Car Electronics Research Articles

Explore the Craftsman Spirit in the Course Automobile Electronic Control Technology Under the Background of Engineering Education Professional Certification

Under the background of training-applied talents, the assessment methods of various professional courses are gradually in line with international standards. The process of engineering major training is to take craftsman spirit as the goal of talent training. This paper analyzes the matrix relationship between course objectives and assessment links under the background of engineering education professional certification, explores the connection between the setting of each course link between Automobile Electronic Control Technology and the basic content of craftsman spirit, and concretized the craftsman spirit in the course assessment setting so that the assessment objectives are directional.

СПЕЦИФИКА ДИАГНОСТИКИ СИСТЕМЫ ВПРЫСКА ДВС В УСЛОВИЯХ ОГРАНИЧЕННЫХ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ ОСНАЩЕНИЯ СТАНЦИИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ

The article is devoted to the problems of diagnostics of gasoline engines of passenger cars of domestic and foreign production, regardless of their brands and models with an injection system, under limited conditions, the technical possibility of equipping the engine diagnostic station with the necessary instruments and equipment, as well as qualified specialists. The number of growing cars in one year in Russia is approximately 2.3%, while the model range is updated by 1%. The functionality of car electronics due to the introduction and implementation (pulse width modulators, without wired data transmission systems, increased sensors and video surveillance cameras, alarms and can bus) increases by 10%, thereby outstripping the production and technical base of car service stations. The use and implementation of the can bus (high-speed data transmission) allows electronic control units of modern cars to help the driver in non-standard situations on highways and monitor the driver's actions in emergency cases in order to avoid a traffic accident, in addition, the electronic system allows you to execute voice commands of the driver or passengers, thereby eliminating mechanical impact on the control buttons of that or another function. Given the complexity and modernity of diagnostic equipment, appropriate personnel who have received qualified training in the region under consideration are also needed. The problems in the diagnosis of new cars with extensive electronic systems capabilities and the non-compliance of most service stations and diagnostic points of the passenger car engine injection system in a particular region of the Republic of Dagestan with the level of development and compliance of the production and technical base meeting the requirements for qualified repair of modern cars of domestic and foreign production, for objective reasons, have been studied and investigated. Effective methods of equipping the diagnostic post with various equipment with minimal loss of occupied space are recommended.

The Advantages and Risks of M&A Across Country: Evidence from Infineon

By taking over Cypress Semiconductor, Infineon completed a stage of its development strategy. This study takes the case of Infineon take over Cypress Semiconductor as an example to analyse the advantages and risks of M&A across country for acquirer. In the great backdrop of semiconductor industry’s fast development, this measure completes the short come and expand the products’ scope of Infineon’s business, making automobile electronics the pillar part of its revenue. The strengthen of business in China also helps to improve the firm’s revenue. It is obvious that M&A across country brings the acquirer new market and new guests in other region outside its own country, and improves one’s industrial technology. Besides advantages, M&A across country brings risks on different aspects. In financial aspect, it may lay capital burden on the firm, causing difficulty in turnover. Besides, politics of the two firms’ country and laws are possible to be sensitive. Companies need to be careful not to violate them. For the corporations who want to complete a successful M&A, they should better look into the detailed information of both themselves and the target firm, including their needs and anti-risk ability. Carefully assessments toward the risks and benefits are import before making the final decision. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of M&A with multi-nations.

High performance enhancement mode GaN HEMTs using β-Ga2O3 buffer for power switching and high frequency applications: A simulation study

We report high-performance E-mode HEMT with ultra-wide bandgap β-Ga2O3 buffer using numerical simulation. The proposed normally-off HEMT showed high breakdown performance than conventional GaN buffer HEMTs. Low lattice mismatch of β-Ga2O3 buffer with GaN (4.7%) alleviates the interface defects and improves the device performance. The wide bandgap buffer acts as a back-barrier, which minimizes the buffer leakage current. An 800 nm gate length (LG) E-mode HEMT with β-Ga2O3 buffer exhibited 0.95 A/mm of drain current density (IDS), 4.26 Ω mm of on-resistance (Ron), 511 mS/mm of transconductance, 825 V of breakdown voltage. Furthermore, β-Ga2O3 buffer based HEMT exhibits low switching delay (4.5 × 10−12 s), improved cut-off frequency (FT), and transconductance efficiency (gm/ID) than conventional GaN buffer HEMT. Hence, the proposed E-mode HEMT with β-Ga2O3 buffer is suitable for next-generation RF (radio frequency) applications and medium voltage range low loss portable power converters design such as automobile electronics, motor control, home appliances, switch mode power supply, AC adopter, electric vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles.

Circular manufacturing ecosystems: Automotive printed circuit boards recycling as an enabler of the economic development

ABSTRACT The management of waste from electrical and electronic equipments (WEEEs) is a well-established topic in the extant literature. However, also the automotive sector is becoming a relevant source of WEEE, given the even more relevant presence of electronic components in cars. Due to new European environmental policies, end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) volumes are expected to grow in the next future, together with obsolete car electronics components. Hence, this work wants to assess the potential economic impact derived from car electronics recycling processes adopting the Net Present Value (NPV) as reference indicator. Through a detailed sensitivity and break-even point (BEP) analysis and a comparison of different cases, this work identifies a set of scenarios useful for industrial actors willing to enter the market of car electronics recycling. Results show an NPV varying from 136,570 to 607,621 €/t with a decisive role played by gold recovery.

Enhancement of dielectric properties and microstructure control of BaTiO3 by seed-induced solid-state synthesis

Multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) is a key passive component that maintains stable current flow and controls electromagnetic interference between components in the safety and protective electronics in automobiles. Defects that exist in BaTiO3 manufactured by hydrothermal synthesis make it unsuitable for use as raw material for the production of MLCCs for the automotive industry, where reliability is important. In this study, a solid-state synthetic seed process for the development of solid-state BaTiO3 powder with high crystallinity is demonstrated. In this process, before initiation of the solid-state synthesis of BaCO3 and TiO2, a fine nucleation site to synthesize BaTiO3 dielectric ceramic powder with uniform composition, high crystallinity, and fine size was formed. The addition of 25 wt% of 50 nm-sized BaTiO3 seeds to induce homogeneous synthesis between precursors facilitated low-temperature solid-state synthesis and BaTiO3 synthesis with improved crystallinity. Particularly, the homogeneous nucleation was effective in facilitating the atomization of grains after sintering, and thus the dielectric properties were greatly improved. The results of this study establish the effectiveness of the solid-state synthesis process in improving the properties of BaTiO3 dielectric powder for use in the manufacture of MLCCs.

Effect of Speed Humps on Ambulance Delay.

Speed humps allow vehicles to slow down their speeds, but they also cause emergency vehicles to waste time on their way to their destinations. The study aims to determine the delay times alone and queue delay time of ambulances passing through speed humps. Three types of ambulances (Van, Multiple Victim Assistance, Bariatric) and vehicles (Truck, Lorry, Van) are passed in a controlled manner through speed humps at different speeds in three streets of Adıyaman province of Turkey. Ambulances and vehicles are slowed down to 15 km/h while passing the speed hump for safe passage. Passing and lost times were calculated with the help of a stopwatch (Catiga CG-503;Catiga Electronics Company, Hong Kong) and a global positioning system (GPS) speedometer (Vjoycar smart speedometer;Vjoy Car Electronics Limited, China). Differences in passing times in the absence and the presence of speed humps, determined with the speed equation formula (t=x / V), were lost timings or delay timings for ambulances and vehicles. In the first region, the lost time for the van ambulance with a speed of 70 km/h was 8.41 seconds, 10.14 seconds for the multiple victim assistance ambulances, and 9.56 seconds for the bariatric ambulance. While there was a truck in front of the van ambulance with a speed of 50 km/h, the lost time was also the queue delay time for the ambulance and was 54.96 seconds, with a lorry 42.81 seconds, and 7.02 seconds with a van. In the second region with a double-speed hump, the lost time for the van ambulance with a speed of 60 km/h was 9.94 seconds, 16.32 seconds for the multiple victim assistance ambulances, and 14.49 seconds for the bariatric ambulance. Ambulances did not waste time in the third region, as ambulances and other vehicles do not have to slow down. Ambulances waste time by themselves or due to the vehicles in front of them passing speed hump. As the speed of ambulances increased, the lost time also increased. So, more time is lost when the ambulance needs to go faster.

Latest Car Electronics Trend and Packaging Technology for CASE

Latest Car Electronics Trend and Packaging Technology for CASE

Improving the mechanical and corrosion properties of pure magnesium by parts-per-million-level alloying

Poor cold formability, poor corrosion resistance, and high cost of alloying elements are longstanding barriers to the widespread use of the lightest structural metal, viz. magnesium (Mg). Here, we report that both the room-temperature (RT) stretch formability and corrosion resistance of the commercially used pure Mg could be significantly improved by adding trace amounts of copper (Cu) and calcium (Ca). The mechanical properties were characterized by Erichsen cupping and tensile tests, while the corrosion properties were evaluated by immersion in saline solution. The significant enhancement in the RT stretch formability is associated with the weakened basal texture and refined microstructure, whereas the substantial improvement in the corrosion resistance is related to the strong Fe-removal ability induced mainly by Ca addition and formation of a protective surface film enriched with Cu and Ca. Owing to the trace amounts of the alloying elements, the resultant alloy also showed excellent thermal conductivity, which was almost two times higher than that of the most commonly used Mg alloy (AZ31: Mg–3Al–1Zn in wt.%). These findings are expected to stimulate the development of high-performance Mg alloys that can be used in portable electronic devices, automobile electronics, and household appliances.

What is the Packaging Technology in the Carbon Neutral Era ? —Mainly on Car Electronics—

What is the Packaging Technology in the Carbon Neutral Era ? —Mainly on Car Electronics—

Analysis of Thermoelectric materials for heating applications in Automobiles

In today’s world with the technological advancements, all that has been considered as slags and waste can be utilized to its maximum therefore attaining sustainability. Thermoelectric devices are now being used in various applications including cooling and heating processes in electronics and automobiles. The choice of materials for these thermoelectric devices are essential in order to determine the parameters such as temperature gradient, thermo emf and total heat dissipated with the help of Seebeck, Peltier and Thomson co-efficients. The elements for the thermoelectric device are arranged by their thermo emf produced in the thermoelectric series. This has been taken into account for the selection of materials for the heating device, analyzed in this article. In certain cold countries, temperature can drop below 10°C, which is very much near its cloud point and pour point of petroleum fuels. Thermoelectric devices will thereby come to use in these places to maintain the temperature above the cloud point of the fuel. This study also focuses on another application of waste heat recovery in automobile engines to produce thermo emf, which can be utilized for small scale electronics in automobiles. In this study, materials are analyzed for the previously mentioned applications.

Real time Arabic speech recognition based on convolution neural network

The development of voice-activated devices to perform handless operation makes modern systems like consumer electronics, audio systems, automobile electronics, household appliances and televisions are smarter. Real-time speech recognition is a major element in such applications, and research is ongoing to improve the functioning of these systems in Arabic languages as well. This paper proposes an Arabic speech recognition system dependent on the Convolution neural networks. The speech recognition model using Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (MFCCs) for feature extraction after being processed to reduce noise and remove silence from speech signals. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated on dataset content 12000 samples Arabic spoken digits and commands from various dialects. The proposed system is a better accuracy of recognition 100% during training phases, accuracy of validity 93, and 91.625 % accuracy of the CNN model testing.

Metallurgical, physical, mechanical and oxidation behavior of lead-free chromium dissolved Sn–Cu–Bi solders

According to the European Union's (EU) legislation in 2006, the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) led to eliminating Sn–Pb conventional solders from electronic assemblies. Despite this elimination, the use of lead-bearing solders in car electronics was persisted, and eventually, in 2014 the lead usage prohibition was introduced for the automotive industry. The reliability and safety issues are still arguable in this industry, notwithstanding the lead-free solders substitution. The Sn–Cu solder is one of the alternatives modified by alloying elements to improve its moderate mechanical properties. In order to fabricate a cost-effective solder that has simultaneously a good level of mechanical properties and oxidation behavior, the Cr along with Bi was added to the Sn–Cu base solder. In this research, a comparative study has been conducted on the Sn-0.8Cu-1.8Bi-xCr (x = 0, 0.01, 0.1 wt.%). The effect of adding these alloying elements on the physical and mechanical properties is studied compared to Sn-0.8Cu and Sn-0.8Cu-1.8Bi solders. The physical properties of synthesized solders such as microstructure, XRD, thermal properties, wettability, oxidation behavior, and density were investigated. Also, these experienced mechanical tests such as uniaxial tensile test, microhardness test, and fractography to evaluate the effect of Cr and Bi on mechanical properties. The results showed that the addition of the minor amount of Cr along with Bi can consequently improve the microstructure, add some kinds of new IMCs, modifies the oxidation behavior and the wettability. The mechanical properties of the base solder got better by the adding these alloying elements.

A Delay-Adjustable, Self-Testable Flip-Flop for Soft-Error Tolerability and Delay-Fault Testability

As the demand of safety-critical applications (e.g., automobile electronics) increases, various radiation-hardened flip-flops are proposed for enhancing design reliability. Among all flip-flops, Delay-Adjustable D-Flip-Flop (DAD-FF) is specialized in arbitrarily adjusting delay in the design to tolerate soft errors induced by different energy levels. However, due to a lack of testability on DAD-FF, its soft-error tolerability is not yet verified, leading to uncertain design reliability. Therefore, this work proposes Delay-Adjustable, Self-Testable Flip-Flop (DAST-FF), built on top of DAD-FF with two extra MUXs (one for scan test and the other for latching-delay verification) to achieve both soft-error tolerability and testability. Meanwhile, a built-in self-test method is also developed on DAST-FFs to verify the cumulative latching delay before operation. The experimental result shows that for a design with 8,802 DAST-FFs, the built-in self-test method only takes 946 ns to ensure the soft-error tolerability. As to the testability, the enhanced scan capability can be enabled by inserting one extra transmission gate into DAST-FF with only 4.5 area overhead.

カーエレクトロニクスの動向とパワーエレクトロニクス実装技術

カーエレクトロニクスの動向とパワーエレクトロニクス実装技術

An optimal environmental test sequence based on severity for electrical units in automobiles

Electronics in automobiles must operate safely and have excellent reliability; however, components are often unreliable and cause product recalls. There is an urgent need to solve this problem. Conventionally, components are tested individually so it is not possible to simulate environmental failures. The purpose of this study was to utilize severe field-simulations and to propose determining environmental test sequence a 2-phase process for automotive electronics that satisfy the minimum severity for each leg and minimize the test cost. In this work, we examined international standards to understand testing sequences, and calculated the severity of ISO 16750 test items, based on an analytic hierarchy process. The modeled functions were established, and test sequences were optimized using a genetic algorithm. The proposed test sequence was based on the results of this analysis by assumed real conditions. Additionally, the variance analysis was performed for the affected total cost to find factors about determined test sequences. Finally, significant test sequences of ISO 16750 were partially presented by analyzing the results for applying in the automotive industry.

An Overview of Acrylonitrile Production Methods: Comparison of Carbon Fiber Precursors and Marketing

Acrylonitrile is a key precursor in the production of a wide range of products in the chemical industries. The major products of acrylonitrile include acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin, acrylic fibers, and adiponitrile. The demand for the roduction of acrylonitrile is affected by the global economy but because of the development of living standards; the demand for producing acrylonitrile and its derivations are significantly increasing. So in 2016, China alone produced 32% of the world’s acrylonitrile, and its production is expected to have a 55% increase in 2021. Acrylonitrile and its derivations have wide applications in different industries like car manufacturing, electronics, aerospace, and textile. Considering the importance of the acrylonitrile precursor in the current world, in this study, we discuss and investigate its production processes, the obtained copolymers, and polyacrylonitrile production and its application in the carbon fibers and compare it with other carbon fiber precursors such as mesophase pitch and cellulose. We also focus on its marketing in the world.

DAD-FF: Hardening Designs by Delay-Adjustable D-Flip-Flop for Soft-Error-Rate Reduction

For the safety-critical applications such as biomedical and automobile electronics, the system failure induced by soft errors becomes a major issue of reliability. However, most of the commercial cell libraries do not include radiation-hardened components to build a safety-critical design. Therefore, a delay-adjustable D-flip-flop (DAD-FF) is proposed together with a design flow to construct a radiation-hardened system by automation. To enable such radiation-hardened design into the current design flow, DAD-FF is characterized as a general cell and compiled as a patch in the NanGate FreePDK45 bulk 45-nm open cell library, as an example. The experimental results show that DAD-FF is capable of reducing $1.3\times 10^{10}\text{X}$ soft errors with respect to the standard flip-flop (STD-FF) and resisting over 99.999997% strikes of heavy ions. Meanwhile, four radiation-hardened benchmark circuits are synthesized with DAD-FF cell, and further used to prove the effectiveness against soft errors compared to a prior work, built-in soft-error resilience (BISER), with 18% area and 40% timing improvement. To sum up, DAD-FF is elaborated from the modeling at the device-level to the validation at the system-level and exhibits its strong robustness to soft errors.

Effects of car electronics penetration, integration and downsizing on their recycling potentials

Abstract Car electronics form an extensive yet untapped source for secondary critical raw materials. To seize their recycling potentials it is imperative to understand how the number and volumes of car electric and electronic (EE) devices are affected by trends in: i) car typology, ii) penetration and integration of automobile electronic control systems (AECS), and iii) unit mass of EE devices. We used a layered dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) incorporating comprehensive data series to analyze the aforementioned trends and their influence on end-of-life mass flows of two automobile EE devices in Switzerland over the period 1975 to 2015. We found that there has been an increased penetration of the EE devices coinciding with a replacement of unifunctional devices by multifunctional ones (integration) and a decrease in their unit mass (downsizing). Both penetration and unit mass changed most rapidly in the 1990s and have flattened after the year 2000. Penetration outweighed integration and downsizing, so that before stabilizing, it caused a rapid increase in the mass flows of the EE devices. Due to the long lifetime of cars, changes in penetration, integration and downsizing are still evident at the end-of-life flows, but can be expected to slow down considerably between 2015 and 2025. The results demonstrate that monitoring of the trends at the car inflow, in combination with a dynamic MFA, can be used to anticipate changes in end-of-life flows 10–20 years before they occur and to timely inform recycling policies.

Calculation of Еnergy Сonsumption of Тraction Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Problem. The article is devoted to the problem of improving the environmental safety of electric vehicles and reducing energy costs for their movement. Only in 2019, 2.6 million electric cars are planned to be sold, which will increase their total number to 7.6 million. The investments in development of electric vehicles double annually. In this study, the justification of the energy intensity and the corresponding mass of TAB for electric vehicles driven in the mode of “only electricity” was conducted. The most promising hybrid vehicles are those that are capable of generating energy in the TAB from stationary sources of electricity, the so-called Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (PHV) system. Goal. The goal is achieved by justifying the capacity of traction batteries for powering hybrid vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, electric vehicles. Methodology. To increase the economy and ecological safety of the vehicles, an experimental hybrid vehicle based on ZAZ Lanos Pickup was created at the Department of Automobile Electronics of KhNAHU, which was also selected as an analogue. The Lanos Pickup Hybrid ZAZ uses a 15 kW electric motor, the TAB includes 20 TS-LFP90AHA lithium iron phosphate batteries with a total capacity of 5.76 kWh. The mass of the TAB unit does not exceed 65 kg. The Department of Automobile Electronics conducted full-scale tests of the hybrid ZAZ Lanos Pickup under real operational conditions. Conclusions. The calculation results show that the maximum mass of an electric vehicle's TAB can be 636 kg. This is almost 1/2 of the mass of the entire electric vehicle. The energy capacity of such a battery is 84.8 kWh, which is sufficient to overcome 800 km. In each case, a compromise between the battery capacity and weight must be chosen. The capacity of the TAB of a hybrid electric car can be selected from 5.3 to 12.72 kWh, depending on the desired run in the “only electricity” mode from 50 to 120 km. The capacity of the TAB of a hybrid vehicle can be selected from 1.06 to 5.3 kWh, depending on the desired run in the “only electricity” mode.