Automatic Transmission System Research Articles

Comparison of Standard and Racing Roller Weight Variations on CVT on the Power and Torque of the Honda Beat 110cc

This automatic motorbike uses an automatic transmission system called CVT (Contynously Variable Transmission). CVT is a system that automatically changes speed according to engine speed. This machine does not use transmission gears, but instead uses two pulleys (front and rear) which are connected by a belt (v-belt. The advantege of a CVt automatic transmission is that it can provide speed changes in torque from the engine to the rear whells automatically. This research aims to determine the effect of roller weight on the power and engine torque of a 110 cc two wheeled vehicle. The background of this research is to determine the power and torque of motorbikes for each roller weight studied and to draw conclusions about better use of rollers weight. This research uses experimental research methods, the materials used are standard 12gr,11gr,10gr,9gr,8gr rollers, as a comparison and 110cc injection beat motorbikes. The toll used in this research is a dynamometer. This tool shows directly the maximum power results at a certain rpm. Changes in the weight of the Honda Beat 110cc CVT roller affect the power produced by the engine. Changes in roller weight can affect the size of the engine’s power and torque. This in proven by data showing changes in engine power and torque during each test. Therefore, it is hoped that the result of this test can be used as a reference for improving engine peformance in vehicles.

Dynamic analysis of planetary gear system for automatic transmission

Abstract Dynamic analysis can provide a theoretical basis for controlling vibration and noise in gear systems, as well as calculating strength under dynamic conditions. This paper takes 6HP26 automatic transmission as the research object, takes the fifth-gear transmission as an example, adopts the centralized mass method to establish its translation-torsion coupling dynamic model, and analyzes the displacement response, torsional linear acceleration time-domain response and spectrogram of each component. This provides a reference for reducing vibration and noise in the system.

Robust Position Control for an Electrical Automatic Transmission under Gear-Shifting Link Friction

The automotive industry is evolving, with software becoming a vital part of vehicles. Conventional automakers are shifting to software-centric entities, embracing over-the-air (OTA) updates and service-centric models. To move software-driven vehicles, the vehicle must also be electrified. Several automobile manufacturers are electrifying vehicle parts, and recently, a gear shift selector for automatic transmissions was adapted from mechanical to electronic. However, as conventional mechanical systems are modified to electrical systems, problems such as shift delay and accuracy emerge. This study addresses these problems that emerge in the electronic system type of automatic transmission, including a gear shift selector developed to electrify automobiles. Accordingly, we first analyze the structure of automatic transmission systems, then define the operation sequence. Next, a novel position control algorithm based on a disturbance observer is proposed to reduce shift delay and increase accuracy. The proposed algorithm operates harmoniously with the vehicle control unit (VCU). To verify the proposed algorithm, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) was developed to experiment with vehicle shifting using a commercial electronic gear shift selector. Moreover, the proposed control algorithm for gear shifting in an automatic transmission was analyzed using experimental results obtained by assuming a specific driving situation in the HILS.

Noise analysis and optimization of the gear transmission system for two-speed automatic transmission of pure electric vehicles

Abstract. In this study, the noise of the gear transmission system for two-speed automatic transmission (2EAT) of pure electric vehicles was analyzed and optimized. Firstly, through vehicle noise tests, poor working conditions and noise contribution of each gear pair were determined with the order analysis method. Secondly, a dynamics calculation model and a simulation model of the gear transmission system were established and the poor meshing state of the main reducer gear pair under specific conditions was determined as the main cause of noise. Finally, a genetic algorithm combined the weight method was used for gear modification. After gear modifications, the fluctuation range of transmission error was reduced and the contact condition of the tooth surface was significantly improved.

THE EFFECT OF V-BELT SIZE AND GROOVE ANGLE VARIATION ON THE SURFACE OF THE CVT CLUTCH DISK ON THE POWER AND TORQUE TRANSMISSION OF 125CC MOTORCYCLE

Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) is an automatic transmission system with gear ratio shifts following engine speed controlled by the primary and secondary pulleys, as well as the V-belt that connects the two pulleys. The disadvantage of the CVT transmission system is that it often loses grip on the CVT clutch lining and the V-belt at low and high rotation so that research needs to be done so that the power from the engine to the wheels can be maximized. This study used an experimental method by changing the variation in the size of the V-belt and the groove angle on the clutch pads to find the best size for a 125 CC motorbike. The results showed that to get maximum results it is recommended to use a V-belt 803 x 19.0 mm with a CVT lining of 30° producing the highest power and a V-belt 840 x 21.8 mm with a CVT lining of 90° producing the highest torque

Follow-up of implantable cardiac electronic devices during the Covid-19 pandemic: organizational model and results of a single center experience

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction During the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 pandemic, the global health system has had to review important processes involved in daily routines such as outpatient activities within the hospital, including follow-up visits of implantable cardiac electronic devices (CIEDs), pacemakers (PMs) and implantable defibrillators (ICDs) carried out in office. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the success rate of remote transmissions of all devices followed by the CIED control clinic and verify the adopted organizational models. Methods All patients with remote monitoring system were considered in the study if automatic algorithm such as autocapture and autosensing were activated and well-functioning. Between January 2021 and November 2022, they were completely followed by remote monitoring and called for unscheduled in-office visit only because of remote yellow or red alarms. Patients were divided into two groups: Manual Transmission System (MTS) and Automatic Transmission System (ATS), based on the available technology. Organizational models shown in figures 1-2, were followed for the two groups. The technology of the ATS group, in addition to ensuring a daily transmission of any yellow or red alarms, allowed a control of missed communication at least every 14 days. The MTS group provided a manual transmission every 6 months. The ATS group was controlled at least once in the year, even if no alarms occurred. Results At the end of 2022 a total of 1193 patients were followed remotely by our center. Of these, 238 from the MTS group and 955 from the ATS group. 3314 remote transmission required medical intervention, which generated 182 unscheduled outpatient visits, mainly due to lack of transmission for prolonged periods, failure of the autocapture test and newly onset atrial fibrillation. 3496 transmissions were generated and 120 transmissions were missed; the overall success rate of transmissions with the organizational model adopted was 96.6% (connectivity index). On average, the monthly rate of unconnected manual devices was 5.1% while 3.5% for automatic devices. 2-year mortality was 12.7%. Conclusions By adopting an appropriate organizational model, it is possible to maintain high transmission success rates. The available technology allows you to change hospital outpatient habits in the cardiology field for CIED checks and move to a virtual clinic safely. The automatic transmission technology allows a more frequent control of patients with CIED, the impact on the patients' health must be assessed.

Auto-Tracking Wireless Power Transfer System With Focused-Beam Phased Array

This article used image recognition and beam forming technology to build a phased array with target tracking and transmitting the microwaves with a focused beam. The coordinate position of the target is obtained from the image recognition module and converted into phase information for the phased array. This system was constructed by a 1 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 4 5.764-GHz phased array with four 4-bit phase shifters. The phase shifters created a focused beam, which requires not only the target’s direction angle but also the transmission distance. The target position as well as direction and distance information were gathered using image recognition. The tracking beam method was evaluated by simulation and actual measurement. The results showed that the focused beam can always be formed in real time to track the target. The transfer efficiency of the focused beam was improved higher than that of uniform phase beam within a distance of 50 cm. The automatic tracking power transmission system has a response time of about 100 ms.

Design of a mechanical automatic transmission system for automobiles based on torsional vibration damping

Abstract In order to reduce the vibration damage of the engine and improve the automatic transmission adjustment performance of the automobile, an automatic transmission system based on torsional damping is constructed in this paper to optimize the hardware function of the shift speed. The torsional damper is used as the core control element to reciprocate the automotive mechanical automatic transmission system, and the calculation method of torsional vibration analysis of the crankshaft shaft system is used to determine the indexes of rotational inertia, stiffness, and damping parameters of torsional vibration. The damping coefficient values are set near the equilibrium point, and the loss factor of the automatic transmission system is signal processed to obtain the best damping effect. Using the intrinsic frequency as the central processing unit of the automatic transmission system, the differential equation is used to calculate the excitation torque vector of each cylinder of the engine, and the characteristic module of the automatic transmission system is developed. The tests showed that the cylinder burst pressure of the automatic transmission system with the torsional damper reached a maximum of 67.9 pressure at 4800 amp. The crankshaft front-end torsional angle of the 4th-order main harmonic excitation reached a maximum of 0.57 degrees, which exceeded the engineering allowance of 0.2 degrees and reduced the automatic shift shock by about 28.36%. It indicates that the torsional damper can improve the control performance of the automatic transmission system, which is conducive to enhancing the stability and self-adaptive capability of the transmission adjustment.

Design of automotive mechanical automatic transmission system based on torsional vibration reduction

Automatic transmission system is the core part of vehicle transmission processing, which can improve driving safety. In order to improve the shift effect of automotive automatic mechanical transmission and narrow the gap between the vehicle speed and the expected speed, an automotive automatic mechanical transmission system based on torsional damping was designed in the experiment. On the basis of hardware composed of different modules and fuzzy control algorithm, the system realizes the software design of vehicle automatic mechanical transmission system. The experimental results show that when the system is applied in practice, the gear selection time of the vehicle is between 0.2 s-0.3 s, and the gear shift time is between 0.3 s-0.4 s. The gap between the vehicle speed and the expected speed, and between the vehicle speed and the expected speed is small. The practical application effect is good.

Effect of Butanol-Gasoline Blend Toward Performance Matic-Transmission Applied in Single Cylinder Capacity Engine

The availability of fuel oil is decreasing while the level of consumption is increasing. This encourages the need for the development of alternative energy to minimize the crisis. This study investigates the characteristics of fuel and automatic transmission combustion engines. The fuel used is butanol variations B7, B12 and B18 (7%, 12%, and 18%) and pertalite (RON-90). The gasoline engine used has a capacity of 110 cc with a compression ratio of 9.5:1, an automatic transmission system, and air conditioning. The performance test equipment used is the Dynotest-chassis type 50L-BRT. Fuel variations are applied to an engine performance test by using engine speeds of 3000-9000 rpm. The results showed that the use of 18% butanol increased the output power and thermal efficiency by 8.3 kW and 923.95 kPa at 8000 rpm. torque and MEP (average effective pressure) increased by 8 N.m and 923.95 kPa at 5000 rpm. Meanwhile, SFC (specific fuel consumption) decreased by 0.35 kg/kWh at 8000 rpm.

Intelligent Gear Decision Method for Automatic Vehicles Based on Data Mining Under Uphill Conditions

Existing gear decision methods are affected by the limiting factors of deviation of numerical models as well as the subjectivity of the designer, which results in poor adaptability to the driving intentions and driving environments. Excellent drivers are able to choose the appropriate gear to satisfy their driving intentions and respond to changes in driving environments when driving manual transmission vehicles. Therefore, an intelligent gear decision method and design methodology of vehicle automatic transmission system that adapts to different driving intentions and complex driving environments are constructed from the massive driving data of excellent drivers by using data mining method. Excellent drivers are employed to drive vehicles with manual transmission to obtain a large amount of driving data. Subsequently, data preprocessing, data cleaning, and outlier removal are performed on the collected driving data to extract the shift boundary points of each gear aiming at constructing the shift rule surface of each gear. Using the uphill condition as an example, a data-mining-based shift control strategy is established, and the comparison results verify that the proposed gear decision design method can mine the shift strategy of excellent drivers from massive driving data, and the constructed strategy can better adapt to the driver’s intention while obtaining better fuel economy and avoiding unreasonable gearshifts compared with the automatic transmission’s default strategy.

Optimal Control of the Logistics Automation Transmission System Based on Partial Differential Equation

In this paper, the finite difference scheme of the spatiotemporal fractional convection-diffusion equation is established, and its stability and convergence are proved. Furthermore, this discrete technique is extended to solve nonlinear spatiotemporal fractional convection-diffusion equations. By using the Krylov subspace method to solve the discrete system, the numerical solution of the spatiotemporal fractional convection-diffusion equation can be obtained quickly. In this paper, an efficient optimal control algorithm is proposed to solve the free control problem of a class of nonlinear time-delay systems. We obtained the optimal control law of the system through the Bellman optimality principle, obtained the asymptotic stability criterion of the system in the form of LMI under the optimal control input by using the Lyapunov stability theory, and discussed the effect of the delay parameter on the system stability. Using the principle of intelligent neural network approximation function, the evaluation neural network and the execution neural network are used to approximate the optimal performance index function and optimal control input, respectively, the optimal control strategy of the system is obtained, and the convergence of the weight estimation error is proved to be optimal. On the basis of optimal state adjustment, the optimal tracking control problem is further solved. Numerical example results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of stability analysis, optimal state control, and optimal tracking control for the nonlinear time-delay system proposed in this paper. We calculate the parameters of the conveyor and select a reasonable transmission and sorting mechanism to realize the speed regulation of the driving motor of each mechanism. Through the work of each part, the design scheme of the automatic transmission system is formed, and the reliability, practicability, and economy of the system are guaranteed.

Logic design method and optimization of hydraulic system for heavy-duty automatic transmission

In this paper, the shifting control hydraulic system of the heavy-duty automatic transmission was designed, aiming to unify and standardize design methods. The said system was designed according to the binary logic characteristics of hydraulic components. In addition, to meet the torque transmission requirements and reduce the energy consumption, both the oil pressure supply and flow-regulating system were designed. Mathematical and simulation models of the hydraulic system were established to analyze its performance. Finally, the genetic algorithm was used to optimize the system (within the AMESim environment); the results have shown that the main pressure of each gear was controlled in a reasonable range, and both the pressure of shift clutch and the pressure response time were reduced. In addition, the power loss of the hydraulic system was significantly improved, which improved the practical performance of the overall hydraulic system.

Towards an effective application of parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis to mathematical groundwater models

Groundwater models serve as support tools to among others: assess water resources, evaluate management strategies, design remediation systems and optimize monitoring networks. Thus, the assimilation of information from observations into models is crucial to improve forecasts and reduce uncertainty of their results. As more information is collected routinely due to the use of automatic sensors, data loggers and real time transmission systems; groundwater modelers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of using sophisticated tools to perform model calibration in combination with sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. Despite their usefulness, available approaches to perform this kind of analyses still present some challenges such as non-unique solution for the parameter estimation problem, high computational burden and a need of a deep understanding of the theoretical basis for the correct interpretation and use of their results, in particular the ones related to uncertainty analysis. We present a brief derivation of the main equations that serve as basis for this kind of analysis. We demonstrate how to use them to estimate parameters, assess the sensitivity and quantify the uncertainty of the model results using an example inspired by a real world setting. We analyze some of the main pitfalls that can occur when performing such kind of analyses and comment on practical approaches to overcome them. We also demonstrate that including groundwater flow estimations, although helpful in constraining the solution of the inverse problem as shown previously, may be difficult to apply in practice and, in some cases, may not provide enough information to significantly constrain the set of potential solutions. Therefore, this article can serve as a practitioner-oriented introduction for the application of parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis to groundwater models.

A supervised machine-learning method for optimizing the automatic transmission system of wind turbines

Large-scale wind turbines mostly use Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) as the transmission system, which is highly efficient. However, it comes with high complexity and cost too. In contrast, the small-scale wind turbines that are available in the market offer a one-speed gearing system only where no gear ratios are varied, resulting in low efficiency of harvesting energy and leading to gears failure. In this research, an unsupervised machine-learning algorithm is proposed to address the energy efficiency of the automatic transmission system in vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT), to increase its efficiency in harvesting energy. The aim is to find the best adjustment for VAWT while the automatic transmission system is taken into account. For this purpose, the system is simulated and tested under various gear ratios conditions while a centrifugal clutch is applied to automatic gear shifting. The outcomes indicated that the automatic transmission system could successfully adjust the spinning in line with the wind speed. As a result, the obtained level of harvested voltage and power by VAWT with the automatic transmission system are improved significantly. Consequently, it is concluded that automatic VAWTs, equipped with the machine-learning capability can readjust themselves with the wind speed more efficiently.

Računska metodologija za sintezu konfiguracija sistema epicikličkog zupčastog prenosa sa više planetarnih zupčanika

Epicyclic Gear Transmission Systems (EGTs) find a wide variety of applications in automatic transmission systems due to their flexibility to deliver a variety of speed ratios. The design of EGT involves the enumeration of all possible layouts, typically called structural synthesis. Thus, the structural synthesis of an EGT consists of defining a topology for EGT with coupled planetary gear trains (PGTs) along with constraining elements such as connections, brakes, and clutches while delivering a definite transmission ratio between the input and output shafts. Given the number of PGTs, permanent connection, clutches, and brakes, the methodology systematically introduces these elements of PGTs to deliver the given number of distinct speed ratios. Determining the number of distinct speed ratios for a given combination of brakes and clutches has been expressed as a transformation of a graph representation of the EGT layout. A computer program has been developed for the structural synthesis of EGTs and validated against the 3 epicyclic, 6-speed EGT systems. The viability aspects of the synthesized structure are carried out. Also, an isomorphism test is addressed in the synthesis methodology to detect unique EGT structures at every synthesis stage.

Tribological and rheological evaluation of a graphene nanosheets-based lubricant for metal-on-metal and wet clutch interfaces

The tribological and rheological behavior of mineral oil (MO) additivated with graphene nano-sheets (GNS) as lubricant in metal-on-metal interfaces and actual wet clutch materials was analyzed in this work with a focus on its potential use in automatic transmission (AT) systems. Lubricants prepared with different GNS concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 w/v%) in MO were evaluated in shear flow (viscosity changes) and by ball-on-disc measurements. Besides, thermogravimetric analysis and wet clutch friction tests at 26 and 100 °C were performed. Overall, the GNS addition to MO made the lubricants non-Newtonian shear-thinning and increased their viscosity at high shear rates, reduced the wear rate for the metallic interfaces tested, and enhanced the thermal stability and oil anti-shudder property of the wet clutch.

Pengaruh Perbandingan Secondary Sheave Spring Standard Dan Racing Terhadap Akselerasi

Currently, automotive products, especially two-wheelers (motorbikes), are equipped with an automatic transmission system. The type of automatic transmission used is CVT (Continously Variable Transmission). Motorbikes with automatic transmission have several advantages, one of which is that they are more practical in use compared to motorbikes with manual transmission. The purpose of this study was to determine the RPM results on the effect of per cvt standard (1000 rpm) and per cvt racing (2000 rpm) on the RPM of a 2015 Honda Beat FI motorcycle. After replacing per cvt, it is expected to improve the performance of the 4 stroke combustion motor. The research method used is an experimental method, namely by starting the engine and holding the throttle at 1600 RPM after stabilizing then the throttle is rotated spontaneously up to 9000 RPM. The results of this study can be concluded that using per cvt2000 rpm only gets good acceleration and RPM at low rotational speeds. Whereas at high rotational speed it is less than optimal, but gets maximum power.

Breath Analysis of Drivers for Monitoring Their Conditions on Driving Simulator

In this study, we investigated the correlation between the condition of drivers and their expiration using a spirometer and a volatile organic compound (VOC) gas sensor on a driving simulator. Twenty-four participants with normal or corrected-to-normal vision (11 males and 13 females; age range = 19−58 years, mean age = 39.3 years) were enrolled in this study. All participants were licensed drivers who reported driving more than one day per week and never participated in any lectures for motorsports. They were equipped with air-seal masks and transducers of the spirometer (Minato Medical Science AE-310S). The spirometer measured flow rate, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations for output to several parameters, such as tidal volume, respiration rate, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide excretion, end tidal oxygen and carbo dioxide etc. The masks connected to a two-way valve for dividing between inhaled and exhaled breaths (Hans Rudolph series 2600) and a gas sensor chamber for a homemade gas sensor of Pt, Pd, and Au-loaded SnO2. Resistance signal of the gas sensor affected by concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), so that the gas sensor can monitor to fluctuation of VOCs in exhaled breath. They drove a fixed-base driving simulator (Mitsubishi Precision), which had an automatic transmission system and right-hand-drive and consisted of a cockpit with a steering wheel, an accelerator pedal, a brake pedal, a side brake lever, and a shift lever, as well as a liquid crystal monitor (70-inch) and speakers (for simulated noise of engine and tires). They drove in the overtaking lane at 90−100 km/h on four different courses of varying difficulty for approximately 5 minutes each. All courses include straight roads, right-curves, and left-curves. All curves were shallow (1000R) and sharp (200R), and the frequency of curves were infrequent and frequent (0.8 and 0.2 km straight road between curves). The mean and standard deviation (SD) of all breath parameters from them were calculated during the cruising section of the courses. After driving each course, they assessed the “enjoyment” and “difficulty” of the course on a scale of one to seven. The mean and SD of all parameters were analyzed using box-and-whisker plots and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). There was no significant difference in the correlation between the questionnaire result of “difficulty” and each parameter of the spirometer and gas sensor. Also, the mean of all breath parameter shows no significant difference to the questionnaire result of “difficulty” and “enjoyment”. By contrast, the low (1, 2, and 3 points) and high (5, 6, and 7 points) assessment groups of "enjoyment" showed large and small SDs of all parameters from the spirometer and the gas sensor, respectively. Specifically, in the highest course difficulty (C4), there was a clear tendency between the SDs and the assessment of “enjoyment”. The box-and whisker plots show the tendency. Two-way ANOVA shows p-values classified according to the assessment, courses and, their interaction. The p-values, used in statistical study, mean the significant difference of the parameter. The parameter possesses the significant differences when the p-values of the parameter is less than 0.05. On the two-way ANOVA between “enjoyment” and courses of SDs from all parameters, the “enjoyment” and the interaction showed high significant differences with less than 0.01 of p-values. No significant differences were observed from the courses, so that there is no dependency of the running course and only the assessment of “enjoyment” was effective. Moreover, no differences were found in comparison with the parameters from the spirometer and the gas sensor so that the condition of the driver could be evaluated objectively even when only one parameter was monitored.Ref. T. Itoh, T. Sato, T. Akamatsu, W. Shin, J. Breath Res. 2019, 14, 016003. Figure 1

A CFD-Based Comparison of Different Positive Displacement Pumps for Application in Future Automatic Transmission Systems

The efficiency requirements for hydraulic pumps applied in automatic transmissions in future generations of automobiles will increase continuously. In addition, the pumps must be able to cope with multiphase flows to a certain extent. Given this background, a balanced vane pump (BVP), an internal gear pump (IGP) and a three-dimensional geared tumbling multi chamber (TMC) pump are analyzed and compared by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach with ANSYS CFX and TwinMesh. Furthermore, test bench measurements are conducted to obtain experimental data to validate the numerical results. The obtained numerical results show a reasonable agreement with the experimental data. In the first CFD setup, the conveying characteristics of the pumps with pure oil regarding volumetric efficiencies, cavitation onset and pressure ripple are compared. Both the IGP and the BVP show high volumetric efficiencies and low pressure ripples whereas the TMC shows a weaker performance regarding these objectives. In the second CFD setup, an oil-bubbly air multiphase flow with different inlet volume fractions (IGVF) is investigated. It can be shown that free air changes the pumping characteristics significantly by increasing pressure and mass flow ripple and diminishing the volumetric efficiency as well as the required driving torque. The compression ratios of the pumps appear to be an important parameter that determines how the multiphase flow is handled regarding pressure and mass flow ripple. Overall, the BVP and the IGP show both a similar strong performance with and without free air. In the current development state, the TMC pump shows an inferior performance because of its lower compression ratio and therefore needs further optimization.