Automatic Mirror Research Articles

P‐40: E‐Mirror Automatic Dimming Reflectance Control

For the electronic display based rear view mirror (E‐Mirror) systems, there is a need to demonstrate automatic mirror dimming. This document describes the approach to accomplish the automatic dimming control function for the bi‐modal E‐Mirror including a user preference control method. The user preference control is based on a unique constant dimming ratio method that appears “linear” in nature to the user. This unique user preference control is made possible with a new mathematic concept of a negative fractional power function together with a constant reflectance ratio concept.

Early and late motor responses to action observation

Is a short visuomotor associative training sufficient to reverse the visuomotor tuning of mirror neurons in adult humans? We tested the effects of associative training on corticospinal modulation during action observation in the 100-320 ms interval after action onset. In two separate experiments, the acceleration of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced movements was recorded before and after training participants to respond to observed acts with an opposite or similar behavior. Before training, TMS-induced accelerations mirrored the observed action at 250 and 320 ms. After training, responses at 250 ms were unchanged and still mirrored the stimuli, without any effect of training direction. Only at 320 ms, we observed training-dependent changes in evoked responses. A control experiment with non-biological rotational movements as visual stimuli indicated that spatial stimulus-response compatibility is not sufficient to account for the results of the two main experiments. We show that the effects of a short visuomotor associative training are not pervasive on the automatic mirror responses. 'Early' (250 ms) responses were not influenced by training. Conversely only 'late' (320 ms) responses changed according to the training direction. This biphasic time course indicates that two distinct mechanisms produce the automatic mirror responses and the newly learned visuomotor associations.

A new low-power, open-path instrument for measuring methane flux by eddy covariance

This paper describes a new low-power instrument for measuring methane flux by eddy covariance method at sites without grid power. Design and field performance of the LI-7700 Methane Analyzer (LI-COR Biosciences) are examined in this study. The instrument uses 8 W of power in steady-state operation and employs a tunable diode laser in an open Herriott cell configuration with 0.47 m base path and 30 m optical path length. Methane number density is measured using wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) with 2f detection. Typical signal noise is <5 ppb rms at 10 Hz. Corrections for variations in temperature, pressure and water vapor are described. Data losses due to mirror contamination and condensation are minimized by a radiation shield and automatic mirror cleaning system and are shown to be small. Measured spectra and co-spectra are shown to follow the Kaimal model at deployment sites meeting classical criteria, and to follow sensible heat flux co-spectra from the sonic anemometer in most other cases, including difficult ones. Measured fluxes are similar in magnitude to those expected from the literature, and zero flux was measured during both summer and winter at a site known to have fluxes at or very near zero.

Astrometric and photometric observations of solar system bodies with Pulkovo Observatory’s automatic mirror astrograph ZA-320M

A brief description of the process of astrometric and photometric observations and their processing by an automatic complex, based on Pulkovo Observatory’s ZA-320M telescope, is presented. The basic results of astrometric and photometric observations of Solar System bodies obtained during 1997–2007 are given. They include, in particular, the results of astrometric observations of dangerous objects ( Near Earth Objects — NEOs), as well as the results of astrometric observations of the Pluto-Charon system. In addition, the paper presents the results of photometric observations of planetary satellites, the mutual phenomena in the system of Jupiter’s satellites, and the 2559 star occultation by the (111) Ate asteroid from the HIPPARCOS catalogue.

Why is your spouse so predictable? Connecting mirror neuron system and self-expansion model of love

The simulation theory assumes we understand actions and intentions of others through a direct matching process. This matching process activates a complex brain network involving the mirror neuron system (MNS), which is self-related and active when one does something or observes someone else acting. Because social psychology admits that mutual intention's understanding grows in close relationship as love grows, we hypothesize that mirror mechanisms take place in love relationships. The similarities between the mirror matching process and the mutual intention's understanding that occurs when two persons are in love suggest that exposure to love might affect functional and neural mechanisms, thus facilitating the understanding of the beloved's intentions. Congruent with our hypothesis, our preliminary results from 38 subjects strongly suggest a significant facilitation effect of love on understanding the intentions of the beloved (as opposed to control stimuli). Based on these phenomenological, and neurofunctional findings we suggest that the mirror mechanisms are involved in the facilitation effects of love for understanding intentions, and might further be extended to any types of love (e.g., passionate love, maternal love). Love experiences are important not only to the beloved himself, but also to any societal, cultural, and institutional patterns that relate to love. Yet, concerning its subjective character, love experiences are difficult to access. The modern procedures and techniques of socio-cognitive neuroscience make it possible to understand love and self-related experiences not only by the analysis of subjective self-reported questionnaires, but also by approaching the automatic (non-conscious) mirror experiences of love in healthy subjects, and neurological patients with a brain damage within the mirror neuron system. Although the psychology of love is now well admitted, the systematic study of the automatic facilitation effect of love through mirror mechanisms might open a new avenue towards the social mind and also self consciousness.

Photometric observations of solar system bodies with ZA-320M automatic mirror astrograph in Pulkovo observatory

A short description of the Pulkovo ZA-320M automatic mirror astrograph and program package developed for this instrument is given in this paper. The results of the photometric observations of mutual phenomena of the Galilean satellites in 1997 (three phenomena) and 2002–2003 (24 phenomena) with the instrument are shown. The method of interpretation of the observations is described. The results of the photometric observations of occultation of the star (HIP 2559) by the asteroid (111) Ate are also shown. Our estimation of its chord taken part in the occultation is 125.6 ± 7.2 km .

The observations of Near Earth Objects by the automatic mirror astrograph ZA–320M at Pulkovo observatory

AbstractAt Pulkovo Observatory, we conduct observations of various Solar System bodies: major planets, their satellites, comets, and asteroids, including Near Earth Objects. For these purposes, a robotic telescope was constructed on the base of the ZA–320 Mirror Astrograph (D=320 mm, F=3200 mm). It can perform CCD observations of Solar System bodies with the limiting magnitude of up to 19.0.Independent ephemeris support is provided by the EPOS software package developed at Pulkovo Observatory; it includes tracing of catalogues of comets and asteroids, regular ephemeris calculations, and control of observations. CCD frame processing is done by the Apex automatic data reduction package developed at Pulkovo Observatory.In 2001-2006, more than 12000 observations of minor Solar System bodies were collected, including more than 6000 positions of 656 NEAs, about 1200 observations of 27 comets, and about 2000 observations of major planets satellites. The mean accuracy of obtained positions is 0″.09−0″.40. Results of observations are regularly submitted to the Minor Planet Center.Currently, ZA–320M is the 16-th of more than 680 telescopes in the worldwide rating of those that observe NEAs (by the number of observations).In the near future, our group is planning to start observations with another two robotic telescopes: MTM–500 (D=500 mm, F=4000 mm Maksutov) and 1-meter telescope (D=1000 mm, F=1200 mm) of the Pulkovo mountain station at Northern Caucasus (Kislovodsk, 2100 m above sea level). These two instruments will allow to increase the number of observations, their accuracy, and limiting magnitude (up to 20.5 mag).

Alignment control of GEO 600

We give an overview of the automatic mirror alignment system of the gravitational wave detector GEO 600. In order to achieve the required sensitivity of the Michelson interferometer, the axes of interfering beams have to be superimposed with a residual angle of the order 10−8 rad. The beam spots have to be centred on the mirrors to minimize coupling of alignment noise into longitudinal signals. We present the actual control topology and results from the system in operation, which controls all alignment degrees of the power-recycled Michelson. With this system continuous lock stretches of more than 121 h duration were achieved.

The automatic alignment system of GEO 600

This paper gives an overview of the automatic mirror alignment system of the modecleaner and main interferometer of the GEO 600 gravitational wave detector. In order to achieve the required sensitivity of the detector, the eigenmodes of all optical cavities have to be aligned with respect to the incoming beams (or vice versa) and kept aligned for long measuring periods. Moreover the beam spots have to be centred on the mirrors to minimize coupling of residual angular mirror motion into changes of the optical path length. An overview of the principles and setup for the automatic alignment is given, and first results of the modecleaner and 1200 m cavity alignment system are presented, including the error-point spectra of mirror angular motions, which are smaller than 10−8 rad Hz−1/2 below 10 Hz.

Numerical simulation of the influence of the orbiters attitude on the μg growth of InP : S crystals from an In solution during the EURECA-1 flight

S-doped InP crystals were grown from an In-solution in a THM arrangement during the EURECA-1 mission using the automatic mirror furnace (AMF) under microgravity conditions. The InP-crystals showed growth rate oscillations in the range of 0.8–2.0 μm/min with a period of 45 min, which is half the time of an orbit of the EURECA-1 satellite. The fluid dynamic conditions during this experiment are modelled using a 3D model with the commercial software FIDAP. The time-dependent simulation, considering thermal as well as solutal buoyancy effects, indicates a weak laminar flow in this material system. Due to the fixed attitude of the satellite with respect to the sun the residual gravity vector rotates relative to the sample axis. This rotation results in a significant change of the residual convection level. Its maximum is obtained, when the gravity is parallel to the growth interface (two times during each orbit). Due to a high Schmidt number Sc≈25 a time-dependent influence of the convection on the concentration field can also be observed.

Long‐term Crystal Growth under Microgravity during the EURECA‐1 Mission (I) THM Growth of AlxGa1−xSb

AbstractLong‐term crystal growth experiments were successfully performed under microgravity conditions during the first flight of the unmanned mission EURECA‐1 in the automatic mirror furnace (AMF). Two crystals of AlxGa1−xSb with [001] and [111] orientation respectively were grown from gallium solution by the travelling heater method. The grown length of the single crystals is 4.0 mm and 4.2 mm respectively. The space‐grown samples show a high microscopic homogeneity which indicates the absence of time dependent convection. From pulse markers a constant growth rate of 0.6 ± 0.1 μm/min is measured which is lower than 0.8 ± 0.1 μm/min obtained in earth grown reference samples. Details about the experiment performance and the growth results are given.

Long‐term Crystal Growth under Microgravity during the EURECA‐1 Mission (II) THM Growth of Sulphur‐doped InP

AbstractLong‐term crystal growth experiments were successfully performed under microgravity conditions during the first flight of the unmanned EURECA‐1 mission in the automatic mirror furnace (AMF). Two crystals of sulphur‐doped InP with [001] and [111] orientation respectively were grown from indium solution by the travelling heater method (THM). The absence of time dependent buoyancy‐driven convection is documented by the lack of type I striations in the space‐grown crystals. The sulphur concentration is measured by spatially resolved photoluminescence. As expected, the macrosegregation can be described by a pure diffusion‐controlled model which is in good agreement with the findings from the first German spacelab mission D1. Compared to the earth‐grown reference samples, both of the space‐grown InP crystals show strong disturbances such as inclusions and type II striations. The morphological instabilities are similar to growth disturbances already known from the space‐grown MD‐ELI‐01 from the D1 mission.

シリコンウエハの枚葉式研磨におけるソフトチャッキング技術

This paper deals with wafer chucking technology, a dominant factor in wafer flatness, in a one-by-one automatic mirror polishing process for large size silicon wafers. Rigid vacuum chucking generates wafer dimples from unexpected particles coming into the interface between wafer and chuck surfaces. Soft chucking with porous elastic film pads as chuck surfaces can prevent the generation of wafer dimples. Especially, controlling the moisture content distribution through the porous elastic film pads can achieve a good chucking accuracy to improve the wafer flatness in the chuck with a pressure detaching mechanism for automatic unloading.

Design Considerations for an Automatic Rearview Mirror

Design Considerations for an Automatic Rearview Mirror