Automatic Water Level Research Articles

Renewable Energy based Automatic Water Level Monitoring for an Overhead Water Tank – A Prototype System

Renewable Energy based Automatic Water Level Monitoring for an Overhead Water Tank – A Prototype System

A survey on the application of ICTs in automated water level gauges for agricultural reservoirs

A survey on the application of ICTs in automated water level gauges for agricultural reservoirs

Application of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Data for Flood Estimation in Lack Data Catchment

Providing real-time hydrological data for the design, development and management of water resources is a fundamental issue that is still being faced by hydrologists and practitioners. This data limitation is not only caused by the uneven distribution of hydrological measuring instruments, but also due to the inability of measuring instruments to present the data in real time. This paper aims to evaluate hydrological data, especially spatial-based rainfall data known as Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data as an alternative to rainfall data to predict flood hydrographs in a catchment with limited data. The study was initiated by selecting pairs of automatic rainfall data (ARG) and water level (AWLR) and combined with TRMM rainfall data for the same time series. These two types of rainfall data are then used as input for the HEC-HMS hydrological model involving a number of catchment parameters, such as: basin area, stream network, land use/land cover (LULC), soil characteristics and several other parameters. Three analytical methods are assigned to determine the shape of the hydrograph which include: Snyder UH (transformation method), SCS-CN (loss method), and recession (baseflow method). Discharge data converted from water level data is input at the catchment outlet as a reference for setting calibration parameters which are evaluated with the RMSE error indicator. The simulation results show that the predicted discharge deviation from TRMM rainfall data is higher than the predicted discharge from ARG rainfall data with RMSE 0.979 and 1.731 respectively. However, basically this TRMM data can be an alternative data by validating it with ARG rain data to be applied to lack of catchment data.

Development and Field Testing of the Technical Implementation Unit for Lowland Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR BTR) for Water Level Measurement in Jejangkit Lowland Irrigation Area, South Kalimantan

Observation of water levels using tide gauge is typically conducted by designated personnel or observers. However, its on-field implementation is deemed to be less effective due to the relatively low accuracy of readings. Additionally, hourly water level readings are necessary to generate detailed tidal patterns. Hence, Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR) plays a crucial role as an alternative to tide gauge. The utilization of AWLR is considered more practical, yielding more accurate reading data. Furthermore, readings can be conducted continuously, ensuring data acquisition in all conditions. The development of the AWLR BTR system involved literature reviews, software development, hardware assembly, device testing, field trials, and data comparison with the Valeport Tide Gauge. Field trials were conducted at DIR Jejangkit, South Kalimantan. The conducted trials involved operating the AWLR BTR and comparing it with the Valeport AWLR data for validation. Through calculations, the comparison of data between AWLR BTR and AWLR Valeport demonstrates similar water level values, where the average value from AWLR BTR data is 39,69 and Valeport is 39,55. Meanwhile, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the water levels of AWLR BTR and AWLR Valeport is found to be 0,9976, indicating a strong positive correlation between these two data variables.

Automatic Low-cost Water Level Indicator for Tanks and Hand Washing Water Dispensers in Kitui; Kenya during the Covid 19 Pandemic

In day to day life, millions and millions of liters of water is being wasted through overflowing or excessive usage. In Kitui specifically, water availability by itself a challenge since the area rarely experiences long rainy seasons, has no flowing rivers, the dams are dry and there are only few boreholes available. It is for these reasons that we propose the adaptation of probe sensors to detect the water level in the hand washing water dispensers and storage tanks of the available boreholes in Kitui. The probe sensors detect the water level when they come in contact with them and in return a light emitting diode of the corresponding probe blinks. The system calculates the water level up to 100% by intervals of 25%. Moreover, the system is also connected to a relay switch that automatically turns on or off based on the water level. When each interval is reached, the light emitting diode blinks. At 25% the water level in the tank is lowest and this prompts the buzzer to produce a sound notifying the attenders that the tank needs to be refilled. An automatic refill also takes place due to the additional circuit connection. At 100% the relay goes OFF and water refill stops hence water wastage is avoided.

Cadio Interfaced Smart Home with IoT Enabled Automation Systems

Smart home automation integrates advanced technologies for efficient, convenient, and secure residential living. It employs sensors and actuators to collect data and automate physical tasks. Connectivity protocols Wi-Fi enable seamless communication among devices. This project presents a simpler IoT based home automation system using ESP8266 and Cadio app. This project includes security features include smart user behaviour lighting, motion detection, automatic water level control and locks, enhancing real-time monitoring and remote access. Voice control via virtual assistants like Alexa and google assistant adds a hands-free dimension to device management. Artificial Intelligence teaches user behaviour, enabling the system to automate routines over time. Customization options allow users to create personalized scenarios and routines tailored to their preferences. Here there is no code needed and it is easy to integrate and control. Using this IOT based home automation system reduces electricity bill of consumer and reduces carbon footprint at lower cost by implementation of this home automation project. Key Words: Cadio, Smart Home, Home Automation, IoT, Sensor, NodeMCU

Land use change analysis and the impact on the streamflow of the Keureuto River

The increasing of population is proportional to the natural resource’s exploitation. Over the past few decades, the activity has converted the natural land into agricultural and plantation fields, urbanized areas, and other types of use. In some watershed systems, land use conversion has reduced the system’s capability both in sustaining water resources and in preventing extreme runoff. Such is the case of the 302 km2 Krueng Keureuto Watershed which supports the water supply for the North Aceh District, both for irrigation and municipal use. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the land use change in the system and its impact on the streamflow. The land use is classified based on the Landsat satellite images of the year 2015 and 2021, using the Supervised Classification tool in ArcGIS. The impact is investigated using a Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS). The outlet is defined based on the Automatic Water Level Recording (AWLR) station downstream of the Keureuto River. A significant reduction of the forest is estimated at 27.67% in seven years. In contrast, the land use types such as urbanized areas, agricultural fields, and shrubs are increasing to 6.34%; 4.75%; and 5.75%, respectively. Based on the model simulation it is confirmed that the changes in land use have altered the river flow regime.

Flood peak estimation for the keureuto watershed using the hydrological modeling system HEC-HMS

The Keureuto watershed has been the water resource used mainly for irrigation and municipal use. Extreme rainfall along with changes in the system may trigger rainfall excess causing flood at downstream. The occurrences may impact the usability of the system that supports the water resources supply. Investigating the impact of the floods requires initial research on the rainfall-runoff process of the watershed system. Rainfall-runoff modeling is an approach widely used for estimating the discharge hydrograph of the river as the result of the processes. The HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model tool is applied in this study to estimate the peak flood discharge for the Keureto watershed located in the North Aceh region. The data used are satellite Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) data and Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR) data at the watershed outlet. The 302 km2 Keureuto Watershed is divided into 23 sub-basins for the HEC-HMS model. The SCS Curve Number is applied to the model. The simulated freturncompared to the observed flow using the Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency criteria which returns the NSE value of 0.38 for seven years simulation, based on data of year 2015 to 2021. At an event based on October 2020 to March 2021, the NSE value returns 0.52, satisfactory for the simulation data range. The highest peak of the event is captured by the model simulation in the timing and the magnitude which value lower 20% from the observed flow.

Flood hazard comparison based on geomorphic flood index and hydraulic HEC-RAS (Case study in Ciliwung Watershed, Jakarta)

The Jakarta Special Capital Region is a highly vulnerable area to floods due to its location on wetlands laced by 13 major rivers and borders the Java Sea, with more than 40% of its land below sea level and groundwater extraction leading to the ground sinking. The city has experienced several major flood disasters, and climate change has increased the risk, frequency, and severity of flooding in Jakarta. The present study aims to identify areas with flood potential in the Jakarta Special Capital Region (Provinsi DKI Jakarta) using the Geospatial Flood Index (GFI) method recommended by the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB). The GFI method is an alternative rapid assessment that utilizes the Digital Elevation Model for National Spatial (DEMNAS) data with an 8-meter spatial resolution and employs ARCGIS and QGIS software to identify areas with high potential for flooding and the extent of inundation. To assess the effectiveness of this method, a comparison is made with the Hydraulic HECRAS model for the section from the Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR) MT. Hartono to the Manggarai Flood Gate, considering flood return periods Q50 and Q100. The modeling results indicate that the inundation area estimated by the conventional GFI modeling is 150% larger than that the HECRAS Hydraulic model predicted.

Review of Automatic Water Tank Filling System Using Arduino

Abstract: This project revolves around an Arduino- based automatic water level controller and indicator, employing ultrasonic sensors for water level measurement. These sensors operate on the "echo" principle, wherein transmitted sound waves return after striking an obstacle. Utilizing this principle enables the calculation of travel time for both outgoing and returning waves, facilitating the determination of distance. This fundamental concept is integrated into the project design. The system activates the motor pump automatically when the water level is low, addressing the pressing issue of drinking water scarcity prevalent in India and other countries. The project aims to contribute to water conservation efforts, given the prevalent crisis. Many households in India use overhead tanks, resulting in water overflow and substantial wastage of both water and electricity. To combat this, the project introduces an automatic water level controller, eliminating the need for manual switching ON and OFF of the motor pump. The device continuously monitors the water level and triggers a relay, subsequently activating the motor pump. This automated process not only minimizes water and electricity wastage but also reduces the reliance on manual operation, thereby optimizing efficiency.

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PEMANTAU KETINGGIAN AIR OTOMATIS MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR ULTRASONIK (HC-SR04) BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO DENGAN ANTARMUKA KOMPUTER BERBASIS MICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC 6.0

Efforts can be made to overcome this natural disaster, including providing a drainage system, maintaining forests and monitoring river water levels to determine the possibility of flooding if the level exceeds normal. In this research the author designed a tool to provide warnings before a flood disaster occurs. The design of an automatic water level monitoring system using an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) based on Arduino UNO with a computer interface based on Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 was created using HC-SR04 to measure distance, Arduino UNO as the main controller for the entire tool, LED and buzzer. When the HC-SR04 measures the distance by emitting waves from the trigger pin as the trigger and the echo pin as the receiver, the distance will then be processed by the Arduino UNO to calculate how many "cm" distances have been measured. If the distance calculated by the Arduino UNO is < 30 cm then the green LED will light up, if the distance is < 20 cm then the yellow LED will light up and the buzzer will sound slowly. However, if the distance is <10 cm, the red LED and yellow LED will light up alternately and the buzzer will sound loudly. Next, the data will be displayed on the PC interface with Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 according to the distance received.

Low-cost system of automatic water level recorder tools based on microcontroller Arduino

Low-cost system of automatic water level recorder tools based on microcontroller Arduino

Smart Water-Irrigated Management System (SWIMS): Automated Water Level Monitoring, Notification, and Irrigation Control for Enhanced Crop Cultivation

Provinces in the Philippines, such as Ilocos Norte, have areas that struggle to manage water efficiently and mitigate disasters brought on by numerous annual storms despite existing irrigation designs. A more pragmatic approach to irrigation designs is needed to resolve this issue. This study aimed to design and develop a miniature smart water management prototype that combines irrigation and floodwater systems featuring disaster preparedness that the country could implement. The study employed an operational research design to construct a scaled-down smart and autonomous water management system with Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities. The prototype featured contingency measures, irrigation control, and short message services (SMS) through ultrasonic sensors, a soil moisture sensor, and actuators. The results showed that the precision tests of ultrasonic sensors and the soil moisture sensor were precise between readings. All components were functional and in good condition. Acceptability and adaptability tests yielded a weighted mean of 4.07 and 4.13, respectively, translating high levels in each. Ultrasonic and soil moisture sensors have minimal variations in each reading, inferring reliability and consistency. Every constituent component is functional, and the prototype is highly acceptable in design. The prototype is capable of being adapted for modifications and upgrades to accommodate larger scales, suggesting implementation near areas experiencing agricultural challenges.

Potensi Pembangunan Pembangkit Tenaga Mini Hidro (PLTM) pada Sungai Batang Kenaikan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat

Rivers that flow from hilly or mountainous areas can be used for various purposes including; sources of drinking water, irrigation, fisheries, power plants, and downstream shipping lanes. West Sumatra Province is mostly a mountainous area and has many rivers flowing east and west from the Barisan hills. This condition allows the development of hydroelectric power plants that utilize the head and discharge of rivers. One potential development of a mini hydro power plant (PLTM) is in Batang Panggang, which is located in Paraman Ampalu Village, Gunung Tuleh District, West Pasaman Regency. The potential for developing a PLTM on the Batang Panggang River is based on topographic conditions that allow for adequate head height and river flow that can produce electrical energy. For this reason, it is necessary to study the potential by selecting the planned discharge so that it can produce several power production values. These various power productions can be taken into consideration in relation to development costs and operating patterns agreed with PT. PLN (Persero). In this study, the data used includes daily discharge data from automatic water level record (AWLR) recording over the last 15 years. From the discharge data, a Flow Duration Curve (FDC) can be drawn to determine the relationship between discharge and the probability of its occurrence, and this is used as a basis for selecting generator discharge plans and annual energy production. Based on the topographic conditions of the location, the elevation of the lighthouse weir is planned at an altitude of +200 m above sea level, the calming tank is at an altitude of +197 m and the location of the power house is at an altitude of +150 m, while the length of the carrier channel is 2400 m. From this elevation, the height of the fall, H, is 50 m. Assuming the effective fall height, Heff is 90%xH, then Heff is obtained as 45 m. By trying the planned discharge used is Q40% to Q80%, from the FDC we get Q40% = 17.97 m3/s, Q50% = 14.99 m3/s, Q60% = 12.98 m3/s, Q70% = 11.17 m3/s, and Q80% = 9.54 m3/s. Based on the fall height and design discharge, the appropriate type of turbine is a French turbine and the generator efficiency is 0.95, then the annual energy for each Qplan is obtained, namely; W40 = 40413.97 MWh, W50 = 37108.22 MWh, W60 = 34744.17 MWh, W70 = 31296.90 MWh, and W80 = 27606.57 MWh.

Hindcast Insights from Storm Surge Forecasting of Super Typhoon Saola (2309) in Hong Kong with the Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes Model

Super Typhoon Saola (2309) skirted past south-southeast of Hong Kong within 40 km on the night of 1 September 2023, posing a significant storm surge threat to Hong Kong. Given the close proximity of Saola with a peak intensity of about 210 km/h within 300 km of Hong Kong, a close call of the “super typhoon direct-hit” scenario, this case provides valuable insights from a hindcast review of storm surge forecasts and warning operation using the Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model, which is the operational storm surge model adopted by the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The performance of the HKO’s PRobabilistic Inundation Map Evaluation System (PRIMES) using both statistical and model ensemble approaches was also reviewed in this paper. Saola was a challenging case for operational forecasting of a compact TC structure with changes in storm size and intensity when it came close to Hong Kong. With major observations of storm structure using weather radar and dense automatic weather station, tide gauge and water level gauge networks, the high sensitivity of storm surge forecasts to the storm size parameter and the distance of closest approach was clearly revealed in the case of Saola. Even with a circularly symmetric TC parametric model like SLOSH, the hindcast review results illustrated that the model outputs were reasonably accurate during the closest approach of Saola given an accurate storm size and distance of closest approach were input, and using a highly computationally efficient storm surge model made it possible for the nowcasting of storm surges to handle compact and intense TC direct-hit cases in operational TC forecasting. Taking a nowcasting approach not only helps provide more reliable storm tide forecasts, but also facilitates the formulation of a better warning strategy when making final-call decisions in emergency response actions, based on the more frequent real-time analysis of TC position, intensity and storm size and the more accurate prediction of these parameters. A nowcasting workflow for storm surge operation was proposed in this paper.

LAND CONSERVATION FOR REHABILITATION OF CRITICAL WATERSHEDS: CASE IN WAY CENGKAAN, WAY BESAI SUB-WATERSHEDS, LAMPUNG, INDONESIA

Land and water conservation are the keys to success in controlling the rate of sedimentation. The sediment runoff rate represents the catchment area that increases erosion. This study was conducted to analyze the sedimentation rate in the upstream part of the Way Cengkaan, Way Campang tributary rivers located in Pekon Karang Agung, Way Tenong District, West Lampung Regency. It was carried out from January to December 2020. The research equipment included: a current meter, a stopwatch, a rollmeter, a rainfall recorder, an automatic water level recorder (AWLR), a peiscal, sediment bottles, scales, ovens, and cups. While the materials used are sediment samples, discharge measurement results, and water level. The calculation of flow was carried out at two observation points, upstream and downstream of the Cengkaan River before entering the Way Campang River. Calculation of flow rate using the velocity-area methods using the current meter and the float method. During the observation period from January to July 2020, the sediment velocity increased in line with the trend of the sediment velocity map. The sediment velocity curve for upstream stations is steeper than for downstream stations. The sediment volume decreased relatively in December 2020, and the slope of the sediment velocity graph at the downstream observation point is larger than that at the upstream observation point. This finding reflected that in the one-year observation period from January to December 2020, the evaluation resulted from a decreasing trend of sedimentation in the Way Cengkaan River. Based on these conditions, the implementation of a land conservation program carried out in collaboration between farmer groups and beneficiary stakeholders has a positive impact and effectively contributes to improving the quality of the watershed by reducing the sedimentation rate.

Design and implementation of an IoT-based Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR) as a tool to mitigate the risk of tidal flood disasters in the coastal area of Jakarta

Jakarta’s land continues to sink, and rising sea levels pose a high risk of tidal flooding in Jakarta Bay. From 2022 until May 2023, three tidal floods in Jakarta have been recorded due to high-intensity rainfall, causing the sea level to rise above normal. This threat is of public concern due to its material and immaterial losses. To address this issue, a real-time monitoring system that can provide accurate information on sea level heights on the coast of Jakarta needs to be developed. The research aims to develop a web-based Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR) system tool to support flood disaster mitigation in Jakarta’s coastal areas. This system integrates several sensors to measure sea level heights, temperature, humidity, and data transmission through a telemetry system. Based on running tests conducted from December 2022 to February 2023, the AWLR recording had been validated with BMKG’s Tide Gauge data installed in the same waters. The results show the data recording performance with high accuracy (98%). The successful performance of the sensors in this device is supported by monitoring devices involving temperature and humidity sensors. The initial calibration stage also shows significant accuracy test results with an error range of 2 -5%. The measurement accuracy of the pressure, temperature, and humidity sensors are 98%, 97%, and 95%, respectively, so the data obtained is reliable. This IoT-based AWLR data recording can be an input for coastal management decision-making, especially for monitoring coastal disasters.

Design of mechanical digitalization automatic water level recorder for river water level monitoring

The Welang River Pasuruan has an Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR) tool that measures water levels at that location. This tool operates using mechanical movement to rotate the roller on the AWLR, causing the float to move up and down. This movement results in ink marks on the water level validator paper. The recorded water level data is then processed into an Excel chart. This study aims to digitize the AWLR tool so that the monitoring and calculation of the water level is more precise and can be monitored in online. The water level detector will work in real time using a rotary encoder sensor and data will be sent to database and monitor water level monitoring through a series of data processing which later the data will be sent via MiFi. The method of testing the 2-component connecting system is the accuracy of reading the water level and the accuracy of sending data. The results will be displayed every 1 second on the monitoring dashboard and a standard deviation of 0.0002792 and an error of 0.43% is obtained which indicates the accuracy of the reading is quite accurate and real time.

The potential of a coordinated system of gates for flood irrigation management in paddy rice farm

Rice is one of the most important staple foods in the world. In Europe, Italy is the main producer of rice, with almost all production concentrated in the northeast of the country. Traditionally, rice is grown in fields that are flooded from before planting until just before harvest. This water management technique requires a great deal of labour for farmers who have to manually adjust the inlet and outlet gates to maintain a constant ponding water level in the fields, especially when there is fluctuation of water supply at the farm inlet, for example as a result of rainfall. In addition, the practice of flood irrigation is very water-intensive. New technologies based on remotely and automatically controlled gates are being studied to increase the efficiency of this irrigation method. The objective of this work is to explore the potential of a coordinated and intelligent system of gates for efficient farm irrigation management and ponding water level maintenance. Based on information and measurements from a real case study consisting of a 40-hectare paddy rice farm located in northern Italy, where automatic gates and water level sensors were placed at strategic points of the farm canals and fields, respectively, a proportional-integral (PI) and a non-linear model predictive control (NMPC) of water levels were implemented and compared through modelling and simulation experiments. The results show that the proportional-integral control reproduces the actions that the farmer uses when faced with situations of surplus of water in the fields or a shortage of water in the farm canal. In particular, the general coordination of the gates is lost, and the individual binomial field-gate prevails as an independent system in the farmer's operation. Conversely, non-linear predictive control coordinates the gate operation to obtain a uniform ponding water level in the fields when there is a shortage of water, or significant water conservation when there is an excess of water as a result of rainfall. In conclusion, a nonlinear predictive control model seems to be a suitable strategy to advance irrigation management in rice farms, allowing rice farmers to continue the tradition of flooding while increasing its performance.

Solar Based Automatic Water Level Sensing and Water Pumping System for Next Generation

Abstract: Making an automated water pumping system is the aim of this project. This technology is able to detect the amount of soil moisture and makes an intelligent judgement regarding whether to turn on or turn off the water motor based on the amount of moisture in the soil. The motor is also powered by solar energy. Where people live and work, electricity is essential. The level of affluence and living conditions of a country directly affect its use of power. Due to industrial development, an increase in the use of electrical equipment, and other factors, the demand for energy globally is rising at an alarming rate.We obtain nearly 80% of our energy from traditional fossil fuels like coal (23%) and natural gas (21%) as well as oil (36%), according to the World Energy Report. It is well recognised that eventually, all of these resources will be entirely depleted. Alternative energy sources should therefore be used to prevent an energy catastrophe in the near future. Solar power is the best alternative energy source.