a strong proponent of rehabilitating that source as one of highest importance. The third chapter moves the quantitative analysis to the derivative texts of the Gesta Francorum, focusing mainly on the three Benedictine revisions with a separate section for Peter Tudebode. The graph provided for positive references to figures in the Gesta and its derivatives (Graph 8; 53) is particularly interesting. The separate section on Tudebode builds Flori’s larger case about Tudebode’s relationship to the Gesta, namely that it is an earlier redaction of the version of the Gesta commonly seen today—the lessened amount of glorification for Bohemond is used as one building block in this case. The second part of the book examines the family of texts derived from the anonymous Norman author of the Gesta Francorum in greater detail, looking at the manuscript traditions and the internal structure of the Gesta, Peter Tudebode, Baudri of Bourgueil, Robert the Monk, and Guibert of Nogent. Chapter 4 is Flori’s preliminary exploration of the Gesta itself, its pro-Bohemond slant and Flori’s belief in an Ur-Gesta of which the Gesta Francorum known today is a later propagandistic redaction. The next chapter is one of the most useful parts of the book—it examines the complex relationship between the Gesta Francorum and the work of Peter Tudebode. Flori covers the debate on which text is earlier...

The Black Maria: film studio, film technology (cinema and the history of technology)

The Black Maria: film studio, film technology (cinema and the history of technology)

The bryofloristic elements of southern Africa

A TWINSPAN classification divides the moss flora of southern Africa (South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, and Lesotho) into two main bryofloristic elements: (1) the Xerophytic (south-western) element mainly distributed in the winter rainfall and semi-arid to arid, temperate areas of southern Africa, and (2) the Mesophytic (subtropical) element distributed in more stable, subtropical habitats of the northern, eastern and southern parts of southern Africa. The Xerophytic element is dominated by acrocarpous mosses, including the ephemerals, while the Mesophytic element contains most of the pleurocarpous mosses. The main Xerophytic element is subdivided into the Eastern Highlands and Cape Elements while the Mesophytic element consists of the Afromontane Grassland and Afromontane Forest Elements. The Afromontane Forest Element is the largest bryofloristic element and contains the most southern African moss endemics. The four bryofloristic elements are subdivided into eight subelements: the Eastern Highlands Element into the Mont Aux Sources and Widespread Subelements, the Cape Element into the West Coast and Boland Subelements, the Afromontane Grassland Element into the Disjunct Cape Peninsula and Drakensberg Subelements, and the Afromontane Forest Element into the Widespread Afromontane and Tropical Afromontane Subelements. Many of the bryofloristic elements and distribution centres correspond with phytogeographical elements and centres described for the seed plants of southern Africa. The Afromontane area in the south-western Cape is identified as a bryogeographical hotspot.

BOOK REVIEW:Claude Ribbe. LE CHEVALIER DE SAINT-GEORGE: BIOGRAPHIE. Paris: Perrin, 2004.

Reviewed by: Le Chevalier de Saint-George: biographie Roger Little Le Chevalier de Saint-George: biographie By Claude RibbeParis: Perrin, 2004. 222 pp. ISBN 26262-02002-7. 20€. Saint-George was a mulâtre, or "mulatto": sterile as a mule in the contemptible contemptuous language of the latter half of the eighteenth century, the age of classification, when quadroons and octoroons were pigeon-holed and grouped as "Blacks" by "Whites" ("Caucasians" in Blumenbach's highly questionable terminology still used on US immigration forms) with all the legal consequences. "Half-breed" and "half-caste" were no better. "Mixed-race" and "biracial" may appear more acceptable, but imply acceptance of more than one human race. By and large, such natural offspring of virile adventurers, colonists, or armies of occupation coupling with local women, suffered from double jeopardy. Just occasionally, the child was recognized by the father and given double benefit. Such was Saint-George's case. Hugely talented, he was taken to Paris from his birthplace, Guadeloupe, along with his mother, and acquired the accomplishments of a gentleman to become a celebrated man about town, dashingly represented in an eponymous 1840 play by Mélesville and Beauvoir (reedited by Sylvie Chalaye, Paris: L'Harmattan, 2001). In this third biography of the Chevalier de Saint-George in eight years, Claude Ribbe disdains to mention in his text either Emil Smidak's (Lucerne: Avenira, 1996, privately produced and very expensive) or Alain Guédé's (Arles: Actes Sud, 1999). Indeed the latter, like the earliest (by Roger de Beauvoir, Paris: Dumont, 1840), does not even figure in his bibliography. Ribbe dismisses them as "soi-disants [sic] biographes" 'so-called biographers' (125) and "auteurs peu soucieux de faire la moindre vérification aux sources manuscrites" 'authors little concerned with making the slightest check against manuscript sources' (39, n1). That is fighting talk: like the expert fencer that Joseph de Bologne de Saint-George (1745-99) was, Ribbe will have to take careful guard and watch his back. On many counts, however, his thrusts strike home. A name emerges from the variants proposed; a date of birth (correct in Smidak, but given as 1739 by Guédé) is confirmed; a clear genealogy is provided (though the nonstandard tree is less clear than it might be); many an archive, in France and Guadeloupe, has been profitably scoured; and most significant references to his colorful life as swordsman, violinist, composer, horseman, soldier, and dandy are quoted, but often with maddening imprecision, matched by a novelistic style that works of scholarship generally eschew. The result is nonetheless both readable and informative, with a notable contribution on the musical front, Saint-George's greatest claim to our attention. His known compositions are listed, along with a discography (again registering the upsurge of interest in the last few years) covering the majority of them. He was born into slavery and yet rose to move in court circles, but prejudices and restrictions (such as being prohibited by law to marry a white woman) bring into sharp focus the paradoxes of ancien régime attitudes to the "mulatto" that he was. Certainly Saint-George is interesting as the first French-speaking "black" to display his multiple talents to such a high degree, being instrumental in promoting Haydn's Paris symphonies and even furnishing Mozart with a tune (indeed he himself is often called the black Mozart), but the real interest of this study is to view late-eighteenth-century [End Page 160] society from an unusual and most revealing angle. It was a nice irony when a Paris street was recently renamed in his honor at the expense of the general who quelled the 1802 Guadeloupean uprising. In De la littérature des nègres, Abbé Grégoire recalled Saint-George as "le Voltaire de l'équitation, de l'escrime, de la musique instrumentale" 'the Voltaire of horsemanship, fencing and instrumental music' but high-mindedly considered him a fop; for Ribbe, Voltaire's color prejudice would make the reference (which he avoids) inappropriate, but it is just that kind of intellectual debate that one would like to have seen more fully teased out. Roger Little Trinity Collge Dublin Copyright © 2005 The Indiana University...

Médecins hospitaliers : aux sources du malaise

Médecins hospitaliers : aux sources du malaise

Le catholicisme classique et les Pères de l’Église. Un retour aux sources (1669-1713) (review)

Le catholicisme classique et les Pores de l'Eglise. Un retour aux sources (1669-1713). By Jean-Louis Quantin. [Collection des Etudes Augustiniennes, Serie Moyen-Age et Temps modernes, 33.] (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers. 1999. Pp. 667.170 FF; 986.29 BEF; 24.45 Euros.) The Classical of the title refers to French Catholicism in the classical period, roughly the age of Louis XIV Though the devotion, if not obsession, of the French with the Early is well documented, no one had previously dared to treat it as a subject in itself. The requirements to successfully reach this goal are indeed tremendous, since to a very extensive investigation into the massive literary production of the French, one has to associate the ability to judge its quality, evaluate its impact, and assess its influence. This is what in less than 650 pages J.-L. Quantin masterfully accomplishes. When, in response to Protestant challenge, the Council of Trent decided to invoke the consensus Patrum, it merely meant a general reference to the Tradition of the Church, but soon in the hands of the controversialists, this reference became an objective rule of faith. It was Cardinal Du Perron, an Ultramontane as Quantin reminds us, who established the rationale of this appeal to the Fathers. Since his French opponents accepted a debate where in addition to Holy Scripture early church history was considered significant, he developed the dogmatic theory of their authority: they were the undisputed witnesses of the faith of their time, therefore a sure criterion for discerning truth from error. Hence the wealth of historical research in seventeenth-century France concerning the first Christian centuries and the particular success of positive theology elaborated on these sources. Divided in two parts of seven chapters each, Quantin's book exposes first how the Fathers took such a prominent place in French theology and scholarship; then it examines what type of influence they exerted over the Gallican Church. After showing how the notion of Church Father was slowly established (chap. 1), the author studies how French Protestants and Catholics considered them (chap. 2), a perspective that placed the Gallican at variance with Tridentine positions (chap. 3), especially the Jansenist faction with its obsession with St. Augustine (chap. 4). The next two chapters carefully present and evaluate Gallican Patristics, edition of texts, writing of history; the last offers a general evaluation. In the second part, Quantin shows not only the deep influence exerted by Patristics over the life of educated French Catholics, especially through translations (chap. 11) and preaching (chap. 12), but also how the constant model of an idealized and abstract early produced a strong clerical drive to purify and reform post-Tridentine religious practice (chap. …

The Role of the Intellectuals

Two decades after Iran’s Islamic revolution, the majority of the Iranian people manifested their despair and frustration with the outcome of the revolution by voting for democratic reform in the 2000 parliamentary elections. The revolution had failed to fulfill its promise of establishing a state in which people with all kinds of political views could participate in the affairs of the country. In 1997, Mohammed Khatami rose out of the revolutionary establishment to win the presidency, vowing to reform the system and affirming that reform was indeed possible on the basis of Islamic principles. Despite all the obstacles he encountered, Khatami’s new political discourse emphasizing dialogue and tolerance won him the support of the outside world and ended Iran’s 20 years of isolation. Signaling that Iran is ready to reenter the international community, Khatami even took a big step toward mending relations with the United States. The key question, however, is whether Khatami will be able to succeed in creating a democratic state within an Islamic system. The answer remains unclear. There is no question that working within the Islamic system is the best way to initiate reforms in Iran, a country that witnessed two revolutions in the past century and has been plunged into deeper problems by the most recent one. These problems can be mended only by nonviolent democratic reforms. Yet since such reforms will begin to Ramin Jahanbegloo, who was born in Tehran, received a Ph.D. in philosophy from the Sorbonne. In 1993 he taught at the Academy of Philosophy in Tehran. He has been a researcher at the French Institute for Iranian Studies and a fellow at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard, and is currently an adjunct professor in political philosophy at the University of Toronto. His books include Conversations with Isaiah Berlin (1991), Gandhi: aux sources de la non-violence (1998), and Iran and Modernity (2000), and he is the author of many articles in both Iranian and Western journals.

Origins of the Muslim Revival

This is a timely publication, as a book written from an “Islamist” standpoint is ararity in the French language. Tariq Ramadan has delved into the dynamics ofreformism as a contextual and creative reassertion of the Islamic quest to civibtionalempowerment - an empowerment that is based on spiritual uplifting,Islamic commitment and activism, rajdid, political reformism, and societal transformationin line with the foundational precepts of Islamic organization. This publicationhas already generated ample debate on the value of Islamic reformistthought, as well as the doctrinal inclinations and political strategies of the MuslimBrotherhood (Al Ikhwan al-Muslimin). Although the book is more descriptive thananalytical, it has the merit of being well-researched and documented, and the varietyof writing styles used by the author makes it all the more enjoyable to readThe book is divided into three parts and is written following a logic that is meantto demonstrate that al-Banna’s thought and practical contributions were anchoredin reformist thought and that most of al-Banna’s intellectual and political positionswere not necessarily his or the movement’s.The first part, “Aux Sources de la Pensee Reformiste Contemporaine’’ (Originsof Contemporary Reformist Thought), deals with the Islamic intellectuals whoopposed the status quo and the state of intellectual lethargy that reigned in theMuslim world. The author relates the intellectual content of reformist thinkers(Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab, al-Afghani, Tahtawi, Abduh, Rida, Ben Badis.Nursi, and Iqbal) to the complex sociopolitical, cultural, and intellectual contextwithin which their thought emerged. He considers the various tendencies ofreformist thought (spiritual, educational, political, and economic) as complementingeach other. Reformist thought has three foundational tenets: the necessity of areturn to the authoritative sources of Islam and their contextual interpretation byusing a tajdidi prism (a creative and productive intellectual approach) rather thantaqlid (a re-intepetative and reproductive approach to thought) in dealing with theQur‘an and Sunnah; the necessity of resisting Western economic, political, and culturaldomination through the reassertion of a dynamic and authentic Islamic personality;and the necessity of preserving and consolidating the unity of the Ummah.Their intellectual contributions focus on two main points: the theoretical reformationof the basic themes of Islamic jurisprudence, especially those relating tothe law of transactions (fiqh al-mu'amallat); and analytical responses to the local ...

Aux sources de l'anti-judaïsme chrétien II e -III e siècles; Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second CenturyBlanchetièreFrancois Aux sources de l'anti-judaïsme chrétien II e -III e siècles PeetersLouvain/Jerusalem, 1995, 190LieuJudith Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century T. & T. ClarkEdinburgh, 1996,

Aux sources de l'anti-judaïsme chrétien II ^e -III ^e siècles; Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second CenturyBlanchetièreFrancois <i> Aux sources de l'anti-judaïsme chrétien II ^e -III ^e siècles </i> PeetersLouvain/Jerusalem, 1995, 190LieuJudith <i>Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century</i> T. &amp;#38; T. ClarkEdinburgh, 1996,

Région, retour aux sources

The strength of the region should be to affirm the existence of communities not included in the state, to put into practice untried forms of democracy and to offer civilian society a place to experiment freely. This has not been the case, quite the contrary, in Italy. It is therefore necessary to give the region back its original strength.

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:The Myth of Christian Uniqueness, eds. John Hick and Paul Knitter.From Here to Where?: Australian Christians Owning the Past‐Embracing the Future, by Andrew Dutney.Lancelot Andrewes, le Predicateur (1555–1626) aux sources de la theologie mystique de l'Eglise d'Angleterre, by Nicholas Lossky.Ministries Examined: Laity, Clergy, Women, and Bishops in a Time of Change, by John H.P. Reumann.Peacemaking in a Nuclear Age, a report of a working party, under the chairmanship of Bishop Richard Harries, of the Board for Social Responsibility of the General Synod of the Church of England.

Research on the antiphoner — problems and perspectives

As recently as 1975, Cyrille Vogel, in his Introduction aux sources du Moyen Age, was obliged to forego a demonstration of the transmission of the antiphoner, “given the complexity of research still in progress”.[1] Since then, with the completion in 1979 of the six-volume Corpus Antiphonalium Officii (= CAO) of René-Jean Hesbert, the foundations have been laid for all future historical research on the origins of the Roman office hours. Twelve selected sources are edited, first text-incipits of the sources in their original form, and then each complete text separately; more than this, in the two concluding volumes Hesbert undertook the task of classifying 800 sources of the office by means of statistical methods, in order thereby to facilitate the reconstruction of an archetype.[2]

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article:The Message of The Qur'ān. Translated and explained by Muhammad Asad.Knowledge and the Sacred. By Seyyed Hossein Nasr.Understanding Islam: An Introduction to the Moslem World. By Thomas W. Lippman.The City Within the Heart. By R. C. Zaehner.Social Mobility in Islamic Civilization—the classical period. By Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg.La Justice dins L'Ancien Testament et Le Coran aux niveaux des mariages et des échanges de biens. By Gaston Wagner.Le Coran: aux sources de la parole oraculaire. Structures rythmiques des sourates mecquois. By Pierre Crapon de Caprona.The Authority and Authenticity of Hadith as a Source of Islamic Law. By Mohammad Shabbir.Islamic Messinnism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism. Abdulaziz A. Sachedina.Al‐Mas'ūd? and His World: A Muslim Humanist and His Interest in non‐Muslims. By Ahmad M. H. ShboulSalvation of the Soul and Islamic Devotions. By Muhammad Abul Quasem.Kitāb Adab al‐Qād?; By Abū Bakr Amad ibn 'Amr ibn Māhir al‐Shaybān?The Shaping of 'Abbāsid Rule. By Jacob Lassner.Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quantitative History. By Richard W. Bulliet.Europe and the Middle East. By Albert Hourani.The Chronicle of Theophanes: An English translation of the anni mundi 6095–6305 (A. D. 602–813), with introduction and notes. By Harry Turtledove.The Arabs. By Maxime Rodinson, translated by Arthur Goldhammer.Fa'il al‐Bayt al‐Muqaddas. By Abū Bakr Muammad ibn Amad al‐Wāsi??.The Government and Politics of Israel. By Don Peretz.Political Perceptions of the Palestinians on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. By Ann M. Lesch.The Predominance of the Islamic Tradition of Leadership in Egypt during Bonaparte's Expedition. By Samir Girgis.Islamic Roots of Capitalism: Egypt, 1760–1840. By Peter Gran.Die Rebellion der aegyptischen Fallahin 1919. By Reinhard Schulze.Yemen: The Search for a Modern State. By J. E. Peterson.Lebanon at Mid‐Century: Maronite‐Druze Relations in Lebanon 1840–1860: A Prelude to Arab Nationalism. By A. J. Abraham.An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa. By Charles Issawi.Oran et L'Ouest Algérien au 18ème Siècle: d'après le rapport Aramburu.Présentation et traduction de Mohamed El Korso et Mikel De Epalza.Islam and Political Development in Turkey. By Binnaz Toprak.Armenian Village Life before 1914. By Susie Hoogasian Villa and Mary Kilbourne Matossian.On the Sociology of Islam: Lectures by Ali Shari'ati. Translated from the Persian by Hamid Algar.Poverty and Revolution in Iran: The Migrant Poor, Urban Marginality and Politics. By Farhad Kazemi.Miracles and Metaphors. By Mirza Abu'l‐Fa'1 Gulpāygāni. Trans. from the Arabic and annotated by Juan Ricardo Cole.The Nizār? Ismā'?l? Tradition in the Indo‐Pakistan Subcontinent. By Azim Nanji.Aligarh's First Generation: Muslim Solidarity in British India. By David Lelyveld.Communal and Pan‐Islamic Trends in Colonial India. Edited by Mushirul Hasan.Pukhtun Economy and Society: Traditional Structure and Economic Development in a Tribal Society. By Akbar S. Ahmed.The Early Cape Muslims: A Study of Their Mosques, Geneology and Origins. By Frank R. Bradlow and Margaret Cairns.Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise in Philippine Politics. By T. J. S. George.The Crescent in the East. Islam in Asia Major. Edited by Raphael Israeli.Arab and American Cultures. Edited by George N. Atiyeh.The Arab World and Arab‐Americans: Understanding a Neglected Minority. Edited by Sameer Y. Abraham and Nabeel Abraham.An Olive Branch on the Family Tree: The Arabs in Canada. By Baha Abu‐Laban.Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam. Edited by Afaf Lutfi al‐Sayyid‐MarsotAn Egyptian Childhood: The Autobiography of Taha Hussein, new edition. Translated by E. H. Paxton.Khul‐Khaal, Five Egyptian Women Tell Their Stories. By Nayra Atiya.A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th ed. (Arabic‐English). By Hans WehrInterdialectal lexical compatibility in Arabic: An analytical study of the lexical relationships among the major Syro‐Lebanese varieties. By F. J. Cadora.