Automated Air Traffic Control System Research Articles

Flight Conflict Resolution and Trajectory Recovery Through Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming Based on Speed and Heading Angle Change

A scheme for conflict resolution with trajectory recovery is proposed to solve the problem of multi-aircraft flight conflict. First, the conflict resolution problem is modeled as an optimal control problem. The weighted sum of the speed change and the heading angle change is defined as the objective function. The limitations of distance, aircraft performance, and route width are taken as constraints. Second, the optimization problem is resolved by mixed integer nonlinear programming. Conflict resolution with trajectory recovery is then achieved by speed and heading angle changing three times based on the optimal solution; whether the speed and heading angle need to be changed depends on the corresponding weight coefficients in the objective function. Finally, the applicability and superiority of the designed conflict resolution scheme are verified, which is of great significance to the application of conflict resolution with trajectory recovery schemes in automated air traffic control systems.

Optimization Of The Use Of ATC Automation Approach Control Surveillance At Perum LPPNPI MATSC Branch

ATC (Air Traffic Control) automation system is a complex system, which helps maintain air traffic order, guarantee flight intervals, and prevent aircraft collisions. This is important to ensure the safety of air traffic. Failure effect evaluation is an important part of ATC automation system reliability engineering. However, changes like these also present challenges and ethical considerations that need to be considered to ensure that aviation safety remains a top priority. In optimizing the use of ATC Automation, research was carried out using qualitative analysis, which means that in this study, data, interviews and documents related to the problem were used. The data used is the result of interviews submitted to the ATC. In conducting this research, the study was conducted in May 2023 using descriptive analysis. The intended purpose of this study is to find out that the use of ATC Automation has been running optimally and has also reduced workload. Accurate in dealing with complex traffic situations. This research is also expected to be used as further research in the use of ATC Automation.

An en route capacity optimization model based on air traffic control process.

In order to resolve the imbalance of demand-capacity and airspace congestion, improve the performance of the en route air traffic management, promote the development of air traffic control automation system in the future, this paper proposes an En route air traffic control process model from the perspective of operation requirements. Taking the minimization of operation time, instantaneous density, maximum lateral displacement and air traffic controllers' workload as the optimization objectives, the commonly used air traffic control instructions such as climb and descent and speed restriction are set as constraints, the algorithm is designed based on the air traffic control scheme, and a complete air traffic control process are modeled which outputs instructions for each aircraft. Finally, the model is applied to a case study in the northwest region of China. The simulation results show that compared with the actual operation process, the total operation time is reduced by 18.6%, the variance of the lateral displacement and the vertical separation are efficiently reduced, and the en route air traffic capacity is improved. The proposed model envisages the following two innovations: (ⅰ) the whole process of air traffic controllers' command is considered in the model, especially the control scheme and different types of instructions, and (ⅱ) the en route historical trajectory data of aircraft is used to as the key parameters of the input data to efficiently yield the acceptable results of the model. By quantifying the operation requirements of air traffic control, this model can also balance the distribution of traffic flow density, reduce the utilization rate of horizontal airspace, alleviate flight conflicts on air routes, and lessen the workload of controllers.

Situation Awareness Prompts: Bridging the Gap between Supervisory and Manual Air Traffic Control

To meet increasing safety and performance demands in air traffic control (ATC), more advanced automated systems will be introduced to assist human air traffic controllers. Some even foresee complete automation, with the human as a supervisor only to step-in when automation fails. Literature and empirical evidence suggest that supervising highly-automated systems can cause severe vigilance and complacency problems, out-of-the-loop situation awareness and transient workload peaks. These impair the ability for humans to successfully take over control. In this study, situation awareness prompts were used as a way to keep controllers cognitively engaged during their supervision of a fully automated ATC system. Results from an exploratory human-in-the-loop experiment, in which eight participants were instructed to monitor a fully automated ATC system in a simplified ATC context, show a significant decrease in workload peaks following an automation failure after being exposed to high-level SA questions. Although the selected method did not necessarily yield improved safety and manual control efficiency, results suggest that using situation awareness feedback in line with controllers’ attention could be an avenue worth exploring further as a training tool.

АНАЛІЗ ІСНУЮЧИХ ПІДХОДІВ ЩОДО ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ СТІЙКОСТІ ГЕТЕРОГЕННИХ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ

The article provides a comparative analysis of approaches, methods and formalized mathematical descriptions used to assess the functional stability of heterogeneous information systems. Features and criteria of functional stability are considered. The definitions of the concepts of functional stability, heterogeneous information systems, indicator and criterion of functional stability are given. The difference between the concepts of stability of functioning and functional stability of complex technical systems is indicated. Formalized descriptions of the structural and probabilistic criteria for the functional stability of the structure of a heterogeneous information system are given. The mathematical formalization of the functional stability indicator for structures with serial and parallel connection of elements is given. The indicator of the structural complexity of the data transmission system of the automated air traffic control system is mathematically formalized. The article presents a method for assessing the functional stability of an automated air traffic control system and a method for calculating a generalized probabilistic indicator of functional stability as a convolution of the structure connectivity matrix. The directions of further research on the assessment of the functional stability of heterogeneous information systems are determined.

SUBSTANTIATION OF COSTS MODEL FOR OPERATION OF AIR NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT

The article is devoted to the substantiation of costs model for the operation of electronic navigation equipment. The equipment of air navigation includes a set of ground, near-ground and onboard technical means, the quality and reliability of which largely influences on the safety and regularity of civil aviation. These include ground radio navigation and radar systems, radio communications, and automated air traffic control systems, which generate and provide consumers with information on flight parameters along the entire route from take-off to landing. The tasks of maintaining the required level of efficiency and reliable operation of these equipment are solved in the operation systems. The article considers the issues of obtaining analytical relations and determining mathematical relations for estimating the cost of resources for current repairs. Normative documents usually use such a concept of cost indicator as mathematical expectation, although the efficiency of resource costs for current repairs are objectively random variables and therefore the most complete characteristic is the probability density function or a number of characteristics, not only mathematical expectation but also variance, asymmetry, kurtosis and other moments of a higher order. In this paper, the author considered two options for financing repair procedures. The first option is related to the case when the level of the reserve for repairs is determined at the level of mathematical expectations. The second option is related to the case when the maintenance and repair system has a reserve of resources for repair procedures, which differs from the traditional approach to cost planning. The article analyzes the results of calculations of mathematical expectations of resource costs for different levels of interest rates and different indicators of reserve funds. Analytical relations are obtained to solve the problem of optimal choice of the resource fund for current repairs. At the same time, modeling was performed and histograms were constructed for different values ​​of reserve funds for repairs. Based on theoretical calculations, a nomogram is constructed, which shows that at certain interest rates there is an optimal value of total operating costs. The research results can be used in the process of designing and improving the operation systems of ground-based air navigation equipment.

Algorithm synthesis for tertiary information processing of distance measuring channel in information and measurement system of air traffic control

The issue of improving the efficiency of the information and measurement system of automated air traffic control systems on the example of the distance measuring channel algorithm synthesis for following up the aircraft is considered. The choice of state and observation models is justified, computer simulation is performed, and the results of the studied algorithm are obtained.

Method of risk assessment in decision-making to develop an automated air traffic control system under uncertainty

This article provides an overview of the methods used in practice to assess the risks that arise in the process of designing automated air traffic control systems. The classification of risks and possible negative consequences of risks are determined. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that in order to increase the success of the design process, risk management tools are needed, including the accumulation of risk management experience for its further use. To achieve this goal, a risk assessment model for the development of automated air traffic control systems based on explicit and implicit expertise, including an analysis of situations in which risk processing is required. With the emergence of fundamentally new automated systems, the problem of risk assessment of design as a strategic direction of automation and intellectualization of relevant processes in various fields of science and technology. Note that in this context, the concept of automated systems includes such concepts as "complex phenomena", "complex technological processes", "complex systems", including the person himself, which is considered as an element responsible for the generation, storage and use of knowledge. The peculiarity of modern automated systems is that they operate in conditions given, as a rule, by a finite set of quantitative and non-quantitative (verbal) variables and corresponding constraints. At the same time, many risk assessment tasks are formed and described both verbally in the professional language of this field of knowledge, and formally using different classes of models. The proposed method of risk assessment of the development of ACS by air traffic is based on production rules, which provides the opportunity to accumulate and use the experience of overcoming the risks of the project, and thus increases the success of the project.

The problem of implementation of automated air traffic control systems using EGNOS systems

Analysis of the problem of implementation of automated air traffic control systems showed that automation in aviation began to be used primarily to solve navigation problems and control various systems. The widespread introduction of computer-aided automation in ground-based air traffic control systems has freed air traffic controllers and air traffic controllers from time-consuming computational operations and made it possible to automate a number of complex tasks and thus significantly increase flight safety. Further development of aviation equipment, information technology, radio navigation and surveillance requires a rapid solution of complex problems with high accuracy, which necessitated the improvement of existing and creation of fundamentally new technical means that meet the requirements of modern aviation and international air traffic regulations. Such technical means include EGNOS systems. The study of the proposed location for the EGNOS RIMS station at the Kyiv International Airport (Zhulyany) was carried out. Thanks to the fruitful support of the DCA provided by the GSA contractor ThalesAleniaSpace, the study helped to gather the necessary data to work offline. This offline processing is complete and issues have been identified. The interference that has been selected affects the location. One of the key criteria for site selection is the radio frequency (RF) environment, as environmental conditions have a direct negative impact on the performance of the EGNOS system. It turns out that the measurements carried out during the study highlighted the sources of interference, the power of which exceeds the required level in the used frequency bands GPS L1 and L2. as these interferences will adversely affect the performance of the EGNOS RIMS receiver. One way to restore compliance is to study these interference sources and remove them if possible. On the other hand, the proposed location at Kyiv International Airport (Zhulyany) provides a promising level of compliance for life safety services.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЕЙ ВОЗДУШНОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ В АЭРОПОРТУ

The work is carried out on an up-to-date topic and is devoted to the research of methods to improve safety when landing an aircraft (VS) in conditions of vortex danger and variability of wind speed fields. The main task of the study is to find a new set of signs of remote control of the environment and to form the structure of an automated air traffic control system when landing at the airport. The structure, the list of tasks and methods of intelligent monitoring and analysis of data have been expanded in order to effectively detect anomalies that threaten the safety of the Armed Forces and other objects in the runway area.) The problem is the lag behind the development of electronic equipment (REOs) to ensure the efficiency of the use of runway while maintaining and increasing the level of safety of the armed forces during landing. The subject is an information automated system to provide and control the required level of air traffic safety. The object of the study is the methods of the REO of the Armed Forces in the area of the runway of the airfield. The aim of the work is to improve the efficiency of the runway by improving safety by applying the extended space of measurable parameters to the airborne vehicles in anticipation of landing, assessing the threat of the armed forces on the glissad and intelligent support for the control of the armed forces, which is especially important for unmanned air. The work provides a characteristic and proposals to change the structure of the ASU, considered the criteria for optimization. The work examines the task of managing the operation of the expanded structure of the system to improve efficiency through the time and tasks of information monitoring of the environment and the Armed Forces in the airport runway area. Relevance lies in the lack of remotely measurable, prompt and reliable information about the dynamics of the Armed Forces system and the environment sufficient to make informed automatic decisions.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE INTERFACE DEVELOPED USING THE METHOD OF INFORMATION MODEL SYNTHESIS AT THE AUTOMATED WORKSTATION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL MANAGER

Using the method of synthesis of the information model at the automated workstation of the air traffic control dispatcher, a fragment of the user interface at the automated workstation of the radar control dispatcher of the Minsk district control center was synthesized, which allows to simulate the stages of the dispatcher's activity in the automated air traffic control system at the modern level of air traffic intensity. The verification of the adequacy and effectiveness of the synthesized user interface fragment was carried out directly with the participation of experts and specialists with experience in such systems. The adequacy of the synthesized user interface fragment was evaluated using a known consent criterion. The evaluation of the efficiency of the synthesized fragment of the user interface of the environment at the dispatcher's automated workstation was carried out under conditions of high air traffic intensity, which force the radar control dispatcher to control in critical mode of operation. Shows the advantage of a synthesized user interface fragment over an existing user interface in terms of time and accuracy. In general, the synthesized user interface fragment exceeds the existing one by about thirty percent. The synthesized user interface fragment noted the more stable activities of the subjects, as well as their better learning capability compared to the existing user interface. The developed experiment scheme allows to carry out research of engineering and psychological factors in human-machine systems of special purpose, including analysis of user interfaces at automated workstations of dispatching personnel in existing automated systems of air traffic control for their assessment and further improvement.

Psychophysiological states of operators of automated air traffic control systems

Psychophysiological states of operators of automated air traffic control systems

IMITATION MODEL OF SUPPORT FOR DECISION-MAKING BASED ON ASSESSMENT OF THE SITUATION BY OPERATORS OF THE AUTOMATED AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM

Significance. A human-operator cannot conduct a situation assessment in a timely manner and to react in a proper manner when situation changes. The problem is worsening with the uncertain procedure of selection of dispatchers for duty shifts in control centers and their adequate preparation to carry out the tasks for intended purpose. This doesn’t allow to reach the adequate level of competency during the process of their professional activities. Aim of the article. Developing an imitation model of the operator's complex activities to make a decision based on the situation assessment. The results of the work. The analysis of automated air traffic control system (AATCS) operator activities while assessing the situation with use of existing automation complexes allowed to identify following limitations of informational support of AATCS, which are influencing the effectiveness of its work. Most of the time of situation assessment (up to 41%) is spent by operator to receive additional information from another decision makers and informational elements, showed as part of informational model (IM). These time expenditures are due to low level of information content of information elements presented as part of IM and which are not corresponding to the character of the operator's activity in situation assessment. Methods for reducing the errors of the ACS operator can be divided into the following groups: automation of the most complex operations; introduction of information redundancy at the stage of designing systems for ensuring operators activities; increasing the workload of operators; advanced training for the operator; increased responsibility for errors with increasing interest in error-free operation etc. Conclusions. The generalized analysis of the operator's activity is conducted, the features of the operator's work with the information model are marked; the directions of the conceptual model formation in the decision-making process during the situation assessment are determined; simulation modeling has been carried out and a model of the operator's activity has been developed for the study of the activities of decision-makers during the situation assessment; giving the estimation of time expenses for performance of the various actions connected with the analysis of information models in various conditions.

НАПРЯМИ РОЗРОБКИ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ТА МЕТОДІВ ОБРОБКИ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ ДЛЯ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПРОЦЕСОМ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ ПІДТРИМКИ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ РІШЕНЬ В АВТОМАТИЗОВАНИХ СИСТЕМАХ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПОВІТРЯНИМ РУХОМ

В роботі запропоновано шляхи переходу від машиноцентричного до антропометричного підходу при проектуванні автоматизованих систем управління повітряним рухом, з урахуванням сучасних досягнень розробки та впровадження систем підтримки прийняття рішень в складних організаційно-технічних системах. Удосконалення ситуаційного аналізу обстановки для управління процесом інформаційної підтримки прийняття рішень оператором автоматизованих систем управління повітряним рухом передбачає підвищення рівня автоматизації і інтелектуалізацію низки задач до яких відносяться оцінка обстановки, яка складається в зоні відповідальності органу управління; розробка методів представлення знань про завдання виявлення нештатних ситуацій в повітряному просторі; вибір і розробка методів і процедур формалізації знань про обстановку, яка складається; розробка процедур інтерпретації модальних знань; розробка методів вирішення завдань оцінки обстановки, яка складається; розробка методів розв'язання задач розпізнавання та оцінки позаштатних ситуацій в повітряному просторі; оцінка ступеня небезпеки ситуацій, що складаються в межах зони відповідальності органу управління. В результаті даного дослідження визначені напрями розробки та удосконалення інтелектуальних моделей та методів обробки інформації для управління процесом інформаційної підтримки при прийнятті рішень в автоматизованих системах управління повітряним рухом. Запропонований підхід, який передбачає необхідність розробки методів автоматизованого рішення задач оцінки обстановки, а також зміни структури інформаційних моделей і методів управління ними. При цьому ситуації обстановки, що складаються мають бути класифіковані а задача підготовки прийняття рішення має розглядатися як задача розпізнавання.

Real-time optimization of short-term flight profiles to control time of arrival

The main purpose of this paper is to provide intelligent decision support for air traffic control automation systems through precise control of aircraft arrival time and flight profiles. Updated flight status data and scheduled time of arrival (STA) are used to optimize flight profiles dynamically and continuously adjust the error in the aircraft's arrival time to achieve four-dimensional trajectory guidance in real time. First, the previously determined trip distance is evenly divided into multiple segments, and then a fuel-consumption model is developed for each distance segment. Finally, the calibrated air-speed acceleration in each segment is optimized dynamically based on a genetic algorithm to achieve flight profile optimization and precisely control the arrival time of the aircraft. A case study shows that the algorithm converges quickly, control the arrival-time error and provide help for a new generation of control automation systems.

TO OPTIMIZATION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL BY VISUAL-COGNITIVE COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT

The article deals with the development of visual-cognitive component in interaction of the air traffic service specialist with the colour-graphic interface (of the information environment for monitoring the dynamic air situation) of a typical automated air traffic control system. Some weak points were found through monitoring of the air traffic controller interaction with information environment of interface. Elimination of the revealed drawbacks contributes to the most rational functional condition of air traffic control system. It becomes extremely important in high workload periods and especially in the situations of sharp urgency, e.g. in a shortterm conflicts, in hazardous meteorological conditions, in unforeseen or emergency situations in flight etc. The way of optimization of the air traffic control in the automated system is examined by applying visually-cognitive aids (tools) of user interaction available nowadays with the colour-graphic interface of the information environment. In a sense, we can talk about developing a cognitive support system for making rational decisions to identify potentially conflict situations and to counteract latent type of such situations. The development of decision support tools of rational orientation requires an analysis of the activity of the decision-maker, taking into account his personal factor, where the joint explication of the personal factor with information provision is appropriate. In this connection, the key priority is the development of information provision with colour-chromatic supplement of labels and aircraft marks. It results in information reduction to the minimum necessary and sufficient for making a decision on a rational basis. Application effect of the developed visual-cognitive solutions in the real route air traffic controllers test group is presented.

Synthesis of Algorithm for Range Measurement Equipment to Track Maneuvering Aircraft Using Data on Its Dynamic and Kinematic Parameters

The problem of improving automated air traffic control systems is considered through the example of the operation algorithm synthesis for a range measurement channel to track the aircraft, using its kinematic and dynamic parameters. The choice of the state and observation models has been justified, the computer simulations have been performed and the results of the investigated algorithms have been obtained.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ КОММУТАЦИИ В СРЕДСТВАХ С ПОЛНОСВЯЗНУЮ ТОПОЛОГИИ В СЕТЯХ АСУВОЗДУШНЫМ ДВИЖЕНИЕМ

Предложена модель коммутации, которая позволяет оценить пропускную способность узлов распределенной сети автоматизированной системы управления воздушным движением. Предложены пути повышения эффективности функционирования средств коммутации. В результате моделирования получены зависимости среднего времени коммутации от вероятности мультиплексирования пакетов при различных коэффициентах и вероятности буферизации.

МОДЕЛЬ ВНУТРІШНЬОЇ МОВИ СИСТЕМИ ПІДТРИМКИ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ РІШЕНЬ АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОЇ СИСТЕМИ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПОВІТРЯНИМ РУХОМ

The paper proposes a model of the decision support system limited internal language, which is a necessary component for realizing the process of interaction between the intellectual system and the operators of the automated air traffic control system. The developed model is a necessary and indispensable tool for formalizing air traffic control processes within the functioning of the decision support system in order to increase the level of automation of the generating text messages processes in the “dispatche – dispatcher” and “dispatcher – air vessel.” The structure of terminal and nonterminal characters dictionaries is proposed according to the methodology of constructing formal grammar; the objects of categories of the subject area are described with sufficient detail; the production rules of formal grammar are developed. The correctness of the received apparatus and the possibility of the system internal language further practical use are confirmed by the knowledge of given examples of representation in the proposed language and the grammatical analysis of the objects formulas structures.

МОДЕЛЬ ОБРОБКИ ПАКЕТІВ В КОМУТАЦІЙНИХ ВУЗЛАХ З ПОВНОЗВ’ЯЗНОЮ ТОПОЛОГІЄЮ МЕРЕЖІ АСУ ПОВІТРЯНИМ РУХОМ

В роботі розглянуті принципи побудови системи передачі даних в автоматизованих системах управління повітряним рухом, що створена в Україні та функціонує в рамках міжнародної системи обміну інформацією про повітряний рух. Проведений аналіз дозволив стверджувати, що існуюча система побудована за ієрархічним принципом передачі та обробки інформації. Для передавання інформації використовуються принципи комутації буферизованих пакетів із застосуванням різних стратегій, які можуть впливати на основні характеристики процесу комутації пакетів в мережі АСУ повітряним рухом. В результаті досліджень було встановлено, що для розробки комутаційних засобів в мережах необхідно використовувати буферну пам'ять яка розрахована на максимальне інформаційне навантаження.