Autonomous Arrangements Research Articles

Ad hoc coalitions in global governance: short-notice, task- and time-specific cooperation

Abstract Ad hoc coalitions (AHCs) are an indispensable but scantly conceptualized part of global governance. In recent years, several typologies and classifications of global governance arrangements have been provided, mostly differentiating them based on their organizational design features of degree of formality and membership composition. These do not capture AHCs and the role they play in global governance. In this article, we not only provide a conceptualization of AHCs, but also propose ways in which AHCs fit within the broader global governance architecture. We argue that what sets AHCs apart is not so much their (in)formality or membership, but rather their short-notice creation, their task-specific purpose and their temporarily circumscribed existence. We therefore define AHCs as autonomous arrangements with a task-specific mandate established at short notice for a limited time frame. We then develop a research agenda on the nature and future of AHCs, including their short- and long-term relationship with other multilateral arrangements in the global governance architecture. This is important, as we do yet not know how AHCs complement, compete and impact on international organizations and international crisis response.

Non-divergent traffic management scheme using classification learning for smart transportation systems

Smart transportation is an autonomous arrangement that embodies technologically enabled intelligent vehicles and traffic systems to assist diverse real-time roadside applications and navigation. Intelligent Pervasive computing techniques with a common shared platform, such as the cloud, are employed to ease operations. This article introduces a Non-Divergent Traffic Management Scheme (NDTMS) to improve roadside driving for users and vehicles. This scheme recognizes and classifies traffic, neighbors, and environmental navigation data. Combining two inputs into the ecological data, the Pervasive computing systems assist in non-deviating seamless application support. The input data gives information regarding the traffic on roads and traffic density. The extracted data from the neighbors help in matching the data with features and reduces traffic. The problem of data mishandling for traffic management is addressed by classifier learning links to the application-specific requirements. This Pervasive computing technique operates on combinational data for precise traffic management through navigation/ alerts/ communications.

FORCED NONLINEAR OSCILLATOR IN A FRACTAL SPACE

A critical hurdle of a nonlinear vibration system in a fractal space is the inefficiency in modelling the system. Specifically, the differential equation models cannot elucidate the effect of porosity size and distribution of the periodic property. This paper establishes a fractal-differential model for this purpose, and a fractal Duffing-Van der Pol oscillator (DVdP) with two-scale fractal derivatives and a forced term is considered as an example to reveal the basic properties of the fractal oscillator. Utilizing the two-scale transforms and He-Laplace method, an analytic approximate solution may be attained. Unfortunately, this solution is not physically preferred. It has to be modified along with the nonlinear frequency analysis, and the stability criterion for the equation under consideration is obtained. On the other hand, the linearized stability theory is employed in the autonomous arrangement. Consequently, the phase portraits around the equilibrium points are sketched. For the non-autonomous organization, the stability criteria are analyzed via the multiple time scales technique. Numerical estimations are designed to confirm graphically the analytical approximate solutions as well as the stability configuration. It is revealed that the exciting external force parameter plays a destabilizing role. Furthermore, both of the frequency of the excited force and the stiffness parameter, execute a dual role in the stability picture.

FACEBOOK, TWITTER INSTAGRAM & WHATSAPP SEBAGAI KONSEP NYATA DETERMINISME TEKNOLOGI DALAM MASYARAKAT

Technological determinism is a theory which asserts that changes that have occurred in technological developments from ancient times to the present have had a major influence on society. Technological developments such as new creations or innovations, new discoveries, and other things aimed at developing technology to facilitate human activities, have a major influence on the development of social values ​​and life in society. Technological determinism is also defined as an autonomous arrangement based on technology which then claims that technology is a dominant factor in the occurrence of social changes, the effects of which depart from the cultural meaning and uses that technology can provide, because basically in technological determinism, The innovations found by inventors in society are also aimed at society. Therefore, technological determinism considers the importance of human ideas in creating technology which then affects human social life.

The Philippines in 2019

The Duterte administration has facilitated a new autonomous arrangement in Muslim Mindanao, and congressional allies passed some popular laws. In the midterms, Duterte-backed candidates dominated both national and local elections. However, the promised charter change has floundered, economic growth has been tempered, and the drug war has not succeeded.

An Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Earned Sovereignty Approach in Resolving Secessionist Conflicts: The Case of Papua New Guinea and Bougainville

The Bougainville civil war is a classic case of a sovereignty-based conflict. Although it started as a protest against a mining operation in Central Bougainville, the mine's adverse social and environmental impacts, the violence employed to suppress the protests and the massive violation of human rights against the people of Bougainville transformed the conflict into a secessionist war. Bougainville eventually demanded independence from PNG based on the principle of the right to self-determination. The civil war formally ended on August 30, 2001 with the signing of the Bougainville Peace Agreement (BPA). The resolution of the Bougainville conflict is considered a success story in the resolution of sovereignty-based conflicts. Proponents of the earned sovereignty approach often cite it as proof of its effectiveness in resolving secessionist conflicts. The earned sovereignty approach is based on three core elements of shared sovereignty, institution building and determination of final status. This dissertation discusses how these three core elements have been incorporated into the provisions of the BPA - i.e. shared sovereignty through autonomous arrangements; institution building through the formation of the autonomous regional government; determination of the final status through a process that includes and starts with a mandated non-binding referendum. It then evaluates whether the approach has indeed been effective not only in ending the war but in ensuring a long-lasting peaceful resolution to the sovereignty-based conflict between PNG and Bougainville. In the course of this study, the dissertation looks into the basis in international and domestic law of Bougainville’s right to self-determination and its effects on PNG’s right to sovereignty and territorial integrity. There is no doubt that the BPA clearly acknowledges the right of the people of Bougainville to self-determination, which can be exercised through internal or external self-determination. Internal self-determination is often through the grant of autonomy to the sub-state entity, which was the case in Bougainville. Although not explicitly stated in the document, this right was unequivocally recognized by the BPA and the various legal documents enacted pursuant to the peace agreement. Together, they grant autonomous status to the region of Bougainville via the formation of a regional government. Through an Organic Law, several governmental functions and powers were progressively devolved to the Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG), which was created following the signing of the peace agreement. The dissertation, however, noted that the implementation of the autonomy arrangements has been fraught with challenges and the goal of institution building has not been fully achieved. The BPA did not guarantee Bougainville's right to external self-determination. Often associated with secession, it is frowned upon by the international community. It is thus difficult to justify under international law, which favors the right of sovereignty and respect of the principle of territorial integrity. International law principles further state that secession is only possible in extreme circumstances – i.e. when there is massive violation of human rights and effective denial of the right to participate in the government. As noted above, this is not the case in Bougainville since its right to internal self-determination has been recognized by PNG. Secession is also only acceptable when the parent state gives its consent to the seceding sub-state entity. Non-consensual secession often results in non-recognition by the international community of the seceding sub-state entity. It does not mean, however, that Bougainville can no longer pursue its aspiration to become independent. The autonomy arrangements are but an interim measure preparatory to the determination of its final political status. Consistent with the earned sovereignty approach, the decision on the political status of Bougainville would commence with the conduct of a non-binding referendum within 10-15 years after the establishment of the autonomous government. The BPA stipulates that the option of independence as one of the choices to be presented to the people during the referendum. It also states that the results of the referendum should be taken into consideration by the governments of Bougainville and PNG when they consult and discuss the political status of the former. The recommendations of the two governments are subject to the ratification of the national parliament. Given its commitment to respect and observe its obligation under the BPA, which was signed to end a violent conflict, the government of PNG and its national parliament cannot just ignore the results of the referendum. It will be less problematic on its part if the people of Bougainville decide to stay with PNG as an autonomous region. However, should an overwhelming majority votes for independence, the national government is duty bound to find a political settlement that is acceptable not only to Bougainville but also to the international community. Otherwise, it may reignite a violent secessionist war and for PNG to lose its good standing in the international community.

Autonomy in sport - compulsoriness of international sport committees sport rules at a national level

Establishing rules lies at the heart of sport. Furthermore, it can be said that legal order allows only such sporting activity that is carried out according to defined rules. This is mostly followed by foundation of associations and organisations dedicated to particular sport. Acknowledging sport by the public authorities as a space suitable for autonomous arrangement of sports organisations gives special importance to sports rules. However, in order to have autonomy of sports organisations complementary to the role of public authority in the area of sport, it must be grounded in the principles of democracy, solidarity and good management in sport keeping sport independent of any political or economic manipulation including excessive commercialisation. Since contemporary sport is dominantly based on pyramidal structure or federal system based upon recognised sports associations (federations) organised at national and international level by the principle „one sport – one association“, it is quite understandable that sports rules adopted by sports association ranked at international level on the top of the pyramid have monopolistic position as a support for autonomous functioning of whole system of particular sport, as well as considerable limiting factor in making autonomous decisions at lower levels of sports organising. Sports associations use sports rules often followed by serious sanctions to preserve their dominant status. In his paper, the author considers legal nature and legal enforceability of international sports rules at national level for sports organisations, public authorities, as well as judiciary. The author particularly points out to the problem of so-called dynamic addressing to sports rules of international sports associations through statutory provisions of national and lower sports associations and the position of German case-law on impossibility of such way to provide legal obligatoriness of international sports rules at the national level.

Introduction: Dispersed Minorities and Non-Territorial Autonomy

The concept of non-territorial autonomy gives rise to at least two important questions: the range of functional areas over which autonomy extends, and the extent to which this autonomy is indeed non-territorial. A widely used early description significantly labelled this ‘national cultural autonomy’, implying that its focus is mainly on cultural matters, such as language, religion, education and family law. In many of the cases that are commonly cited, ‘autonomy’ may not even extend this far: its most visible expression is the existence of separate electoral registers or quotas for the various groups. Part of the dilemma lies in the difficulty of devolving substantial power on a non-territorial basis: to the extent that devolved institutions are state-like, they ideally require a defined territory. Ethnic groups, however, vary in the extent to which they are territorially concentrated, and therefore in the degree to which any autonomous arrangements for them are territorial or non-territorial. This article explores the dilemma generated by this tension between ethnic geography (pattern of ethnic settlement) and political autonomy (degree of self-rule), and introduces a set of case studies where the relationship between these two features is discussed further: the Ottoman empire and its successor states, the Habsburg monarchy, the Jewish minorities of Europe, interwar Estonia, contemporary Belgium, and two indigenous peoples, the Sámi in Norway and the Maori in New Zealand.

Rotating pigment cells exhibit an intrinsic chirality.

In multicellular organisms, cell properties, such as shape, size and function are important in morphogenesis and physiological functions. Recently, 'cellular chirality' has attracted attention as a cellular property because it can cause asymmetry in the bodies of animals. In recent in vitro studies, the left-right bias of cellular migration and of autonomous arrangement of cells under some specific culture conditions were discovered. However, it is difficult to identify the molecular mechanism underlying their intrinsic chirality because the left-right bias observed to date is subtle or is manifested in the stable orientation of cells. Here, we report that zebrafish (Danio rerio) melanophores exhibit clear cellular chirality by unidirectional counterclockwise rotational movement under isolated conditions without any special settings. The chirality is intrinsic to melanophores because the direction of the cellular rotation was not affected by the type of extracellular matrix. We further found that the cellular rotation was generated as a counter action of the clockwise movement of actin cytoskeleton. It suggested that the mechanism that directs actin cytoskeleton in the clockwise direction is pivotal for determining cellular chirality.

Bargaining in the shadow of ‘optional frameworks’? The rise of transnational collective agreements and EU law

Roughly 10 million European employees are potentially affected by some 200 transnational texts concluded within multinational companies. Unlike other forms of social dialogue with legal effects determined by the Treaty, transnational collective agreements enjoy no legal certainty as to their enforcement. This is often considered a virtue, since autonomous arrangements entered into by the parties could be seen as an expression of a voluntary system of European industrial relations. This article discusses the plausibility of such a view, also taking into account Commission proposal to draft an ‘optional legal framework’ aimed at conferring a more definite binding character on transnational agreements.

Governing Pluralities in the Making

It is a common argument that indigenous movements are not organized to seize state power but rather sovereignty through autonomous arrangements. In Bolivia, however, they evolved rapidly into a governing political instrument. The process of state transformation that followed emphasizes indigenous knowledge as the ideological basis for the construction of a plurinational state, a conglomeration of indigenous autonomies. The article examines dynamics and contestations around the definition of indigenous knowledge in respect to sovereignty claims, as an articulation between local cosmologies, global development encounters, and the power of capital. At the center of analysis is the changing role of the nation-state. It is argued that in Bolivia, the state is a crucial reference point for indigenous peoples; yet the politics of indigenous sovereignty implies a radically altered understanding of the state both as an object and an instrument of change for the sovereignty of governing pluralities.
 
 Keywords: indigenous knowledge, sovereignty, plurinational state, autonomies, state transformation, Bolivia

1A1-N06 全方向移動機能を持つ会議机型ロボットによる自動整列システムの開発(ホーム&オフィスロボット)

Tables and chairs in conference room have a variety of arrangement for various events. So user have to change it everytime before and opening of the conference. It is very convenient for us that we can convert the work from manual to automatic. Then the purpose of this study is the autonomous arrangement by mechanized mobile tables. First, we decided to use the omni directional mobile mechanism. And we made the experimental machine of mobile table. And finally, we succeeded in autonomous rearrangement of four mobile tables within about 3 % error of position.

Le centenaire du BGB : le droit de la famille face aux exigences du raisonnement politique, de la constitution et de la cohérence du système juridique

While Germany law, codified in the BGB (German Civil Code) of 1900, endured the first half of this century practically unchanged, the second half has been characterized by a whole host of reforms. The last major reform, the Children'sLaw (Amendment) Act, dates from 16th December 1997. Contrary to most other European legal Systems, reforms in Germany are often the resuit of constitutional pressures (equalityfor women, equal treatment of legitimate and illegitimate children) with it not being uncommonfor the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) even to set deadlines for the promulgation of reforming laws. The content of German reform laws are often distinguished by a particularly strict adherence to principles. Although infamily law conflicting interests typically necessitate a compromise, both the German legislator and the courts have, in Une with the prevailing Zeitgeist, tended towards allowing certain values to take precedence ; for example a child's right to know his natural parentage as against the mother's right to protection of her privacy, or the right to know his natural parentage as against the mother's right to protection of her privacy, or the right to the autonomous arrangement of the individual's legal affairs as against the protection of marriage as an institution, where contracts between an engagea couple in which the future marriage partners renounce all post-marital daims in the case of a subsequent divorce are regarded as valid.

The Legitimacy of Minorities' Claim for Autonomy through the Right to Self-Determination

AbstractThe grant of autonomous powers to minorities is considered as a threat to the stability of the nation-State system. Nonetheless, many academics and jurists now believe that autonomy can be used to reduce ethnic conflicts, provided that parties to such arrangements are willing to implement them in good faith. In contemporary debate amongst academics it is frequently argued that there is an apparent link between minorities' rights and autonomy. Moreover, some minority rights campaigners stress that minorities' right to autonomy emanates from the right to self-determination. Such claims are, however, contested by most nation-States on the ground that autonomy is not a right in international law. It is only a small number of States that are prepared to experiment with autonomous arrangements to address minorities' concerns within their constitutional structure. Whilst investigating the current developments in United Nations and State practice with regard to autonomy, this article critically analyses whether autonomy gains its legitimacy through the right to self-determination and the extent to which autonomy is being evolved as an integral part of the internal right to self-determination.

Models of Autonomy

In response to the Camp David Framework for Peace in the Middle East, which specified that transitional arrangements for the West Bank and Gaza be based on full autonomy for the inhabitants, the Faculty of Law of Tel Aviv University brought together a group of experts--lawyers, historians, and political scientists--in the hopes of contributing to the success of the negotiations. More than one dozen papers identify and analyze models of autonomy, past and present. Introductory essays on the theoretical concept of autonomy supplement a survey of various autonomous arrangements in Europe, America, and Africa. This is followed by a systematic comparative analysis of autonomy in international law. Different aspects of negotiations between Egypt and Israel concerning autonomy for the inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza are considered, and several tentative conclusions are drawn from the lessons of models of autonomy throughout history.