Automatic Preference Research Articles

The celebrity effect in microblog browsing among Chinese college students: based on implicit and recognition procedures

ABSTRACT This study examines the influence of celebrities on microblog browsing behaviours among Chinese college students, specifically analyzing implicit attitudes and recognition processes for both celebrity and non-celebrity microblog pages. Data were collected from 89 Chinese university students using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and a recognition scoring test. employing a 2 (frequent users vs. non-frequent users) × 2 (celebrity microblogs vs. non-celebrity microblogs) mixed factorial design. Results indicate a significant preference for celebrity microblog pages, evidenced by more positive implicit attitudes and higher recognition scores compared to those for non-celebrity pages. Furthermore, frequent users demonstrated enhanced recognition, which suggests a significant celebrity effect. The study revealed the underlying automatic preference of college students for celebrities in their microblogs.

Impact of temporomandibular disorder on food preference behavior in adult male rats

ObjectiveTemporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of conditions affecting the jaw, surrounding muscles and associated structures. Researches indicate that TMD has implications for changes in nutritional behavior. This study investigates the impact of TMD on the food preference behavior of rats, examining various food models with differing caloric content, taste, and texture. DesignForty-two male Wistar rats (200–250 g) were divided into six groups, comprising three control and three pain or TMD groups. Induction of TMD by injection of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) into the left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rat serves as a model for studying TMD. Twenty-four hours post-TMD induction, the preference of animals to foods with differences in calories, taste and texture was evaluated with the help of an automatic preference measuring device. ResultsIn terms of caloric preferences, the pain group exhibited a distinct shift towards high-calorie food. Taste preferences were marked by an increased preference for sweet food in the pain group. Texture preferences were altered, with the pain group displaying a preference for low-texture food. ConclusionTMD in rats leads to increased preferences for high-calorie and sweet foods, as well as altered preferences for food textures. These findings highlight the influence of TMJ pain on food preference behavior in rats.

Born This Way? National Collective Narcissism, Implicit Homophobia, and Homosexual Essentialism in Populist Poland.

Prejudice toward the LGBT community has become prevalent in Poland under the ultraconservative populist government. The results of three studies conducted between 2018 and 2019 (N1 = 879, N2 = 324, and N3 = 374) indicate that Polish collective narcissism-the belief that the exaggerated greatness of the nation is not recognized by others-is associated with implicit homophobia assessed as the intuitive disapproval of gay men and automatic evaluative preference of heterosexuality over homosexuality. Those associations were to a large extent explained by the relationships between collective narcissism and (1) the belief that groups defined by sexual orientations are essentially distinct; (2) the belief that homosexuality is a personal choice, not genetically determined or culturally universal. The experimental results of Study 3 indicated that inducing the belief that non-normative sexuality is genetically determined and culturally universal reduced automatic preference for heterosexuality over homosexuality (but not intuitive disapproval of gay men) across levels of collective narcissism (contrary to predictions). The obtained results complete the picture of the association of narcissistic beliefs about the nation and homophobia emerging from previous studies. National narcissism is linked not only to explicit but also to latent, implicit homophobia likely to be triggered by increased presence of national narcissism in public discourse. Moreover, national narcissism is linked to implicit homophobia, especially via the agentic belief that sexual orientation is a matter of choice. Changing this belief reduces implicit homophobia also among national narcissists.

Implicit attitudes toward obesity-related cues and their relation to body mass index, psychosocial functioning, and health behavior.

Differences in automatic cognitive processes exist among individuals with overweight and obesity, thus there is a need to expand our conceptualization of overweight and obesity to emphasize the predictive utility of these automatic processes, rather than focusing solely on behavioral outputs. Implicit association tests (IATs) may afford a noninvasive method of examining automatic preferences that might contribute to overweight and obesity; namely, preferences for unhealthy foods and sedentary behavior versus healthy foods and physical activity. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether implicit attitudes toward foods and physical activity differed based on body mass index (BMI) status. The relationships between implicit attitudes and key psychosocial factors and health behaviors were also examined. Participants (N = 127) included undergraduate students with an average age of 19.05 years old (SD = 1.52). Average BMI of the sample was 24.20 (SD = 4.93); 33.8% met criteria for overweight or obesity. Participants completed an IAT and questionnaires. There were no differences in implicit preferences based on BMI or BMI status. Overall, the sample demonstrated implicit preferences for healthy foods and active words, and preferences were not linked to the corresponding behavioral outputs, though preferences were linked to various indices of emotion and emotion regulation. Future research should explore an extended model to examine how implicit preferences might impact intentions to engage in protective versus risky obesity-related health behaviors, and the various psychosocial factors that might impact the translation of those preferences and intentions in actual behavioral outputs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

An Automatic Consensus Reaching Approach With Preference Adjustment Willingness for Group Decision-Making

Most of existing consensus reaching approaches for group decision-making (GDM) need decision makers to re-evaluate alternatives multiple times or require additional external interventions, which results in great time and labor consumption. To this end, automatic consensus reaching approaches have been developed to improve effectiveness and efficiency. However, in existing automatic consensus reaching approaches preference adjustment willingness (PAW) is overlooked and consistency/ consensus thresholds cannot be guaranteed to be reached, which may lead to an unacceptable collective decision. This study proposes a new automatic consensus reaching approach with PAW for GDM. First, under the paradigm of interval information granularity PAW is formally defined by considering both amount and sensitivity of preference adjustment. Levels of interval information granularity are adaptively determined by an algorithm with achievement of the consistency threshold. Then, we propose an automatic preference adjustment model where the weighted average of PAW, group consensus, and individual consistency is defined as its performance index. Based on the proposed model and algorithm, a consensus evolution realizing a continuous improvement of consensus is subsequently developed. Finally, the framework of the proposed approach is presented. The applicability of the proposed approach was analyzed through a case study concerning concept selection of a turbofan engine's component. Discussions on parameter settings and timeconsuming of the approach show its great effectiveness and time efficiency. Comparison with other similar approaches demonstrates that the proposed approach is able to achieve larger consistency and consensus improvement with smaller preference adjustment amount.

Bias in Law

Crime rates in America have been increasing over recent years and, in turn, so has the number of criminal cases that pass through the court system. If a criminal defendant cannot afford one for themself, a public defender will be provided for them. However, the public defender does not get to dictate which cases or clients they take on. This paper explores the level in which implicit bias may affect these attorneys in the court room. This is conducted through a series of surveys and correlational research which is then analyzed to determine the true extent to which one can suppress their implicit bias. Participants are deemed to be successful at suppressing their biases if they score a zero on the implicit bias test, which indicates little to no automatic preference for one subject matter over the other. It is proven that no matter how hard one tries, implicit bias is difficult and almost impossible to fully suppress, even for the trained attorney participants. Looking in future directions, this knowledge can be used to spark conversation and new research regarding biases in the judicial system.

Implicit Bias in Health Care Providers During Providing Health Care Ser-vices to Patients in A Tertiary Care Hospital South Punjab Pakistan

Introduction: Bias means an unreasoned and unfair distortion of judgment in favour of or against a person or thing. It is the evaluation of something or someone that can be positive or negative, and implicit or unconscious bias is when the person is unaware of their evaluation. Unconscious or implicit bias describes associations or attitudes that reflexively alter our perceptions, there by affecting behaviour, interaction, and decision-making Methods: This study qualitative cross-sectional study design is used. Implicit Assessment Tool (IAT) used to assess the age Implicit, Religion Implicit and Skin tone Implicit among nurses. The data was analysed by SPSS version-18 & Microsoft Excel. Out of 100 respondent 23% showed a strong automatic preference for light skin compared to dark skin people in Skin-tone IAT. Results: Out 0f 100 just 2% showed strong automatic preference for dark skin as compared to light skin people. During the Religion IAT out of 100 respondents just 1% nurses showed a strong preference for Judaism compared to Islam. 96.0% showed strong automatic preferences for Islam compared to Judaism. 29 % respondents showed a strong automatic preference for Islam compared to Christianity. While 2% participants showed a strong preference for Christianity compared to Islam. In Age implicit assessment test 30% nurses showed strong automatic preference for young people to old people. Just 1 % nurses showed strong automatic preference for old people compared to young people. 30 % nurses showed moderate level of automatic preferences for young people as compared to old people, while just 2 % have moderate automatic preference for old people as compared to young people. Conclusion: This study concluded that Nurses have a strong automatic preference towards their own religion so that they prefer Muslim patients unconsciously rather than the other religion. This study also reveal that during giving care nurses have strong automatic preference to young people and light skinned people as compared to dark skinned and old people.

Abstract P370: Implicit Bias Among Vascular Surgeons

Objective: Implicit bias is an unconscious bias that may influence behavior, cognitive processes and decision-making. In clinical settings, implicit bias present in clinicians may influence the treatment that people receive and may be a root cause of health disparities. Our study measured implicit bias among vascular surgeons who participate in the management of individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Methods: Our sampling frame included all vascular surgeons that contribute to the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) registry. We invited these individuals to take the race implicit association test (IAT) used to measure level of unconscious bias. The IAT asks participants to classify items presented on a computer by quickly pressing computer keys. The underpinning of the IAT is that people will match a representative group (images of African American or European American faces) to an attribute (good and bad words, such as excellent and angry) more quickly if there is already an implicit connection. Based on the differences in reaction time from several trials, participants are classified as having a no preference between African American and European Americans or a preference for one or the other. The level of preference can be slight, moderate, or strong. We stratified implicit findings by physician race/ethnicity. Results: Among 2765 vascular surgeons that participate in the VQI, 338 (12%) completed the IAT. Most participants (70%) showed an automatic preference for European Americans over African Americans, with more than half of participants (51%) showing a moderate or strong automatic preference. Of 195 participants who identified as Non-Hispanic White, 25% showed a slight automatic preference for European Americans, 41% showed a moderate automatic preference, and 34% showed a strong automatic preference. Of 16 participants who identified as Non-Hispanic Black, 38% showed an automatic preference for European Americans over African Americans and 31% showed an automatic preference for African Americans. We also found that participants were often unaware of their biases: More than two-thirds (n=64) of the 94 participants who disagreed with a statement asking if they are biased (“I am biased”) had an automatic preference upon testing. Conclusions: Implicit bias was found among vascular surgeons. The next step in our research will focus on the ability of implicit bias scores to predict a surgeon’s actual delivery of guideline care. Pending our findings, training and clinical support tools offer techniques to mitigate the impact of implicit biases on PAD-related health care.

Unidirectional language bias: The Implicit Association Test with Spanish and English in Miami

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: Automatic preferences and implicit biases toward Spanish and English in the context of Miami are tested. We investigate whether implicit language bias is conditioned by social factors (i.e., ethnicity, gender, first language) as well as different linguistic stimuli (orthographic vs oral/aural). Design/methodology/approach: Three Implicit Association Test (IAT) experiments were designed and implemented. IAT 1 uses semantically neutral furniture terms in English and Spanish with visual attribute words. IAT 2 uses an oral/aural condition employing US Latinx city names produced with both Spanish and English phonology. In IAT 3, we use nonce words to represent the categories of English and Spanish as well as positive/negative visual imagery for the attributes. Data and analysis: d-scores were automatically calculated considering response latency and accuracy. Data were subjected to linear regression for between- and within-experiment analyses as well as a post hoc regression considering participants born outside of the United States. Findings/conclusions: The within-experiment analysis for IAT 1 showed an effect of country of birth. The between-experiment analysis showed country of birth and the experiments themselves to be significant. Length of residency for the non-US born group was also a significant factor. Across the three experiments, none of the 89 participants demonstrated a strong automatic preference for Spanish. Originality: This study is conducted in the largest situation of bilingualism in the Americas and is the first study to examine nonconscious bias toward bilingual participants’ own language varieties in the United States. Significance/implications: Despite the popular construction of Miami as “Spanish-speaking,” results of this study demonstrate strong nonconscious automated preferences for English among participants in Miami and raise questions about language, power, and the vitality of Spanish in South Florida.

Rebiasing: Managing automatic biases over time.

Automatic preferences can influence a decision maker’s choice before any relevant or meaningful information is available. We account for this element of human cognition in a computational model of problem solving that involves active trial and error and show that automatic biases are not just a beneficial or detrimental property: they are a tool that, if properly managed over time, can give rise to superior performance. In particular, automatic preferences are beneficial early on and detrimental at later stages. What is more, additional value can be generated by a timely rebiasing, i.e., a calculated reversal of the initial automatic preference. Remarkably, rebiasing can dominate not only debiasing (i.e., eliminating the bias) but also continuously unbiased decision making. This research contributes to the debate on the adaptiveness of automatic and intuitive biases, which has centered primarily on one-shot controlled laboratory experiments, by simulating outcomes across extended time spans. We also illustrate the value of the novel intervention of adopting the opposite automatic preference—something organizations can readily achieve by changing key decision makers—as opposed to attempting to correct for or simply accepting the ubiquity of such biases.

Abstract PO-078: Introduction of implicit bias training to oncology faculty as a quality improvement initiative

Abstract Background: In a review, Hall (2015) found that implicit bias was significantly related to patient-provider interactions and health outcomes. Implicit Bias Training is a tool to help individuals understand and take corrective action for unfair behaviors. Purpose: Our goal was to assess physician attitudes towards Implicit Bias Training and to measure physician participation in the training when implemented as an NCCN quality measure. Methodology: Implicit Bias Training was offered by the DEI Office at Yale-New Haven Health. This incentivized quality initiative was required for all practicing oncologists. Of 109 physicians, 45 (41.3%) completed this training. The anonymous survey, which included a link to the Harvard Implicit Project's Implicit Association Test (IAT), was emailed to the 45 oncologists prior to participation in the session. There were 21 respondents (46.7% response rate). Results: The self-reported results of the IAT are as follows: 9.5% (n=2) report a strong automatic preference for European Americans (EA) vs. African Americans (AA). 23.8% (n=5) report a moderate automatic preference for EAs vs. AAs 42.9% (n=9) reported little to no automatic preference between AAs vs. EAs. 4.8% (n=1) report a slight automatic preference for AAs vs. EAs. 19% (n=4) did not participate in the IAT. 33.3% (n=7) of physicians report being either extremely or moderately surprised by the result of their IAT, while 33.3% (n=7) report being neither surprised nor unsurprised. 14.3% (n=3) report being moderately unsurprised, and the remainder did not respond. Physicians were asked to report their enthusiasm about Implicit Bias Training on a scale of 0 to 10. The Mean was 6. While physician enthusiasm reports show polarization not apparent by the mean, 57.1% (n=12) of physicians report being hopeful or very hopeful that training would help to improve both collegial and patient-physician relationships. Conclusion: Though this was a mandatory quality initiative that was incentivized, participation was less than 50%. Explanations for the observed participation rate are multifactorial and nuanced. Of the 17 respondents who completed the IAT, nearly one-half (n=7) reported strong or moderate bias for one racial group, and 41% report being surprised by their result. Our findings suggest that unconscious bias was demonstrated in a significant percentage of participants, many of whom were surprised by their results. The results support the need for Implicit Bias Training as part of ongoing oncology quality improvement. 57% of participating physicians were optimistic that the initiative would lead to positive changes. Future Work: We postulate that bias training could increase awareness and result in improved communication with minority patients. Our next project will evaluate the effect of Implicit Bias Training on minority participation in clinical trials. Inclusivity and representation in clinical trials is paramount in efforts to democratize cancer care and our study suggests that bias training could be a valuable tool to achieve this goal. Citation Format: Renee C. Taylor, Andrea Silber. Introduction of implicit bias training to oncology faculty as a quality improvement initiative [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: 14th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2021 Oct 6-8. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-078.

The Implicit Association Test in Introductory Psychology Textbooks: Blind Spot for Controversy

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been widely discussed as a potential measure of “implicit bias.” Yet the IAT is controversial; research suggests that it is far from clear precisely what the instrument measures, and it does not appear to be a strong predictor of behavior. The presentation of this topic in Introductory Psychology texts is important as, for many students, it is their first introduction to scientific treatment of such issues. In the present study, we examined twenty current Introductory Psychology texts in terms of their coverage of the controversy and presentation of the strengths and weaknesses of the measure. Of the 17 texts that discussed the IAT, a minority presented any of the concerns including the lack of measurement clarity (29%), an automatic preference for White people among African Americans (12%), lack of predictive validity (12%), and lack of caution about the meaning of a score (0%); most provided students with a link to the Project Implicit website (65%). Overall, 82% of the texts were rated as biased or partially biased on their coverage of the IAT. The implications for the perceptions and self-perceptions of students, particularly when a link to Project Implicit is included, are discussed.

Too hot to handle: Mood states moderate implicit approach vs. avoidance tendencies toward food cues in patients with obesity and active binge eating disorder

Patients with binge eating disorder (BED) display recurring episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short period of time, especially during negative mood states. However, the psychological processes linking negative mood to binge eating behavior have not been sufficiently explored. This study investigated the effects of experimentally inducing a negative (sad) mood state upon reaction times in a computerized Approach-Avoidance-Task (AAT) using images of foods and compared to a neutral control procedure in which negative mood was not induced. Differences in reaction times between “pulling” and “pushing away” food cues in the AAT were considered surrogates for fast, automatic (i.e., implicit) preferences (“bias”) for either the approach or avoidance of foods. Obese patients with BED (n = 40), weight-matched (obese) individuals (n = 40), and norm-weight controls (n = 29) were asked to approach (“pull”) or avoid (“push”) images of high- and low-calorie foods following the induction of a negative mood state vs. the neutral control procedure. Sample size was within the common range of previous investigations of the kind. Similar to previous findings, obese patients with BED exhibited an avoidance bias (i.e., faster reaction times in “pushing” compared to “pulling”) during the neutral control condition. However, a contrast analysis revealed that negative mood was associated with decreased avoidance bias in obese patients with BED, but not in obese and norm-weight controls. Mood status exerted no effect on BED patients’ self-reported (i.e., explicit) ratings of the urge to consume foods. These findings may help to advance current understanding of how negative (sad) mood states may affect binge eating behaviors. Implications of these findings for developing novel treatment approaches are discussed.

The effect of group membership and individuating information on automatic and deliberate evaluation of well-known people.

People's automatic (unintentional, uncontrollable, and efficient) preference between social groups often determines their automatic preference between unknown individual members of these groups, a prominent example for automatic prejudice. What happens when the person making the judgment has long known the target individuals? Practice might automatize the deliberate judgment of the individuals. Then, if deliberate judgment is nonprejudiced, automatic prejudice might decrease. In 29 studies (total N = 4,907), we compared preferences between a famous member of a dominant social group and a famous member of a stigmatized social group on indirect measures of evaluation that were developed to measure automatic preference and on self-report measures. In most studies, we chose pairs based on prior self-reported preference for the member of the stigmatized group. The measures showed discrepancy, with indirect measures suggesting an automatic preference for the member of the dominant group. We replicated these results with various target individuals, two pairs of social groups (Black/White, old/young), two indirect measures, and in two countries (Studies 1-23). The indirectly measured prodominant preference was stronger when visual characteristics of the group were present rather than absent (Studies 24 and 25), suggesting a stronger effect of group characteristics on automatic than on deliberate preference between the individuals. On self-report and indirect measures, the preferences between individuals were related to the preferences between their groups (Studies 26 and 27) yet also to individuating information (Studies 28 and 29). Our results suggest that group evaluation plays a central role in the automatic evaluation of familiar (and not only novel) members of stigmatized groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Automatic preference based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm on vehicle fleet maintenance scheduling optimization

A preference based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is proposed for generating solutions in an automatically detected knee point region. It is named Automatic Preference based DI-MOEA (AP-DI-MOEA) where DI-MOEA stands for Diversity-Indicator based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm). AP-DI-MOEA has two main characteristics: firstly, it generates the preference region automatically during the optimization; secondly, it concentrates the solution set in this preference region. Moreover, the real-world vehicle fleet maintenance scheduling optimization (VFMSO) problem is formulated, and a customized multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) is proposed to optimize maintenance schedules of vehicle fleets based on the predicted failure distribution of the components of cars. Furthermore, the customized MOEA for VFMSO is combined with AP-DI-MOEA to find maintenance schedules in the automatically generated preference region. Experimental results on multi-objective benchmark problems and our three-objective real-world application problems show that the newly proposed algorithm can generate the preference region accurately and that it can obtain better solutions in the preference region. Especially, in many cases, under the same budget, the Pareto optimal solutions obtained by AP-DI-MOEA dominate solutions obtained by MOEAs that pursue the entire Pareto front.

Is it all about appearance? Limited cognitive control and information advantage reveal self-serving reciprocity

Previous research on social preferences has found that reciprocal behavior is an automatic response, which requires less cognitive control than self-interested behavior. However, research on unethicality has demonstrated that cognitive control is required to resist the temptation to benefit from engaging in an unethical act, thus suggesting that self-interested behaviors are automatic. By manipulating information asymmetry (i.e., advantage) among trust game receivers, we examined whether the automatic tendency to positively reciprocate a kind gesture is driven by a genuine motivation to be fair, or whether it reflects a motivation to appear fair. In an equal-information condition, we replicated previous findings by showing that limited cognitive control, due to ego-depletion, promotes reciprocal behavior (Experiments 1 & 2). However, this effect did not replicate under time-constraint, an additional manipulation to limit cognitive control (Experiment 3). Importantly, in an advantaged-information condition, under ego-depletion (Experiments 1 & 2) or time-constraint (Experiments 3 & 4) manipulation, participants did not exhibit enhanced reciprocity. Rather, in three out of these four experiments, and as confirmed by a meta-analysis that additionally included a pilot experiment, participants exploited their information advantage and positively reciprocated to a lesser extent than participants whose cognitive control was intact. These results suggest that the automatic preference for reciprocity might be more driven by a self-serving motivation to appear (rather than to be) fair than is typically credited. We further discuss various other findings supporting the notion that what may appear as automatic pro-sociality may in fact reflect an automatic self-serving motivation of self-presentation.

Implicit associations related to physical disability among nursing students

BackgroundNegative beliefs about disability are associated with poorer outcomes for individuals with disabilities; understanding disability-related attitudes is critical for clinical care. Recently, interest in attitudes toward people with disabilities has increased; however, most studies focus on explicit attitudes. In contrast, the Disability Attitude Implicit Association Test (DA-IAT) is designed to evaluate respondents’ underlying automatic preferences regarding physical ability. ObjectiveThe aim of this pilot study was to expand the literature on health professionals’ implicit disability attitudes by analyzing the DA-IAT in a sample of nursing students. MethodsA cross-sectional design was utilized with a sample of nursing students (n = 95; 88.7% female). Respondents completed the DA-IAT online before responding to some basic demographic questions. ResultsParticipants associated able-bodied status with positive descriptors more quickly than disability related stimuli. ConclusionsMost participants in this sample of nursing students (87%) mentally associated able-bodiedness with desirable traits in a more efficient manner than disability. Future research should focus on developing models to better understand the relationship between automatic processing, disability-related attitudes, and how this relationship informs clinician behavior.

Tackling Gender and Racial Bias in Academic Emergency Medicine: The Perceived Role of Implicit Bias in Faculty Development.

BackgroundGender and racial disparities in academic medicine have recently garnered much attention. Implicit Association Tests (IATs) offer a validated means of evaluating unconscious associations and preferences. This study examines the perceived role of implicit bias in faculty development in academic emergency medicine (EM).MethodsEM faculty at a large urban academic medical center were invited to independently participate in a self-reflection assessment in preparation for a faculty retreat session discussing diversity, equity, and inclusion. Participants completed two IATs designed to examine gender associations (gender IAT) and race preferences (race IAT) followed by a short anonymous survey where IAT scores were recorded. The survey also captured demographic information and perceptions about the impact of gender and racial biases in faculty development.ResultsForty faculty members (66%) completed the survey; 70% were male and 80% white. The majority (59%) reported gender IAT results indicating automatic male-sciences and female-liberal arts associations. Nearly half (45%) reported race IAT results indicating an automatic preference for white people. More than 70% of males reported that faculty recruitment, development, and promotion decisions were ‘never’ or ‘seldom’ affected by gender bias, while more than 80% reported racial bias ‘never’ or ‘seldom’ affects these decisions. Female faculty more frequently perceived adverse effects of unconscious gender and race biases.ConclusionOur group of academic physicians reported IAT results showing different levels of implicit bias compared to the general population. Female faculty may be both more aware of and more susceptible to the adverse effects of unconscious biases. Further study is needed to determine both the extent to which unconscious biases affect the academic workplace, as well as ways in which such unintentional forms of discrimination can be eliminated. Unconscious biases are not unique to EM. Intentional efforts to increase self-awareness of these 'blind spots' may help mitigate their impact and foster a more diverse and inclusive healthcare environment.

Predictors of Automatic Preference for People Without Disabilities Over People With Disabilities: A Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detector Analysis

PurposeThe present study examined patterns of demographic characteristics that are predictive of people's automatic preference for people without disabilities over people with disabilities.MethodPredictions of automatic preference for people without disabilities were investigated among 41,789 individuals who volunteered to complete the Disability Implicit Association Test (D-IAT) at the Project Implicit website (https://implicit.harvard.edu/).ResultsResults indicate that men over 55 without a disability, who scored neutral or high on explicit preference for people without disabilities, who are religious and conservative, are likely to have higher automatic and explicit preference for people without disabilities.ConclusionsResults of the present study provide support for the use of implicit association measures to assess latent attitudes toward people with and without disabilities.

On Leading and Managing: Synonyms or Separate (and Unequal)?

Popular writers have long advanced distinctions between leadership and management, with different authors highlighting either their love for leaders or for managers. Through three studies, we explore the discriminant validity, comparative value, and conditional relevance of leadership and management in decision-making contexts with theoretical and organizational implications. In study 1, we find both similarities and significant distinctions between the prototype of “leaders” who inspire, motivate, and guide, and managers who budget, hire, and supervise. In study 2, we confirm that leader activities are typically evaluated more positively than managerial activities, even in situations that are specifically designed to favor managerial skills. Finally, in study 3, we find that the seemingly unconditional love for leaders is tempered by slowing respondents down, thus overriding a relatively fast and automatic preference for leaders relative to managers. Collectively, our studies add empirical evidence to help nuance and ground long-standing academic debates and popular press claims about a topic with significant practical implications.