Automatic Temperature Regulation Research Articles

Automatic volumetric temperature regulation during in vivo MRI-guided laser-induced thermotherapy (MRg-LITT) with multiple laser probes

BackgroundClinical Laser-Induced Thermotherapy (LITT) currently lacks precise control of tissue temperature increase during the procedure. This study presents a new method to automatically regulate the maximum temperature increase in vivo at different positions by adjusting LITT power delivered by multiple laser probes using real-time volumetric MR-thermometry. MethodsThe regulation algorithm was evaluated in vivo on a pig leg muscle. Temperature regulation was performed in volumes surrounding each laser probe tip. The power delivered to each laser probe was automatically adjusted every second using a feedback control algorithm by processing on-the-fly MR-thermometry images (10 slices/second) on a 1.5 T clinical scanner (1.56 mm × 1.56 mm x 3 mm resolution), using the proton-resonance frequency (PRF) shift technique. Several experimental conditions were tested with predefined temperature-time profiles corresponding to conditions of thermal ablation (+30 °C above body temperature) or moderate hyperthermia (+10 and + 15 °C). Control images were acquired after injection of Gadolinium at the end of experiment and were compared with the thermal dose images calculated from the thermometry images. ResultsThe mean difference and root mean squared error between target temperatures and measured ones remained below 0.5 °C and 2 °C respectively, for 5 min duration. Lesion sizes observed on thermal dose and on images acquired after gadolinium injection were in good agreement. ConclusionAutomatic regulation of in vivo temperature increase during LITT procedures with multiple laser emitters control is feasible. The method provides an adaptative solution to improve the safety and efficacity of such clinical procedures.

Design and production of an automatic temperature regulation system for a biodigester (Republic of Guinea)

Automatic temperature regulation system is crucial to optimize the anaerobic fermentation process and maximize biogas production. In this study, we implemented an automatic system integrating GSM technology to enable remote temperature control and regulation. For this, we installed a temperature sensor inside the biodigester in order to monitor these thermal variations, the data collected by this sensor is transmitted to the central control system via an Arduino Uno module. The latter compares the received data with predefined thresholds and accordingly sends adjustment commands to the heating system. Operators can monitor and adjust temperature parameters remotely via SMS messages through the SIM800 GSM module. Through this system, the temperature of the biodigester can be maintained at optimal levels, thereby promoting efficient digestion of organic materials and continuous production of biogas, while providing convenient and responsive remote management.

Layered laser-engraved wood-based composite capable of photothermal conversion and energy storage for indoor thermal management in buildings

Wood is used more and more in building. Phase change materials (PCM) with automatic temperature regulation and heat storage function have been widely concerned in the field of building energy conservation. However, phase-change materials have poor light induction and cannot absorb sunlight during the day in time, resulting in limited heat storage effect. For the purpose of achieving efficient energy collection and utilization, a laser-engraved method was employed in this study to directly generate a three-dimensional grid structure on the surface of wood. Then, the eutectic mixture of capric acid (CA) and stearic acid (SA) and nano-SiO2 composite PCM (CPCM) was impregnated into the supporting substrate with photothermal conversion capability. The obtained laser-engraved wood (LEW) loaded with CA-SA/Nano-SiO2 showed a latent heat of 64.706 J/g, a thermal conductivity of 0.732 W/(m⋅K) and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 64.46 %. Additionally, the three-dimensional porous structure of wood and the addition of nano-silica set up a double barrier for the leakage of PCM. Therefore, CPCM have prospective applications as indoor thermal insulation materials. In this research, a simple laser engraving method was adopted to endow the wooden substrate with photothermal conversion ability, which provides an idea to expand the application of photothermal conversion materials in the field of phase-change energy storage. In addition, the building simulation software validated the potential of CPCM in stabilizing indoor temperatures and reducing building energy consumption.

Prototype of pH and Water Temperature Control System in Discus Fish Farming Using IoT-based Sugeno Fuzzy

Challenges in cultivating discus fish often arise from abrupt pH and temperature fluctuations attributed to manual and sluggish intervention. An IoT-based prototype for automatic pH and water temperature regulation was developed to address this. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the prototype in controlling pH levels and water temperature and to explore the application of IoT-based fuzzy logic in discus fish cultivation. Test data from the implemented tools and sensors revealed an error comparison value of 0.0132% and an accuracy level of 99.986% for pH measurement. In comparison, temperature sensing yielded an error value of 0% with 100% accuracy. The IoT-based fuzzy Sugeno system demonstrated regular and effective operation in regulating pH and water temperature in discus fish cultivation, showcasing superiority over manual handling systems in mitigating sudden environmental changes.

Real-time automatic temperature regulation during in vivo MRI-guided laser-induced thermotherapy (MR-LITT)

Precise control of tissue temperature during Laser-Induced Thermotherapy (LITT) procedures has the potential to improve the clinical efficiency and safety of such minimally invasive therapies. We present a method to automatically regulate in vivo the temperature increase during LITT using real-time rapid volumetric Magnetic Resonance thermometry (8 slices acquired every second, with an in-plane resolution of 1.4 mmx1.4 mm and a slice thickness of 3 mm) using the proton-resonance frequency (PRF) shift technique. The laser output power is adjusted every second using a feedback control algorithm (proportional-integral-derivative controller) to force maximal tissue temperature in the targeted region to follow a predefined temperature–time profile. The root-mean-square of the difference between the target temperature and the measured temperature ranged between 0.5 °C and 1.4 °C, for temperature increases between + 5 °C to + 30 °C above body temperature and a long heating duration (up to 15 min), showing excellent accuracy and stability of the method. These results were obtained on a 1.5 T clinical MRI scanner, showing a potential immediate clinical application of such a temperature controller during MR-guided LITT.

Biomimetic bone tissue structure: An ultrastrong thermal energy storage wood

Phase change material (PCM) with thermal energy storage capacity and automatic temperature regulation hold tremendous potential for construction energy conservation. However, conventional PCMs often exhibits liquid leakage, volume change and insufficient mechanical property, which are prone to load-bearing accidents, hindering their application as an engineering building material. Herein, inspired by the oriented “brick-and-mortar” structure in bone, we report a facile strategy to develop a form-stable, ultrastrong and highly energy-stored composite wood-based PCM (PWPCM) via in-situ polymerization of polyurethane-based PCM using hierarchically well-aligned wood as bio-template. PWPCM showed high tensile strength of 81.9 MPa and elastic modulus of 10.2 GPa along the longitudinal direction due to the well-aligned cellulose nanofibrils arrays and the “brick-and-mortar” structure based on strong intermolecular bonding between cellulose and PCM chains, as confirmed by molecular dynamic simulations. PWPCM was 73.4 times stronger than pure PCM, and 4–40 times as high as most conventional PCMs ever reported, representing one of the strongest composite PCMs. Benefited from the high-loading PCM, PWPCM showed wide phase transition temperature range and high enthalpy of 116.1 J/g, together with outstanding temperature regulation and shape-stability. This work provides a promising strategy for fabricating low-cost, eco-friendly, strong wood-based PCM for energy-saving construction and intelligent agriculture.

Pengatur Suhu Otomatis Pada Solar Water Heater Berbasis IoT

Humans in everyday life really need energy. Energy use is expected to be sustainable, safe and clean. Solar is a renewable energy source that sustains life on earth, it can be utilized through photovoltaic and solar thermal systems. Solar thermal systems that capture solar energy can be used directly for water heating purposes. So that an environmentally friendly water heater can be created. This water heater is a solar water heater. Another problem is that the temperature setting for hot water is still manual, causing waiting time and wasted energy when mixing water is not according to your wishes and needs. The solution requires an automatic temperature regulator is needed on a solar water heater. The DS18B20 temperature sensor is used to read the water temperature, the Wemos D1 R2 microcontroller will consider whether the temperature read is appropriate or not according to the user wishes. If it is not suitable, it will instruct the relay to be active and turn on the water pump to circulate water to the heating collector. Setting the desired temperature can be done remotely using Internet of Things technology. From the results of testing the tool, the solar water heater that has been made is capable of providing hot water temperatures of 50.25 °C, 46°C, 43.12 °C when the tank contains 10 liters, 20 liters and 30 liters of water. The set point setting was successfully done using the blynk platform

面向个人热管理的降温纺织品

<p indent="0mm">Textiles play an extremely important role in various aspects of our life since prehistoric times. Toward passionate and imperceptible sport and health, people have begun to explore evolving functions beyond the basic values of textiles. Smart textiles with functions such as communication, sensing, color change, warming, cooling, actuation, and computing have become the new frontier of wearable technology. Global warming and the enormously scorching weather have adversely affected human production and living as well as the sustainable development of society. As being homothermal, the human body has the ability of automatic temperature regulation. However, people are still vulnerable to excessive heat load without the protection of buildings and traditional cooling systems. As the largest organ of the human body, the skin can sense the temperature changes of the external environment and regulate its own temperature. Human skin heat dissipation is a complex process including heat convection, heat evaporation and heat radiation. As the boundary between human skin and the external environment, textiles play an important part for the human body to attain thermal comfort under different environmental conditions. Therefore, personal thermal management, a technology regulating the microenvironments around the human body, can effectively control the heat exchange of the human body, and thus become an eco-friendly solution. With the progress of thermal and materials science, diverse cooling textiles have provided people with convenience and safety in the fields of medicine, firefighting, aerospace, and military technology. In the perspective of cooling principles, personal thermal management solutions based on textiles are categorized as UV-protective textiles, cooling textiles, active cooling suits, and radiative cooling textiles. Some of them have been utilized to maintain a relatively stable body temperature in different scenarios. Textile applications at present are no longer confined to social intercourse and aesthetics, but are more focused on functional breakthroughs. The urgency of global warming and the danger of outdoor work in special occupations have greatly increased the demand for innovations in cooling textiles. It is crucial to maintain thermal comfort of individuals for physical and mental health in extreme environments. Although certain cooling textiles have been commercialized and become basic essentials for specific occasions, stringent challenges remain for weakening the perception of cooling textiles during utilization, expanding their application scenarios to make them available life-essentials. This review focuses on the regulation mechanism and development of various cooling textiles for personal thermal management. We summarize recent research progress and its significance in energy saving and emission reduction. We also propose solutions toward related challenges in the research and development of high-performance protective textiles, and finally give a perspective to the rise of cooling protective textiles. Through multidisciplinary innovations in textile engineering, materials science, optics, thermal science, and mechanics, cooling textiles can be yielded in a low-cost way with multi-functional performance, while maintaining superior wearability and durability compatible with our daily activities. Cooling textiles would enable the construction of more effective, more comprehensive, and more subtle cooling systems for people. In the perspective of intelligent sport and health, the combination of cooling textiles with flexible electronics and digital twins technology can further enable common-looked textiles with intelligence such as autonomous thermal regulation, perception and interaction, thermoelectrical self-powering, short-haul communication, and metaverse.

Design and Development of the Novel Electrothermal Wall-Hanging Boiler

Background: With the rapid development of the domestic, independent heating system, the wall-hanging boiler has become the focus of concern for a large number of users. As an independent heat source, it has been widely applied in many places. Objective: Based on many deficiencies emerging from the wall-hanging gas boiler used at present, a novel electrothermal wall-hanging boiler is presented in this paper to realize the family central heating and provide constant temperature water supply system in the meantime. Method: 3D solid model of the wall-hanging boiler was firstly designed by using the software Solidworks, and then, based on ARM intelligent microcontroller, the circuit board production was completed with the corresponding control circuit design to conduct the automatic temperature regulation of the wall-hanging boiler, so as to achieve the desired effect of the constant temperature heating and energy conservation. Results: On the basis of the experiments and the test of sample, the trial operation of the prototype can meet the expected requirements. The greatest innovation of the product is to use a new type of nano semiconductor material and a sort of hydrocyclone mode to enhance the heat exchange in a more full and uniform way, as well as improve the thermal efficiency greatly. Conclusion: Such patent provides an effective theoretical and experimental basis for the diagnosis and fixing of the electrothermal wall-hanging boiler. With the help of the prototyping fabrication and debugging installation, it can be shown that the novel electrothermal wall-hanging boiler will have a very broad application prospect.

УЛУЧШЕНИЕ КАЧЕСТВ РАПСОВОГО МАСЛА ДЛЯ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ В ДИЗЕЛЬНОМ ДВИГАТЕЛЕ

This article presents experimental studies on changing such chemical properties of vegetable (rapeseed) oil, such as viscosity, for its use as a fuel in diesel engines. With the help of hydrothermal technology, samples of vegetable oil were obtained and laboratory studies were carried out on a viscometer, which showed a decrease in viscosity up to 16%. Oil samples were obtained at different pressures up to 90 atm. and temperatures up to 130 C. All samples were passed through a liquid activator installed at the outlet of the reactor, which, due to spargers located in the path of the flow, provided the appearance of a gaseous and liquid mixture with an increased ability to mix and conduct chemical reactions. The reactor was a metal flask with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a volume of 6 liters, with installed temperature and pressure sensors, and a heating element for heating oil. The pressure was provided by a gear pump driven by a 3 kW electric motor. For the safety of testing, an automatic pressure and temperature regulator in the reactor, installed in the control panel, was developed. In order to compare with pure cold-pressed rapeseed oil, comparative tests were carried out on bench equipment of the laboratory, which showed the effectiveness of this technology and obtaining the characteristics of engine operation on rapeseed oil as close as possible to diesel fuel. During the research, quantitative indicators of the ingress of rapeseed oil into the engine crankcase were also determined. When using cold-pressed rapeseed oil, this figure after eight-hour tests at idle at different speeds was 3.21 liters. After the processing of rapeseed oil in the reactor and repeated tests, the oil in the engine crankcase was measured, where it was 1.92 liters, which was 60% of the previous experience

A Numerical Approach on Waste Heat Recovery through Sidewall Heat‐Exchanging in an Aluminum Electrolysis Cell

This paper proposes a technical viewpoint for the recovery of waste heat in aluminum electrolysis. The idea of combining heat‐generating electrolysis process and the heat‐consuming alumina tube digestion process is discussed in detail. The structural design of the heat‐exchanging system as well as the matching problems between the heat exchanger and cell design are also mentioned. Several major concerns including the automatic temperature regulation of the cell sidewall and the preferred selection principles for the heat medium are introduced. A 2 kA heat exchangeable cell is developed and a series of tests are carried out in the laboratory. It is found that approximate 80% of the sidewall waste heat can be recovered while the cell behaves steadily. It is also proved possible to control the thickness of the frozen ledge through adjusting the heat convection rate of the heat exchanger. The heat‐exchanging system is also suitable for aluminum cells when the fluctuating wind power is applied as a major energy supply.

Aplicação do diagrama de causa e efeito no diagnóstico do elevado consumo de energia: Um estudo de caso nos setores administrativo e de produção da Cooperativa Agrícola Mista de Tomé-açu - CAMTA

No presente artigo buscou-se por meio da pesquisa de campo, analisar como a energia elétrica é consumida dentro da CAMTA (Cooperativa Agrícola Mista de Tomé-Açu), que tem como principal atividade o processamento e comercialização de polpas de frutas, de uma forma geral, tem finalidade de identificar os principais problemas que geram um elevado consumo de energia elétrica na empresa. As áreas pesquisadas envolvem os setores administrativos, de processamento, laboratório e de armazenamento onde estão situadas as câmaras frigoríficas. Os métodos utilizados foram uma entrevista e aplicação de um questionário. O software utilizado para tabulação dos dados foi o Excel e como ferramenta para exposição dos resultados utilizou-se o Diagrama de Causa e Efeito feito no software X-Mind. A partir da investigação, notou-se que o setor de estoque das polpas é o que mais demanda energia, a maior parte do consumo advém do armazenamento nas câmaras frigoríficas, as mesmas não possuem regulação de temperatura automática. Outro fator é a obsolescência das máquinas, que contribui para o alto consumo, o que reduz a capacidade operacional, além disso, os constantes reparos, com ajustes de baixo valor agregado, interferem na potencialidade dos equipamentos. Tais ajustes ocorrem de maneira corretiva, e esporadicamente preventiva. Constatou-se que a demanda é superior a oferta, desta forma, o funcionamento dá-se em 24 horas no período de safra (açaí), por conta da ineficiência do maquinário dificilmente atinge a necessidade dos consumidores, e, por conseguinte, eleva o custo com energia elétrica, principalmente no horário de pico.

Development of automatic solar egg incubator to increase the productivity of super native chicken breeds

Super chicken is one type of chicken that began to be developed to get better meat with a faster harvest. Super native chicken seedlings can be obtained from broiler broodstocks with males from native chickens. In this paper, an automatic egg incubator is proposed to increase the productivity of super native chicken seedlings developed in Nagari Salareh Aia. This egg incubator can hold 200 chicken eggs with a heater using 8 pieces of 5 watt incandescent lamps. This tool is also equipped with a thermostat for automatic temperature regulation and a motor for moving the egg rack. Due to the low reliability of the electricity network in this area, the egg incubator is supplied with a 300 wp solar panel equipped with a 200 Ah battery to maintain electrical power continuity. The experimental results show that this egg incubator has worked well as expected.

A High‐Efficiency, Portable, Solar‐Powered Cooling System Based on a Foldable‐Flower Mechanism and Wireless Power Transfer Technology for Vehicle Cabins

In summer, the high temperature inside vehicles is a problem, because cooling a vehicle parked under the scorching sun is both time and energy consuming. Herein, a portable solar‐powered cooling system (SPCS) is proposed based on a foldable‐flower mechanism and wireless power transfer (WPT) technology. The proposed system consists of three main parts: a solar foldable‐flower module (SFFM), an energy transfer module, and a temperature control module. The SFFM is a novel foldable mechanism that achieves a high space utilization through a rotating process and a folding process, like a flower opening its petals. The SFFM, equipped with photovoltaic (PV) cells, collects solar energy and converts it into electricity. The energy transfer module stores electricity from the SFFM in a supercapacitor via a WPT unit. The temperature control module achieves automatic temperature regulation using a cooling device. Experimental results show that output power reaches up to 7.571 W with a load resistor of 5 Ω, whereas the efficiency of the WPT reaches up to 73.6% with a load resistor of 15 Ω. Moreover, thermal simulation results illustrate that the proposed system achieves an average temperature reduction of 27.45 °C, making it feasible and effective to cool a hot vehicle cabin.

Automatic Room Temperature Regulator for Making Tempe Based on Arduino with Fuzzy Logic Method

The main obstacles of the tempe producers in fermentation process are the uncertain temperature and weather factors, if in the cold temperatures of tempe producers tend to still use manual way to keep the temperature in tempe, that is by covering the surface using cloth, newspaper or other cover because for the fermentation process in tempe temperature required ranges between 30-35o C and humidity below 70%. With unstable temperature can certainly affect the duration of tempe fermentation process. For that required a tool that can stabilize the temperature of the room on tempe fermentation process. Automatic temperature control for the manufacture of tempe is using fuzzy logic method as a smart control system, Arduino Mega 2560 as a microcontroller, DHT11 sensor as the detector temperature and humidity of the room, YL-69 &amp; YL-38 sensors to detect the tempe water content that has become tempe parameter already mature or not, and heater and fan as actuators to stabilize the room temperature. Automatic temperature regulator for tempe making with fuzzy logic method is able to stabilize room temperature in fermentation process tempe and success rate of this tool in category good enough because get value from precision equal to 65%, recall 100%, and accuracy equal to 65%

Automatic Room Temperature Regulator for Making Tempe Based on Arduino with Fuzzy Logic Method

The main obstacles of the tempe producers in fermentation process are the uncertain temperature and weather factors, if in the cold temperatures of tempe producers tend to still use manual way to keep the temperature in tempe, that is by covering the surface using cloth, newspaper or other cover because for the fermentation process in tempe temperature required ranges between 30-35o C and humidity below 70%. With unstable temperature can certainly affect the duration of tempe fermentation process. For that required a tool that can stabilize the temperature of the room on tempe fermentation process. Automatic temperature control for the manufacture of tempe is using fuzzy logic method as a smart control system, Arduino Mega 2560 as a microcontroller, DHT11 sensor as the detector temperature and humidity of the room, YL-69 &amp; YL-38 sensors to detect the tempe water content that has become tempe parameter already mature or not, and heater and fan as actuators to stabilize the room temperature. Automatic temperature regulator for tempe making with fuzzy logic method is able to stabilize room temperature in fermentation process tempe and success rate of this tool in category good enough because get value from precision equal to 65%, recall 100%, and accuracy equal to 65%

Peningkatan Ekonomi Ampas Tahu Menggunakan Mesin Pengering Teknologi Rotary Untuk Membuat Bahan Tepung dan Pakan

The purpose of this program is to provide solutions to the problems that exist in tofu production SMEs, especially the problem of processing side effects of waste production which so far has not been maximally utilized, the production waste in the form of tofu waste can be utilized as a high economic value product. The method used is the process of drying the tofu dregs using rotary technology and the heat exchanger technology used to dry the tofu dregs and this tool is equipped with an automatic temperature regulator which is used to control the temperature in the drying tube. By using this machine, the wet tofu dregs can be dried quickly and the resulting color remains white (as in wet conditions). Based on the results of the drying test, the economic value of tofu waste can increase the economic value of tofu waste which initially only Rp. 10,000 to Rp. 63,000 per bag.

Models and Techniques of Automatic Humidity Temperature setting on Oyster Mushrooms using Digital Skylite

Oyster mushroom cultivation in areas that have high temperatures requires special maintenance techniques. The development of technology now makes it easy to carry out maintenance treatments for oyster mushrooms. Not even a few can regulate temperature and humidity automatically in the cultivation room. With an automatic temperature regulator can facilitate maintenance and minimize the failure of oyster mushroom production. However, the humidity temperature setting is not perfect enough if there are no models and adjusting techniques. The model that will be made by using Digital Skylite which is connected to the current source, Digital Skylite functions as an automatic timer. The purpose of this research is to get the right tool design model using Digital Skylite and to see the correct length of time in the Digital Skylite settings. The method used in data collection in this study is Direct Observation (Observation), Observation is carried out by examining and observing the object under study directly. The results of the study were to obtain a maximum temperature regulation design model.

A portable renewable solar energy-powered cooling system based on wireless power transfer for a vehicle cabin

As the greenhouse effect becomes increasingly serious, cooling a vehicle cabin parked under the blazing sun without running the engine or using an electric vehicle’s power has received considerable attention. In this paper, we develop a novel portable, renewable, solar energy-powered cooling system with wireless power transfer (WPT) and supercapacitors to cool the vehicle cabin. The proposed system consists of a solar collector mechanism, an energy conduit, and a temperature control and cooling module. First, consisting of folding solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, the solar collector mechanism making the proposed system portable. Once collected, the solar energy is converted into electricity and stored in the supercapacitors through wireless power transfer without breaching the vehicle body. Automatic temperature regulation is achieved with the cooling device via the temperature control and cooling module. The experimental results indicate that a maximum output power of 2.181W and a maximum WPT efficiency of 60.3% are achieved when the prototype loaded with 3Ω and 5Ω respectively. Meanwhile, the simulation shows the temperature inside the cabin is reduced by as much as 4.2°C in average, demonstrating that the proposed solar energy-powered cooling system is effective and feasible in cooling a hot vehicle cabin.

Automatic Temperature Regulation System of Locomotive Traction Induction Motors With Power Losses Minimization

The air cooling systems are shown to be used to provide required temperature condition of traction induction motors on locomotives. The automatic temperature regulation system is developed for its using to solve such a task. Results of experimental investigation showed that the AO63-4 induction motor stator end winding on the side opposite to air supply is the most heated part of the induction motor. Based on the results of the research, it was used an aperiodic second-order transfer function for approximation of the thermal transient curves. The design of an induction motor control system maintaining operating mode with minimum of the stator current are considered. It is shown that the modes of minimum of the stator current and minimum of power losses are quite close to each other. The MatLab simulation results taking typical nonlinearities and iron power losses in an induction motor and conduction and commutation power losses in semiconductors of frequency converter into account are presented. It is shown that as a result of application of the suggested system the power losses reduction may be led up to 20 % relatively to classical scalar control.