Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast Technology Research Articles

Satellite Attitude Determination Using ADS-B Receiver and MEMS Gyro

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is a very important communication and surveillance technology in air traffic control (ATC). In the future, more and more satellites will carry out ADS-B technology to perform a global coverage. In order to make full use of the resources in the satellite, this paper proposes a solution for satellite three-axis attitude determination using the ADS-B receiver. The principle of ADS-B-based attitude determination is presented first. On this basis, ADS-B-based methods are employed to solve the problem. To achieve a higher attitude determination precision, gyro is combined with the ADS-B receiver using a multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF). Finally, a simulation is carried out and the result is presented.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pemantau Penerima Sinyal Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Berbasis Raspberry Pi dan Antena Ground Plane Sebagai Antena Penerima

Currently, the technology used for aircraft monitoring is Radar technology. Radar's accuracy is hampered, however, by the fact that while an aircraft is airborne or in flight, it is frequently obscured by clouds, making it difficult to detect the aircraft. Due to constraints in radar technology, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast technology was developed to improve the performance of air navigation security. Raspberry Pi, RTL-SDR, and LNA were used as the research method in designing the ADS-B signal receiver monitoring system. The 1090 MHz Ground Plane Antenna is preferable because it has a higher gain and a radiation pattern influenced by radial elements, allowing it to collect a considerably broader signal when combined with Raspberry Pi RTL-SDR and LNA. The monitoring results based on the test data are impressive, generating six aircraft simultaneously, indicating that dump 1090 is very effective at translating the aircraft's ADS-B signal data emitted every 0.5 seconds. ICAO, Altitude and Longitude information are clear Based on tests, the aircraft's ADS-B signal was identified between 4,000 and 38,000 feet over the maximum value, causing the signal to disappear and fail to decode the information. The maximum distance measured during the test was 49.7 kilometers from the elevated location where the ADS-B signal monitoring device was installed. The results of the first test were placed 10 meters above the ground. The result is significantly better than the short antenna position. This significantly improves the accuracy of the ADS-B signal monitoring system and the synchronization of information exchange through real-time monitoring.

On the (In)Security of 1090ES and UAT978 Mobile Cockpit Information Systems–An Attacker Perspective on the Availability of ADS-B Safety- and Mission-Critical Systems

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is a key air surveillance technology and a critical component of next-generation air transportation systems. It significantly simplifies aircraft surveillance technology and improves airborne traffic situational awareness. Many types of mobile cockpit information systems (MCISs) are based on ADS-B technology. MCIS gives pilots the flight and traffic-related information they need. MCIS has two parts: an ADS-B transceiver and an electronic flight bag (EFB) application. The ADS-B transceivers transmit and receive the ADS-B radio signals while the EFB applications hosted on mobile phones display the data. Because they are cheap, lightweight, and easy to install, MCISs became very popular. However, due to the lack of basic security measures, ADS-B technology is vulnerable to cyberattacks, which makes the MCIS inherently exposed to attacks. Attacks are even more likely for the MCIS, because they are power, memory, and computationally constrained. This study explores the cybersecurity posture of various MCIS setups for both types of ADS-B technology: 1090ES and UAT978. Total six portable MCIS devices and 21 EFB applications were tested against radio-link-based attacks by transmission-capable software-defined radio (SDR). Packet-level denial of service (DoS) attacks affected approximately 63% and 37% of 1090ES and UAT978 setups, respectively, while many of them experienced a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">system crash</i> . Our experiments show that DoS attacks on the reception could meaningfully reduce transmission capacity. Our coordinated attack and fuzz tests also reported worrying issues on the MCIS. The consistency of our results on a very broad range of hardware and software configurations indicate the reliability of our proposed methodology as well as the effectiveness and efficiency of our platform.

The Reliability Analysis of Air Traffic Network Based on Trajectory Clustering of Terminal Area

The development of civil aviation has led to flight operations generating massive datasets. Derived from Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast technology, an eigengap-based automatic hierarchical clustering algorithm is proposed, aiming to overcome the human intervention requirement of hierarchical clustering to determine the number of track clusters in the terminal area. First, the trajectory pair similarity matrix is calculated based on the Euclidean distance and an adaptive scale parameter. Second, the Laplace transformation is applied on the similarity matrix and the eigenvalues are obtained in order to determine the number of clusters. Finally, the hierarchical clustering algorithm divides the terminal area trajectory into several sub-categories. Taking a terminal approach trajectory as an example, simulation analysis is performed, with results revealing that the algorithm divides 404 north-south-oriented aircraft flight trajectories into 2 and 3 categories. Furthermore, the new-index is used to evaluate the clustering results, demonstrating its effectiveness is better than the automatic k-means algorithm. Our study provides support for reliability analysis of air traffic network in the terminal area.

Simulation of Space and Ground-Based Aviation Surveillance Systems Functioning

At present, the orbital constellations of satellites with the possibility of receiving, processing and relaying the ADS-B («Automatic Dependent Surveillance — Broadcast») system signals that ensure globality and continuity of the air traffic monitoring are being created and gradually enhanced. In accordance with the concept of ADS-B technology usage , each air traffic participant broadcasts its identity, location, and status parameters in broadcast mode. Due to the fact that the system was not designed to receive signals onboard the satellite, there are certain problems related to their energy availability, the presence of collisions of messages from different sources, the effect of Doppler effect and other factors. Developed simulation model of aviation surveillance systems based on the reception of signals containing identification and navigation information and transmitted over the air in the broadcasting mode. Software-implemented simulation algorithms allow to set various constraints and assumptions (radiation sources distribution, aviation communication systems signals receiving points, information transmitting channel, signals frequency and duration distribution models) and obtain the target indicators estimates of the space and ground-based aviation surveillance systems functioning, taking into account various spatial and energy factors and conditions for the radio signals propagation, and controlled objects actual placement and their movement dynamics in the world airspace. Simulation model use methods and examples for calculating the space and ground aviation surveillance systems functioning target indicators are presented.