Automated External Defibrillator Training Research Articles

Abstract 4144566: Building CPR/AED Confidence through Community Volunteer Prevention Screening Sessions: The Impact of the Eric Paredes Save A Life Foundation

Introduction: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) remains a leading cause of death among young individuals, often occurring without prior symptoms. Public confidence in recognizing SCA warning signs, understanding risk factors, and using cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) is generally low. The Eric Paredes Save A Life Foundation addresses this gap by offering free cardiac screenings and educational sessions. This abstract evaluates the foundation's impact on participants' confidence in these critical areas. Goals: The primary objectives were to enhance participants' confidence in identifying SCA warning signs and risk factors, performing CPR, using AEDs during cardiac emergencies, and communicating youth heart health concerns to healthcare providers. Methods: Volunteer-led prevention screening sessions were conducted, incorporating educational components on SCA warning signs, risk factors, and hands-only CPR and AED training. Post-session surveys were administered to 1,123 participants to assess their confidence levels in these areas. Results: The screening sessions significantly increased participants' confidence. Specifically, 96% of participants reported heightened confidence in recognizing SCA warning signs and understanding risk factors. Additionally, 94% felt more assured in discussing youth heart health with providers. Confidence in performing CPR during a cardiac emergency rose to 92%, while confidence in using an AED reached 89%. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the sessions in empowering individuals with essential life-saving skills. Conclusions: The Eric Paredes Save A Life Foundation's prevention screening sessions are highly effective in improving participants' confidence in recognizing SCA warning signs, understanding risk factors, and using CPR and AEDs. The substantial increase in confidence levels underscores the importance of community-based education and training programs in reducing SCA-related fatalities among youth. These findings support the need for ongoing and expanded initiatives to further enhance public health outcomes and preparedness for cardiac emergencies.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Bahrain: National retrospective cohort study

AimThere is limited research on Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and especially in Bahrain. This is the first study to describe the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of OHCA in Bahrain. MethodsThis was a retrospective national observational study on OHCA patients in Bahrain using the Utstein framework for resuscitation. Data was collected between 1st July 2022 to 30th June 2023 from the electronic medical records of the only three governmental hospitals emergency departments (EDs) and National Ambulance (NA). ResultsThe annual incidence of OHCA attended by (Emergency Medical Services) EMS was nearly 21 per 100,000 population. The majority were males (n = 228, 68.8 %) with median age of 65 years (IQR=49–78). Most OHCA cases were witnessed (n = 265, 81 %), with (n = 247, 76 %) happened at home/residence. Rates for bystander CPR was low (n = 122, 36.8 %) and bystander automated external defibrillator (AED) was not performed in any of the cases. The OHCA cases transported by the NA was (n = 314, 94.8 %), with median response time of 9 min (IQR=7–12). However, only (n = 20, 6.0 %) were witnessed by EMS, and (n = 7, 2.1 %) received EMS defibrillation for shockable rhythms. First monitored rhythms included shockable rhythm in (n = 28, 8.5 %) versus non-shockable rhythm in (n = 303, 91.5 %). In the EDs, return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in (n = 60, 18.1 %) cases. But survival rate to hospital discharge at 30-day was (n = 4, 1.2 %) and survival rate to hospital discharge with good neurological outcomes was (n = 0, 0 %). Conclusion: In Bahrain the estimated annual incidence of OHCA is 21 individuals per 100,000 population, with a very low survival rate. Solutions should focus on community-level CPR and AED training, evaluating OHCA care provided by EMS, and establishing OHCA registry.

Short Survey on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Automated External Defibrillator Training in Rural British Columbia Schools: Preliminary Findings and Hypothesis-Generating Insights

BackgroundBritish Columbia (BC) faces more than 7000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests annually, which disproportionately affect rural areas, owing to their slower emergency medical service response and limited specialized care. Despite the known benefits of automated external defibrillator (AED) access and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training, their status in rural BC schools is poorly documented. MethodsWe used an online survey of principals and vice-principals of rural schools in BC. The survey assessed AED accessibility, prevalence of CPR and AED training, and obstacles to implementing such training. Questions covered school demographics, AED installation, and CPR and/or AED training for staff and students. ResultsWe recruited 23 elementary schools (kindergarten-grade 7; 46%), 6 middle schools (grades 6-8; 12%), and 21 high schools (grades 8- 12; 42%). A total of 72% (36 of 50) had at least one AED installed; 46% required staff CPR training; and 24% provided student CPR training. Significant gaps in training were noted for elementary and middle school students, compared to the training for high schools (P < 0.05). ConclusionsDisparities in AED and CPR training across rural schools in BC exist, highlighting a need for policy improvements and innovative solutions to enhance first-aid education. Barriers to implementing CPR and AED training included lack of funding, curricular priority, time constraints, and limited resources. Despite a 10.3% response rate, this study reveals significant disparities in AED and CPR training across school levels in rural BC, underscoring the need for targeted policies and educational strategies to enhance emergency preparedness and improve cardiac arrest outcomes in underserved areas.

Public knowledge and willingness in the use of public access defibrillation of Hubei Province in China: A cross-sectional study.

To understand the current status of public knowledge of automated external defibrillator (AED) and their willingness to use public AED in Hubei Province, along with the influencing factors. A self-designed questionnaire was used for convenience sampling of the public in Hubei Province. The questionnaire consists of three parts: basic information, AED knowledge questions, and willingness to use public AED and influencing factors. Data was collected between May 2022 and March 2023. A total of 1561 valid questionnaires were collected from 1602 distributed. In the study conducted in Hubei Province, it was found that 875 respondents (56.05%) had knowledge of automated external defibrillator, and they achieved an average score of 39.27 ± 29.17. The pass rate for the survey was 28.11%. Several factors were identified as significant influencing factors, including gender, age, education level, occupation related to medicine, residential location in the past three years, family members with cardiovascular disease, marital status, residential population density, whether there are family members over 65 years old, and participation in AED-related training (P < .05).Furthermore, 692 respondents (72.99%) expressed their willingness to cardiopulmonary resuscitation for someone experiencing cardiac arrest. On the other hand, 686 respondents (43.95%) had no knowledge of AED. Among those who were not willing to perform defibrillation, the highest percentages cited "fear of incorrect use" (129, 31.2%) and "fear of harming the patient" (121, 29.3%) as their reasons. The study also found statistically significant differences in the willingness to use public AED based on participation in training, education level, residential location, family members with cardiovascular disease, population density, and the presence of elderly family members aged 65 or over (P < .05). In conclusion, the study highlights the general lack of public knowledge regarding AED in Hubei Province. However, there is a strong willingness among respondents to provide help during cardiac arrest situations. To improve the chances of survival for cardiac arrest patients, it is crucial to strengthen public AED training programs.

Usability of Automated External Defibrillators: A Randomized, Comparative Simulator Study

The aim of this study was to investigate whether one particular automated external defibrillator (AED) is superior to another in use by a layperson such that there is a clinically relevant difference from first contact with the device to the time of shock delivery (TimeToShock (TTS)). Causes for interaction problems and delays were analyzed. The study was conducted as a randomized, two-arm manikin study using the AED training devices “Lifepak CR-T AED Trainer” (Medtronic Physio-Control) and “AED Trainer 3” (Philips Medical Systems). In each study arm, the participants used one of the AEDs in a simulated resuscitation. The interaction was recorded by a mobile eye tracker. The TTS was compared with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The study was conducted with 28 participants inexperienced in AED use. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in TTS was measured at 32.5 s median between the two devices (61 s (IQR: 58 s–76 s, range: 51 s–115 s) for the AED Trainer 3 and 93.5 s (IQR: 91 s–103 s, Range: 80 s–129 s) for the Lifepak CR-T AED Trainer). Causes of delays and interaction problems included differences in the use of voice instruction (length, pauses, and terminology), iconography on the device and electrodes, and device opening mechanisms. The measured clinically relevant difference can be attributed to the usability of the interaction elements, which differ significantly between the devices. Besides specific design elements, the extent of user guidance provided by the AEDs is crucial for efficient and error-free interaction.

Community Interventions for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Resource-Limited Settings: A Scoping Review Across Low, Middle, and High-Income Countries

Background: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major global health challenge, characterized by poor survival outcomes worldwide. Resource-limited settings are burdened with suboptimal emergency response and worse outcomes than high-resource areas. Engaging the community in the response to OHCA has the potential to improve outcomes, although an overview of community interventions in resource-limited settings has not been provided. Objective: This review evaluated the scope of community-based OHCA interventions in resource-limited settings. Methods: Literature searches in electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials) and grey literature sources were performed. screening, full-text review, and data extraction of eligible studies were conducted independently by two reviewers. The PCC (Population, Concept, and Context) framework was used to assess study eligibility. Studies that evaluated community-based interventions for laypeople (Population), targeting emergency response activation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), or automated external defibrillator (AED) use (Concept) in resource-limited settings (Context) were included. Resource-limited settings were identified by financial pressures (low-income or lower-middle-income country, according to World Bank data on year of publication) or geographical factors (setting described using keywords indicative of geographical remoteness in upper-middle-income or high-income country). Results: Among 14,810 records identified from literature searches, 60 studies from 28 unique countries were included in this review. Studies were conducted in high-income (n = 35), upper-middle-income (n = 2), lower-middle-income (n = 22), and low-income countries (n = 1). Community interventions included bystander CPR and/or AED training (n = 34), community responder programs (n = 8), drone-delivered AED networks (n = 6), dispatcher-assisted CPR programs (n = 4), regional resuscitation campaigns (n = 3), public access defibrillation programs (n = 3), and crowdsourcing technologies (n = 2). CPR and/or AED training were the only interventions evaluated in low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income countries. Conclusions: Interventions aimed at improving the community response to OHCA in resource-limited settings differ globally. There is a lack of reported studies from low-income countries and certain continental regions, including South America, Africa, and Oceania. Evaluation of interventions other than CPR and/or AED training in low- and middle-income countries is needed to guide community emergency planning and health policies.

Current status of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and automatic external defibrillator availability in high schools in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

School-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training and early use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) have proven to increase the survival of victims of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). This study aimed to determine the status of CPR training, availability of AEDs, and medical emergency response programs (MERPs) in high schools in Halifax Regional Municipality. High school principals were asked to participate in a voluntary online survey comprising questions about demographics, AEDs availability, CPR training for staff and students, the existence of MERPs, and perceived barriers. Three autogenerated reminders followed the initial invitation. Out of 51 schools, 21 (41%) responded, only 10% (2/21) and 33% (7/21) reported providing CPR training to students and staff, respectively. About 35% (7/20) of the schools reported having AEDs, but only 10% (2/20) have MERPs for SCA. All respondents reported in favor of AED availability in schools. The reported barriers to CPR training included limited financial resources (54%), perception of low priority (23%), and time constraints (23%). Respondents reported limited financial resources (85%) and the lack of trained staff to use (30%) as the main reasons for the unavailability of AEDs. This survey showed that all respondents overwhelmingly favour having access to AEDs. However, the availability of CPR and AED training for staff and students in schools remains inadequate. Emergency action plans have not been devised, and few schools have AED devices. More education and awareness are needed to ensure lifesaving equipment and practices in all Halifax Regional Municipality schools.

Abstract 323: Global Prevalence Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation And Automated External Defibrillator Training: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis

Global prevalence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator training: a systematic review and meta-analysis Aim: Sudden cardiac arrest exerts a large disease burden, which may be mitigated by bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillation (AED). The global prevalence and distribution of laypersons trained in these skills are poorly understood. We aimed to estimate the global prevalence of CPR and AED training, and identify their determinants. Method: We searched Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library from inception to October 24th, 2021, for cross-sectional studies reporting the prevalence of CPR or AED training from representative samples of laypersons. Prevalences were pooled using random effects models. We examined varying definitions of being identified as CPR-trained, namely CPR-V (valid training within 2-years), CPR-E (ever been trained). Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to examine determinants of interest. Results: 28 studies were included, representing 53,397 laypersons. Among national studies, the prevalence of CPR-V training was 10.02% (95% CI 6.60 to 14.05), prevalence of CPR-E training was 39.64% (95%CI 29.11 to 50.67), and prevalence of AED training was 15.70% (95% CI 10.17 to 22.18). Subgroup analysis revealed differences in prevalences between continents,with prevalence highest in Oceania and lowest in Asia (p&lt;0.01). Meta-regression showed a positive correlation between a country’s income and CPR-E training prevalence (​​ p=0.0325). Comparative meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of CPR-E training was higher among the employed (p&lt;0.00001), and the more highly educated (p&lt;0.00001). Conclusion: Large regional variation exists in the data availability, and prevalence of CPR and AED training amongst laypersons. Socioeconomic status correlated with prevalence of CPR training and regional disparities were apparent between continents. As such, community bystander training should be promoted, particularly in Asia and low-income regions, while data availability should be encouraged from under-represented regions.

Contemporary levels of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in Denmark

AimMany efforts have been made to train the Danish population in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) use. We assessed CPR and AED training levels among the broad Danish population and volunteer responders. MethodsIn November 2018, an electronic cross-sectional survey was sent to (1) a representative sample of the general Danish population (by YouGov) and (2) all volunteer responders in the Capital Region of Denmark. ResultsA total of 2,085 people from the general population and 7,768 volunteer responders (response rate 36%) completed the survey. Comparing the general Danish population with volunteer responders, 81.0% (95% CI 79.2–82.7%) vs. 99.2% (95% CI 99.0–99.4%) p < 0.001 reported CPR training, and 54.0% (95% CI 51.8; 56.2) vs. 89.5% (95% CI 88.9–90.2) p < 0.001 reported AED training, at some point in life.In the general population, the unemployed and the self-employed had the lowest proportion of training with CPR training at 71.9% (95% CI 68.3–75.4%) and 65.4% (95% CI 53.8–75.8%) and AED training at 39.0% (95% CI 35.2–42.9%) and 34.6% (95% CI 24.2–46.2%), respectively.Applicable to both populations, the workplace was the most frequent training provider. Among 18–29-year-olds in the general population, most reported training when acquiring a driver's license. ConclusionsA large majority of the Danish population and volunteer responders reported previous CPR/AED training. Mandatory training when acquiring a driver's license and training through the workplace seems to disseminate CPR/AED training effectively. However, new strategies reaching the unemployed and self-employed are warranted to ensure equal access.

Public knowledge and attitudes toward automated external defibrillators use among first aid eLearning course participants: a survey

ObjectiveSurvival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) often depends on the effective and immediate use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Given that there have been few studies about AED use in China, the purpose of this study is to investigate the knowledge and attitudes regarding AED use among the Chinese public, then provide an effective suggestion for AED education strategies and legislation.MethodThe online survey was conducted among Chinese participants of the First Aid eLearning courses in June 2020.ResultA total of 2565 (95.00%) surveys were completed, only 23.46% of respondents with non-medical related respondents reported having attended previous AED training courses. Regarding the basic knowledge of AEDs, few respondents (12.28%, n = 315) could answer all four questions correctly. 95.67% (n = 2454) were willing to learn AED use. Even if without the precondition of being skilled in AEDs, the female was more likely to rescue OHCA patients than the male (p = 0.003). Almost all respondents (96.65%) showed a strong willingness to rescue OHCA patients with training in using AEDs. The top four barriers to rescuing OHCA patients were lack of practical performing ability (60.47%), fear of hurting patients (59.30%), inadequate knowledge of resuscitation techniques (44.19%), and worry about taking legal responsibility (26.74%).ConclusionOur study reflects a deficiency of AED knowledge among the general public in China. However, positive attitudes towards rescuing OHCA patients and learning AED use were observed, which indicates that measures need to be taken to disseminate knowledge and use of AEDs.

Hierarchical first aid training scheme for elementary and middle school students: the practices from the construction of "Baoan Model" social emergency medicine training

To share the implementation experience of hierarchical first aid training scheme for elementary and middle school students in Baoan District of Shenzhen City and evaluate its effect of training. During August 2018 and August 2019, elementary and middle schools students who participated in the first aid training held by emergency rescue training center of Baoan District were enrolled. Baseline information including the number of students, the number of attending tutors, the number of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training models, automated external defibrillator (AED) models were recorded. According to hierarchical levels of three age, students received different courses with content from simple to hard: the course of elementary school students was consisting of dialing 120, smart animation on how to identify accidental damage, demonstration of AED and Hemlick techniques, CPR practise (40 minutes). The course of junior high school students was consisted of how to dial 120, how to identify accidental damage and simple disposal, application of CPR and AED, practice CPR and AED and Hemlick techniques (90 minutes). The course of high school students was consisted of how to dial 120, identify accidental damage and right disposal, identification of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the key-point of CPR and AED, practice CPR and AED, Hemlick techniques and hemostatic bandage (120 minutes). At the end of course, elementary school students were voluntary for skill assessment; junior high school students only were compulsory for skill assessment in small classes but not required in large classes, just for demonstration; additionally, the whole high school students were compulsory for skill assessment. The characteristics of first aid training students at different levels were collected in order to compare the differences on the usage of CPR training model and AED training model, the distribution of emergency resource, the ratio for passing examination. A total of 12 896 students and 2 086 training instructors took parted in 200 lists of first aid training courses, 8 557 CPR models and 8 493 AED models were used. On average, there are 65.27±5.61 students in each session, and 10.52±10.43 training instructors. There are 43.09±19.06 CPR training models and 42.77±18.61 AED training models. The mean ratio of student to tutor was 6.07±1.47, student to CPR model was 1.54±1.02, and student to AED model was 1.54±1.03. In the end of course, 10 494 students participated in the examination with the participation rate of 81.37%; 10 114 students passed the examination with the passing rate of 96.38%. Hierarchical analysis showed: compare to elementary school students, the average number of junior high school students in every training session significantly increased (cases: 69.94±8.77 vs. 58.69±6.12, P < 0.05), but the average number of high school students in every training session significantly decreased (cases: 57.35±5.79 vs. 58.69±6.12, P < 0.05). The proportion of instructors in junior high school students' training significantly reduced (5.94±1.39 vs. 6.48±2.02, P < 0.05). The examination ratio of junior high school students and high school students was increased significantly [81.07% (6 667/8 224), 100% (2 313/2 313) vs. 64.18% (1 514/2 359), both P < 0.05], but the ratio of passing the examination was significantly reduced [95.47% (6 365/6 667), 96.88% (2 241/2 313) vs. 99.60%(1 508/1 514), both P < 0.01]. This might be related to the low difficulty of elementary school students' assessment and the low proportion of compulsory examination. Hierarchical scheme is feasible for first aid training in elementary and middle school students, the content of course should be desighed from easy to hard. Synchronously, sufficient training instructors and training models should be equipped to ensure the quality.

Mandating Training Is Not Enough: The State of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Automated External Defibrillator Training in Ontario Schools

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) training in schools are mandated in the Ontario high school curriculum. We surveyed schools to understand the scope of this training, including its barriers and facilitators. We recruited 120 (58.5%) elementary, 25 (12.2%) middle, and 60 (29.3%) high schools. Almost 60% (120 of 200) provided staff with CPR training, but only 56% (27 of 48) of high schools trained students. Major barriers included lack of funding, time, and trainers. Despite government-mandated curriculum, only 56% of high schools offer CPR and AED training. More research is needed to understand the barriers to implementing this lifesaving training.

Challenges in basic life support and automated external defibrillator training of deaf individuals

Objectives: Basic life support (BLS) with the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) is linked to survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, the BLS protocol is not tailored to specific needs of the deaf who encounter many challenges during BLS training. Methods: The BLS and AED protocol was modified according to the challenges faced by deaf people. Pre-course BLS and AED knowledge was tested using a questionnaire. After completion of a practical course, each participant was presented with an OHCA scenario using a manikin. Qualitative and quantitative data on BLS and AED performance were collected with a modified Cardiff test and the QCPR mobile application. Results of the knowledge test and performance scores are presented with values and frequencies. Correlations between pre- and post-course BLS and AED knowledge and performance were analyzed and presented with Spearman’s rho. Results: 51 deaf volunteers from seven Slovenian deaf associations participated in the study. The pre-course knowledge test scores were 3.5 points out of 10 and considered low. The rest of the results were also poor. BLS performance using the modified Cardiff test post-course was as follows: 52.9% of the participants used a safe approach, 58.8%checked responsiveness and 51.0% sent a text message to the rescue service. Only 43.1% opened the airway and 49.0% checked initial breathing. 80.4% of deaf rescuers performed chest compressions on the lower half of the sternum and 52.9% compressed with adequate depth. According to the QCPR application the best performance was achieved with a compression score of 61.1% and flow fraction 74.9%. Conclusions: This study shows that a comprehensive and assiduous approach is needed for effective BLS and AED training courses for deaf individuals.

MP55: Reducing barriers to successful cardiac resuscitation: intervention in elementary schools

Introduction: The incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in school is approximately 2.1 for 100,000 per year. Although rare, it is a devastating event for the local community. Schools with public access to automated external defibrillators (AED) and an emergency response plan have demonstrated increased survival rates of up to 70% for students who suffer cardiac arrest. Previous studies identified numerous barriers to successful cardiac resuscitation in public school systems. The main objectives of this study were to identify those barriers in the Quebec region elementary school system and to assess the impacts of an AED focused training session. Methods: A previously validated survey focused on the potential barriers to successful defibrillation in OHCA and on demographic variables was sent to 139 elementary schools. Later, 92 employees within three elementary schools who responded to the survey were evaluated before and after receiving training on the use of AED in a mock cardiac arrest scenario. The primary outcome was the time to first shock and the secondary outcomes included correct AED pad placement and safety of the procedure. Results: Survey response rate was 53%, which is comparable to previous studies assaying barriers to cardiac resuscitation in public school systems. 95% of school respondents reported the presence of an AED on the school premises but 46% stated that no formal AED training course was provided to employees. Out of the four schools who reported a previous OHCA, only one had access to an AED at the time of the event. Following focused AED training, 92% of school workers successfully completed a defibrillation sequence in a mock scenario, from 53% before (p &lt; 0.001, McNemar test). The time to first shock went from 66 seconds (95% CI 63-70) to 47 seconds (95% CI 45-49; -29%, p &lt; 0.001). Proper pad placement was the most problematic step for participants and personnel who reported previous training had better performance (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.33-7.42, p = 0.009). Conclusion: Most elementary schools in the Quebec region have access to AEDs. However, inadequate AED training represents a significant barrier to successful defibrillation in the event of an OHCA. Our results showed that a simple focused AED training could improve the performance of school workers and optimize the chain of survival.

The general public��s ability to operate automated external defibrillator: A controlled simulation study

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) enable laypeople to provide early defibrillations to patients undergoing cardiac arrest, but scant information is available on the general public's ability to use AEDs. This study assessed the ability of laypeople to operate AEDs, the effect of a 15-minute training, and whether skills differed by age. From May 1 to December 31, 2018, a prospective simulation study was conducted with 94 laypeople aged 18-65 years (32 aged 18-24 years, 34 aged 25-54 years, and 28 aged 55-65 years) with no prior AED training. The participants' AED skills were assessed individually pre-training, post-training, and at a three-month follow-up using a simulated cardiac arrest scenario. The critical actions and time intervals were evaluated during the AED operating process. Only 14 (14.9%) participants (eight aged 18-24 years, four aged 25-54 years, and two aged 55-65 years) successfully delivered defibrillations before training. AED operation errors were more likely to occur among the participants aged 55-65 years than among other age groups. After training, the proportion of successful defibrillations increased significantly (18-24 years old: 25.0% vs. 71.9%, P<0.01; 25-54 years old: 11.8% vs. 70.6%, P<0.01; 55-65 years old: 7.1% vs. 67.9%, P<0.01). After three months, 26.1% of the participants aged 55-65 years successfully delivered defibrillations, which was significantly lower than that of participants aged 18-24 years (54.8%) and 25-54 years (64.3%) (P=0.02). There were no differences in time measures among three age groups in each test. The majority of untrained laypeople cannot effectively operate AEDs. More frequent training and refresher courses are crucial to improve AED skills.

What Do Adolescents Learn from a 50 Minute Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/Automated External Defibrillator Education in a Rural Area: A Pre-Post Design.

Background: Literature indicates that patients who receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) from bystanders have a greater chance of surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). A few evaluative studies involving CPR/AED education programs for rural adolescents have been initiated. This study aimed to examine the impact of a 50 min education program that combined CPR with AED training in two rural campuses. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-post design was used. The 50 min CPR/AED training and individual performance using a Resusci Anne manikin was implemented with seventh grade students between August and December 2018. Results: A total of 336 participants were included in this study. The findings indicated that the 50 min CPR/AED education program significantly improved participant knowledge of emergency responses (p < 0.001), correct actions at home (p < 0.01) and outside (p < 0.001) during an emergency, and willingness to perform CPR if necessary (p < 0.001). Many participants described that “I felt more confident to perform CPR/AED,” and that “It reduces my anxiety and saves the valuable rescue time.” Conclusions: The brief education program significantly improved the immediate knowledge of cardiac emergency in participants and empowered them to act as first responders when they witnessed someone experiencing a cardiac arrest. Further studies should consider the study design and explore the effectiveness of such brief programs.

Disparities Regarding Inadequate Automated External Defibrillator Training and Potential Barriers to Successful Cardiac Resuscitation in Public School Systems

Installation of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in public schools has been shown to improve outcomes for children with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). However, the adequacy of faculty AED training and potential barriers to successful cardiac resuscitation remain unknown. A questionnaire was mailed to all public schools in the state of Illinois (n = 3796). The survey focused on the demographic variables of each school as well as the confidence of the responder regarding effectiveness of AED training. 2,192 surveys were included in this study (58% response rate). Independent variables for perceived inadequate AED training were schools that were predominantly black (odds ratio [OR] 3.93; 3.01 to 5.13) or Hispanic (OR 2.75; 2.11 to 3.58), elementary schools (OR 2.05; 1.69 to 2.50), schools with <250 students (OR 1.69; 1.19 to 2.40) and <25 faculty (OR 1.54; 1.10 to 2.15). Eighty-eight percent of responders cited at least one barrier to successful AED utilization. Location in a town setting (OR 9.34; 4.73 to 18.44) or rural setting (OR 3.18; 2.47 to 4.10) as well as upper socioeconomic status (OR 3.85; 2.04 to 7.29) were found to be predictors of schools with no barriers to AED utilization.

Public CPR and AED Knowledge: An Opportunity for Educational Outreach in South Carolina.

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and the key to increased survival is emergent bystander intervention. A growing body of evidence has shown that timely bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation are significantly correlated with an increased likelihood of survival. Despite these demonstrated benefits, bystanders perform these interventions in less than half of witnessed SCA cases. We hypothesized that the level of public CPR and automated external defibrillator (AED) knowledge may be limited and may play a role in the likelihood of intervening. A convenience survey of potential bystanders to SCA was conducted in a high-traffic shopping center to estimate the overall knowledge level of CPR and AED usage and determine general attitudes toward intervening in the setting of SCA. Concurrently with the survey, professional emergency responders offered free bystander compression-only CPR and AED training on location. The majority of survey respondents expressed a willingness to perform the aforementioned interventions when asked directly. Results, however, indicate that although 69% of respondents consider themselves to have a general knowledge of CPR, only 18% spontaneously mentioned CPR when presented with a hypothetical SCA scenario. In addition, only 2.2% mentioned defibrillation, and 63% indicated that they would not know how to locate a public access AED when needed. Of the individuals who participated in both the survey and the training, all of them indicated that they were more likely to intervene in an SCA after receiving the training. Our findings suggest that future public outreach efforts should target the current CPR and AED knowledge gap. They also indicate that free, brief trainings offered at public events are a feasible way to increase the knowledge and skills of potential bystanders to SCA.

A national survey of automated external defibrillator provision and training at secondary schools in Wales

BackgroundEvery week, 12 young people die from undiagnosed heart conditions in the UK. The role of mass cardiac screening in prevention is controversial (on clinical and cost-effectiveness grounds) and is not consistent with the principle of prudent health care. Several cases have shown that these deaths could be preventable through prompt delivery of basic life support with defibrillation using an automated external defibrillator (AED). An individual's chance of survival after cardiac arrest decreases by around 10% for every minute of delay in commencing treatment. The aim of the study was to establish the number of schools that had an AED on site and suitably trained staff. MethodsSport Wales' School Sport Survey is an annual online survey. It is compulsory for all publicly funded schools in Wales and collects data about students' participation in sports and provision of physical education. In collaboration with Sport Wales, five additional questions were added with the aim of ascertaining the number of schools that had access to an AED and staff trained in basic life support and AED operation. Data were collected between April 13 and July 21, 2015. School data included the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation to evaluate how socioeconomic factors influenced training and AED availability. Findings207 schools were included in the analysis. 52 schools reported using either basic life support or an AED at least once in the previous 5 years. 128 schools (62%) had no access to an AED. 81 schools reported that they had no teachers with basic life support training. 50 of the schools with staff trained in basic life support did not have AED training. Schools in the most deprived areas were less likely than those in the least deprived areas to have access to an AED and have teachers with basic life support or AED training (47/124 vs 43/72, p=0·035). InterpretationOnly a small number of secondary schools in Wales have teachers who are trained in basic life support and have access to an AED. Schools in the local authorities with the lowest Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation were significantly less likely to have access to an AED and suitably trained staff. Providing all teachers in Wales with basic life support training and supplying AEDs to all secondary schools may be a cost-effective health-care intervention. FundingNo funding sources to declare.

Ready or Not? UConn Extension Disaster and Emergency Preparedness

We conducted an attitude and opinion survey of UConn Extension personnel regarding workplace and home emergency preparedness. Our primary focus was on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Respondents were aware of the benefits of knowing CPR, with a majority having taken a CPR course. Respondents were generally aware of the benefits of knowing how to use AEDs, but only a minority had had AED training. They indicated a preference for home over workplace preparedness training, although they recognized workplace preparedness as important. These findings suggest that emergency and disaster education be focused on home preparedness, which will result in workplace preparedness too.