Automobile Generator Research Articles

Positron emission tomography imaging using radiolabeled iron oxide nanomaterials

This review aims to demonstrate the usability of radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as PET imaging contrast agents and their perspectives in biomedical research and clinical practice. Magnetite and maghemite IONPs are superparamagnetic and released for multiple biomedical uses. Combining these nanoparticles with PET imaging significantly improves diagnostic capacities and treatment outcomes. Chelating agents and direct incorporation during synthesis are two techniques used in radiolabeling of nanoparticles to monitor particles in vivo. The review covers the background information on PET imaging, the opportunities provided by IONPs, and possible difficulties when using them. With new advancements in bimodal IONP templates, it is possible to use MRI and PET simultaneously for single-cell resolution imaging. The prospects centre on improving IONP safety and efficiency, utilizing nanomaterials with the 52Mn label, and applying IONPs in multimodal imaging. Copper-64 has also emerged as applicable in nuclear medicine, particularly in cancer diagnosis, using the copper-64 as a radiolabeling agent. These new generation automobiles of radiolabeled IONPs for PET imaging are a significant advancement to molecular and cellular imaging with possible enhancements in diagnostic precision and elements of precision medicine.

Increasing the efficiency of the automotive generator due to active rectification

Problem. Increasing fuel economy requirements for modern vehicles lead to an increase in their electrification. The rise in the number of electrical systems leads to a higher load on the electrical power supply system, with the vehicle's power load reaching 2-3 kW. Leading automobile companies have begun serial production of vehicles with the new 12/48 V power supply voltage standard. The traditional alternator used today is a synchronous alternator, and rectifier diodes are used to convert the generated AC to DC to charge the battery, which is inefficient. A study of losses in an automobile alternator shows that the diode rectifier creates a significant portion of the machine's losses at low speeds, resulting in increased fuel consumption. The solution to this problem is to use a synchronous rectifier to replace traditional rectifier diodes, thus improving the efficiency of the AC/DC rectifier. Goal: To improve the economic and environmental characteristics of a mild hybrid vehicle through the use of a synchronous two-semi-periodic rectifier with a midpoint in the car generator. Methodology: Analytical methods are used to calculate energy losses on diodes and in the phase windings of the generator when employing a two-semiperiod rectifier with a midpoint, compared to a bridge rectifier. Results: The structure, functions, and operation modes of the synchronous rectification system are considered. The effect of synchronous rectification on the generator efficiency of a mild hybrid vehicle is analyzed. It was determined which configurations of synchronous rectification are more effective from the standpoint of energy saving and under which operating conditions. It was determined that in a two-semiperiod rectifier with a midpoint, compared to a bridge rectifier, there will be the same heating of the phase windings and 2 times fewer losses on the diodes. Practical value: A version of the bridge synchronous rectification system of the 48 V generator for a mild hybrid vehicle using MOSFET transistors and specialized control IC is proposed. A synchronous rectification system and its circuit implementation for a 12 V generator based on a two-semi-periodic rectifier scheme with a midpoint is proposed, which allows increasing the energy efficiency and economy of the automobile generator.

Early failure analysis of automobile generator bearing

“White Structure Flaking” (WSF) is an early subsurface type of spalling that often occurs in bearings of automotive components. The investigation into WSF in automotive generator bearings involves analyzing returned failure bearings as well as conducting fatigue life tests for hydrogen-charged bearings. Through various analytical methods, it has been ascertained that the degradation of the surface lubrication state caused by electric current and frequent acceleration or deceleration is the primary factor leading to the generation of hydrogen from the grease, consequentially resulting in the formation of WSF. The study examined the occurrence time of WSF in hydrogen-charged bearings through fatigue testing, and the hydrogen critical threshold for inducing WSF is 1 ppm. Generally, as the hydrogen content rises, WSF is more likely to occur earlier. However, if the hydrogen content exceeds 1.5 ppm, the occurrence time does not increase rapidly with an increase in hydrogen content.

Investigation of automobile generator G- 273 A with excitation from photovoltaic converter

Investigation of automobile generator G- 273 A with excitation from photovoltaic converter

Optimizing vehicle aerodynamics through the synergistic application of Design of Experiments (DoE) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

The aerodynamic design of cars not only creates aesthetic and diverse car shapes, but also ensures their safety and fuel economy. According to Mustafa Cakir's research[1], approximately of the fuel consumption of a car traveling at high speeds is used to counteract air resistance. However, with the increasing severity of global warming, emissions standards for automobile exhaust are becoming increasingly stringent. Considering that gasoline vehicles still dominate the household car market, optimizing the aerodynamic design of automobiles is imperative. This work analyzes and optimizes the aerodynamic design of automobiles through the synergistic application of Design of Experiments (DoE) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Before conducting experiments, the article first introduces and derives the basic control equations of computational fluid dynamics, namely the continuity equation and Navier-Stokes equation, and describes how they are used in experiments. Then, the article briefly introduces the drag coefficients of automobiles, which are important theoretical basis for subsequent aerodynamic design optimization in this article. In the experimental part, this study focuses on the influence of four important design parameters: angle of the front window , angle of the hood , angle of the back window , and length of the trunk . Using Solidworks 3D modeling software, the article simulates these design parameters and prepares for CFD numerical simulation by geometry, setting computational domain, boundary conditions, and objective functions, and generating mesh. Based on the DoE and numerical simulation results, the article ultimately selects a front window angle of , a hood angle of , a back window of , and as the optimized design. Compared with the basic model, the optimized model reduces the drag coefficient by about . The conclusion of this study provides ideas and theoretical basis for the aerodynamic optimization design of new generation automobiles with the incorporation of DoE. However, the design parameters of automobiles are countless, and in the future, this article will strive to research and simulate more diverse automobile designs and analyze their aerodynamic performance to explore more optimized designs.

Efficacy of Bluetooth-Based Data Collection for Road Traffic Analysis and Visualization Using Big Data Analytics

Effective management of daily road traffic is a huge challenge for traffic personnel. Urban traffic management has come a long way from manual control to artificial intelligence techniques. Still real-time adaptive traffic control is an unfulfilled dream due to lack of low cost and easy to install traffic sensor with real-time communication capability. With increasing number of on-board Bluetooth devices in new generation automobiles, these devices can act as sensors to convey the traffic information indirectly. This paper presents the efficacy of road-side Bluetooth scanners for traffic data collection and big-data analytics to process the collected data to extract traffic parameters. Extracted information and analysis are presented through visualizations and tables. All data analytics and visualizations are carried out off-line in R Studio environment. Reliability aspects of the collected and processed data are also investigated. Higher speed of traffic in one direction owing to the geometry of the road is also established through data analysis. Increased penetration of smart phones and fitness bands in day to day use is also established through the device type of the data collected. The results of this work can be used for regular data collection compared to the traditional road surveys carried out annually or bi-annually. It is also found that compared to previous studies published in the literature, the device penetration rate and sample size found in this study are quite high and very encouraging. This is a novel work in literature, which would be quite useful for effective road traffic management in future.

Thoughts on Automotive IoT

This virtual roundtable is between four automotive industry experts who discuss the state of the Internet of Things in the automotive industry. Each panelist highlighted current developmental challenges and presented their insights into the next generation of automobiles.

Оценка влияния автомобильного генератора на расход топлива автомобиля

The car generator provides electricity to the on-board network by converting the energy of the car engine. The analysis of publications made it possible to establish that reducing fuel consumption for driving a car generator is an urgent task. On a number of vehicles, the task is implemented using intelligent voltage regulators, as well as electronic control units for a car generator or power supply system. Malfunctions of the power supply system that occur during operation (short circuit of the battery, short circuits in the wiring or windings of the generator) can reduce the efficiency of electronic device control algorithms and significantly affect the amount of fuel consumption. Most modern cars are not equipped with devices for monitoring the operation of the power supply system, which can lead to the operation of a vehicle with increased fuel consumption. The solution to this problem can be an on-board monitoring system for the power supply system, which makes it possible to prevent the operation of vehicles with increased fuel consumption and reduce environmental and economic damage. The aim of the work is to establish the relationship between the mode of operation of the car generator (including its deactivation) and fuel consumption when the vehicle is moving. The experimental technique involves determining the hourly fuel consumption using an electronic engine control unit, the generator current and the voltage of the on-board network while the car is moving along a flat straight road at a uniform speed. The value of fuel consumption during the operation of the minimum required number of consumers has been experimentally established. A load cycle has been developed that determines the sequence and duration of switching on the regular consumers of the car. It was determined that the average value of fuel consumption, while maintaining the driving conditions of the vehicle and applying the load mode, increased by 9%, however, the inclusion of powerful consumers caused an increase in fuel consumption by 44%. Forced deactivation of the automobile generator allowed to reduce fuel consumption by an average of 9%. The results of determining the fuel consumption during the movement of a vehicle, the load on the generator of which corresponds to the developed load cycle, have a scientific novelty. Further research will be devoted to determining fuel consumption in emergency situations in the vehicle power supply system. Key words: car, car generator, fuel consumption, load cycle, electricity consumers, on-board network voltage, voltage threshold.

ВЕРОЯТНОСТНЫЙ РАСЧЕТНО-СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТРУМЕНТАРИЙ ОЦЕНКИ ВЛИЯНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НА СТАБИЛЬНОСТЬ ОСНОВНЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК АВТОМОБИЛЬНОГО ГЕНЕРАТОРА

The article presents the results of the development of probabilistic calculation and statistical tools for assessing the impact of the stability of the technological process of manufacturing an automobile generator on the variability of its electrical characteristics.

(Digital Presentation) Simulation of Agglomeration in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Catalyst Inks

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are expected to use as a power source for new generation automobiles, especially heavy-duty vehicles because of their low environmental affection. To be widely spread, it is essential to increase their power output and reduce the cost of catalyst platinum. Since oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode is the dominant reaction, there is a need to improve the oxygen transport and proton conductivity. In recent years, porous carbon has been studied and it has been found its high activity and durability. However, the catalyst layer made of porous carbon gets a lower voltage than that made of non-porous carbon in the high current density area. This output reduction results from high oxygen transport resistance, but it is unclear how the porous structure influences the performance. So in this study, we assumed the following relation. Firstly, the difference in voltage at a high current density between carbons results in oxygen transport properties. Secondly, their properties depend on an effective oxygen diffusion coefficient, which is determined by the porous structure in the catalyst layer. And finally, the factor that attributes the catalyst layer structure is the size of the agglomerate in the catalyst ink because the catalyst layer is fabricated by the wet process. Therefore, we focused on the particle agglomeration process in catalyst ink and calculated the agglomerate behavior under various ink conditions using a numerical model. The differences in the agglomeration and its factors were also examined for carbon with different internal pores.A three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) was used to calculate agglomeration. Initially, aggregates, the smallest unit of carbon black, were placed randomly in the cubic region. In this simulation, aggregates were regarded as spheres. The distance of movement was determined by solving the equation of motion. For each particle, the fluid drag, Brownian motion, and particle interactions were considered. The particle-particle interaction included the forces based on DLVO theory [1] and the ionomer effect. Several studies show that ionomer adsorbed on the carbon aggregates improves their stability. So it was assumed that the ionomer effect was the repulsive force and modeled using the same equation as for the EDL force. The dielectric constant dependence of this effect was used in the function previously reported by Magnus et al. [2]. The carbon particles assumed here were non-porous (Vulcan) and porous (Ketjen), and were coated with Pt particles. The initial average diameter of the aggregates was 300 nm. Hamaker coefficient was expressed as an average of the physical properties of platinum and carbon black, which was weighted by the percentage of platinum loaded on the surface of the carbon particles. The solvent was a mixture of 1-propanol (NPA) and water, and the dielectric constant of the ink was expressed as a weighted average of the composition ratio of water and NPA. The simulation was conducted under various water/alcohol ratios and ionomer/carbon ratios (I/C). From this model, it was confirmed that the carbon internal pores affect the size of the agglomerate in the catalyst ink.

Collaborative Control and Optimization Mechanism of Thermal Management of New Energy Vehicles

Global issues such as global warming, rising sea level, melting Arctic and Antarctic glaciers, deterioration of the natural environment, and depletion of fossil energy have attracted increasing attention. As the concept of environmental protection has become increasingly popular, the concept of new energy automobiles has been proposed to keep the heat up. Especially in recent years, with the advantages of energy conservation, environmental protection, and low noise, new energy automobiles have changed from concept to industry and have been generally accepted and recognized by consumers in the consumer market. The increasingly stringent energy crisis and emission regulations have put forward more stringent requirements for modern automobiles. The thermal management of the new generation of intelligent automobiles is not only limited to simply solving the problem of engine heat dissipation but also involves reliability, power, economy, emissions, and comfort. It is an important vehicle development technology with many performances such as performance. The integrated thermal management of new energy vehicles includes engine cooling, oil cooling, air conditioning refrigeration, HVAC heating, supercharged intercooling, low cycle thermal fatigue, and thermal damage. For new energy vehicles such as hybrid and pure electric vehicles, it also includes motor cooling, motor controller cooling, and power battery temperature control. For the purpose of vehicle thermal management optimization design, this paper innovatively proposes IVTM technical solutions, relying on multidimensional numerical calculation coupling and multiobjective collaborative optimization control to integrate system design, scheme evaluation, performance analysis, dynamic control, and collaborative optimization. Through the integrated thermal management collaborative control strategy based on the full operating conditions of the new energy vehicle, the comprehensive improvement of multiple evaluation indicators such as system design performance, thermal management, and control performance and economy is achieved.

Visualization and analysis of a Re-entrained particle with an electrostatic precipitator using PIV method

With the increasing demand for electric power and economic growth, the amount of gas emitted from power plants by power generation and diesel engines of ships and automobiles is increasing. In particular, exhaust gas contains black carbon, which is one of the pollutants that significantly influence global warming and must therefore be suppressed. It is considered that an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), which is an air purification device that uses plasma technology, can solve the problem. ESP is a mechanism that generates ion wind and electric charge by electric discharge, charges the passing particulate matter, and collects it on the ground (GND) electrode. During the dust collection process, particles charged with the discharge of ESP come into contact with the collecting electrode, and the particles lose the charge, thereby becoming neutral. With time, some of the collected particles detach from the GND electrode owing to the influence of electrostatic induction and the primary fluid. These particles are called re-entrained particles (RPs), and the phenomenon is called re-entrainment; this decreases the collecting efficiency of the ESP. The RP was successfully visualized and confirmed in this study using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method with dry ESP, and it is beneficial for the problems that ESP may encounter during the development and application process. As a result, the movement velocity of particles and the re-entrained number of particles per second were increased by increasing the applied voltage of the plate electrode. Furthermore, the discharge current of the back needle electrode, the distance between the high voltage electrode, and the number of collected particles on the GND electrode significantly affected the re-entrained number of particles per second.

Design of an Automobile Injection Mould Based on Automation Technology

At present, there are frequent occurrences in the industry of manufacturers only having products, but they have no product data, resulting in manufacturers unable to open molds to produce the products themselves and can only buy them at high prices. This article takes the rear case of an automobile generator produced by a company as an example, which aims to show the design of automobile injection molds through automation technology. This paper studies the use of automation technology to achieve the automatic model reconstruction of products, and uses the CAD technology to design injection molds based on the obtained digital models of products. This paper also uses the CAE technology to verify the feasibility and rationality of the designed mold, exploring the optimization method of the injection molding process of the mold. In this paper, a special product pouring system and demolding mechanism are designed according to the product process requirements. The design greatly simplifies the mold structure while fulfilling the product process requirements, which avoids the use of expensive hot runners and complex flip-chip mold structures, reducing the mold manufacturing cost. Secondly, the overall design of the injection mold is carried out, and the external dimensions and other main parameters of the mold are determined. Then, Moldflow software is used to simulate the injection molding process, verifying the feasibility and rationality of the designed mold. The optimization method of the injection molding process is also proposed, and the optimal injection process parameters are determined to ensure that the mold can produce qualified products and ensure high production efficiency. It can be seen from the analysis results that the maximum warpage deformation of the plastic part under all effects is 0.65 mm, which meets the product process requirements.

A review on shape memory alloys and their prominence in automotive technology

The current generation of automobiles is known for its sophisticated safety, comfort, and performance characteristics, which were developed in order to meet the ever-growing competition and advancement in the automotive field. Consequently, the development of smart materials with unique and exceptional properties is also gaining momentum. Of the various smart material currently applied in automotive technology, Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), which boast the unique properties of shape memory effect and pseudo-elasticity, are steadily gaining popularity. The most prevalent automotive application of this material is in SMA actuators. These actuators are compact, lightweight alternatives to mechanical actuators, providing silent operation, enhanced reliability, durability, and resistance to humidity, shock, and vibrations. They are used in a variety of automotive systems such as adjustable mirrors, windshield wipers, door locks, smart bonnets, tumble flaps, governor valves, fog louvers, hatch vents, and many more. Among the various commercially available SMAs, Ni-Ti alloys are the most extensively used in most of these applications. This paper provides an overview of the properties, applications, and challenges of SMAs in the automotive sector.

Design and Analysis of a Dual‐Direction Hybrid Excitation Generator

With the wide use of new energy vehicles, the research and development of high‐performance generators become more important. The claw pole machine is very suitable to be used as an automobile generator because of its unique characteristics. However, its development is limited by the disadvantage of abundant harmonic content, especially when used with fractional slot concentrated winding layout. A novel dual‐direction hybrid excitation generator (DDHEG) is proposed in this paper. It has dual 3‐phase winding layout to reduce spatial subharmonic magnet motive force (MMF). Also, it uses dual 3‐phase rectifier bridge circuit to reduce armature current, so as to reduce copper loss. It uses rotor sleeve to reduce the eddy current loss in the rotor and permanent magnets (PMs) caused by higher order harmonics. It has hybrid excitation from both directions to improve the efficiency and terminal voltage. The basic characteristics of DDHEG are analyzed by finite element analysis (FEA) method. The highlights of the proposed DDHEG are illustrated. The simulation results and experimental results reveal that the proposed DDHEG can effectively adjust the terminal voltage at different loads and reduce the harmonics and loss to a satisfied degree. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

A digital twin-driven human–robot collaborative assembly-commissioning method for complex products

The process of complex product assembly-commissioning has the characteristics of high flexibility and firm dynamics. To overcome the drawbacks of manual assembly, deploying automated and intelligent techniques can greatly boost efficiency, improve flexibility, and enhance the quality control. The human–robot collaborative (HRC) technology combines the advantages of human capabilities and the efficiency and precision of robots. However, current HRC technology lacks of perception and cognitive ability, especially in dynamic environments. Therefore, this paper proposed a digital twin-driven HRC assembly-commissioning framework. In this framework, a virtual-physical mapping environment for HRC is constructed. In order to improve the cognitive ability of robot units to tasks, a motion intention recognition approach is proposed which integrates the feature of part into human joint sequences. To improve the adaptability of the robot unit to tasks, the assembly-commissioning task knowledge graph is developed to extract the action sequence of the robot unit in a timely manner. Moreover, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) is used to adaptively adjust the robot unit movement path in the process of assembly-commissioning. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by taking a particular type of automobile generator as a case study product.

Condition-Based Maintenance Modeling and Reliability Assessment for Multi-Component Systems with Structural Dependence under Extended Warranty

For engineering and production systems, due to the structural dependence between components, the disassembly operation caused by the replacement of components will affect the failure and degradation processes of other components in the system. In order to optimize the extended warranty (EW) cost of the multi‐component system with structural dependence, this paper described the structural dependence and modeled the disassembly operation impact, and then the failure rate model of the component considering the impact of disassembly operation under EW was developed. Combined with the actual situation, a condition-based maintenance (CBM) strategy was employed to construct the EW cost model of the multi‐component system with structural dependence. Monte Carlo simulation was proposed to determine the optimal EW cost of the system and the optimal periodic inspection interval of the CBM strategy. Finally, a numerical example of the planetary gear train of an automobile generator is introduced to demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of the proposed model in EW cost optimization and the analysis of disassembly operation impact on the optimal maintenance strategy.

A CFD-Based Comparison of Different Positive Displacement Pumps for Application in Future Automatic Transmission Systems

The efficiency requirements for hydraulic pumps applied in automatic transmissions in future generations of automobiles will increase continuously. In addition, the pumps must be able to cope with multiphase flows to a certain extent. Given this background, a balanced vane pump (BVP), an internal gear pump (IGP) and a three-dimensional geared tumbling multi chamber (TMC) pump are analyzed and compared by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach with ANSYS CFX and TwinMesh. Furthermore, test bench measurements are conducted to obtain experimental data to validate the numerical results. The obtained numerical results show a reasonable agreement with the experimental data. In the first CFD setup, the conveying characteristics of the pumps with pure oil regarding volumetric efficiencies, cavitation onset and pressure ripple are compared. Both the IGP and the BVP show high volumetric efficiencies and low pressure ripples whereas the TMC shows a weaker performance regarding these objectives. In the second CFD setup, an oil-bubbly air multiphase flow with different inlet volume fractions (IGVF) is investigated. It can be shown that free air changes the pumping characteristics significantly by increasing pressure and mass flow ripple and diminishing the volumetric efficiency as well as the required driving torque. The compression ratios of the pumps appear to be an important parameter that determines how the multiphase flow is handled regarding pressure and mass flow ripple. Overall, the BVP and the IGP show both a similar strong performance with and without free air. In the current development state, the TMC pump shows an inferior performance because of its lower compression ratio and therefore needs further optimization.

Materials and Surface Modification Technologies for Sliding Parts such as Gears with Functions Demanded for Next Generation Automobiles

Materials and Surface Modification Technologies for Sliding Parts such as Gears with Functions Demanded for Next Generation Automobiles

Design and Evaluation of a Reconfigurable ECU Architecture for Secure and Dependable Automotive CPS

The next generation of automobiles integrate a multitude of electronic control units (ECUs) to implement various automotive control and infotainment applications. However, recent works have demonstrated that these pervasively computerized modern automobiles are susceptible to security attacks that could compromise the physical safety of the driver and/or passengers. In this paper, we propose a novel ECU architecture for automotive cyber-physical systems (CPS) that simultaneously integrates both security and dependability primitives in the design with negligible performance, energy, and resources overhead. We implement our proposed ECU architecture on Xilinx Automotive (XA) Spartan-6 FPGA. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed architecture using a steer-by-wire (SBW) application over controller area network (CAN) with flexible data rate (CAN FD) as a case study. We also optimize and implement a prior secure and dependable automotive work on NXP quad-core iMX6Q SABRE automotive board. We quantify the performance, energy, and error resilience of our proposed architecture for the SBW case study. Results reveal that our proposed architecture can attain a speedup of 47.9× while consuming 2.4× lesser energy than the optimized SABRE board implementation of security and dependability primitives. We further perform a comparative analysis of prior designs and the proposed ECU architecture for different in-vehicle networks, viz., CAN, CAN FD, and FlexRay. Results verify the feasibility as well as the superiority of the proposed ECU over other prior designs in terms of response time, energy efficiency, and error resilience.