Recloser Research Articles

Controlled single-phase auto-reclosing technique for shunt reactor compensated lines in electrical energy systems transmission lines

A new controlled Single-Phase Auto Reclosing (SPAR) technique for Shunt Reactor Compensated Transmission Line (SRCTL) in electrical energy systems is presented in this paper. The suggested technique uses a Circuit Breaker (CB) with a Controlled Switching Device (CSD) and a Pre-Insertion Resistor (PIR). This said type of combination is available without any additional investment in the substation designed at 220 kV and above. The proposed technique performs Fourier Transform (FT) analysis of the acquired discrete samples of line side voltage of faulty phase during the Dead/Deionised Time of CB (DTCB). Furthermore, an assessment of the suggested scheme is done by generating a model similar to the present 400 kV, SRCTL in the PSCAD software environment. Moreover, the suggested scheme has been evaluated considering wide variation in parameters such as line length, compensation level, period of fault, fault inception angle, position of fault, effect of Switching Arrestor (SA) and the effect of different grid sources. At last, a comparison between the suggested scheme and the reported technique indicates the effectiveness of the suggested scheme when the Operating Time Scatter (OTS) (± 1 ms) of CB is taken into account.

Detection of secondary arc extinction and auto-reclosing in compensated AC transmission lines based on machine learning

Detecting and recognizing the secondary arc extinction is considered as a backbone of the single pole auto reclosing schemes. This paper proposes a multi-channel convolutional network to detect the secondary arc extinction during a long AC power transmission line arc fault. In contrast to the conventional methods, the proposed Machin learning-based method can automatically learn the features from the raw data given as input. Multivariate time series data of phase voltage, current and neutral reactor signals were used as the input to the proposed model. The features are extracted in the convolution layer instead of using hand-crafted feature extraction like most of the existing research. The softmax classifier is used to detect fault and secondary arc extinction. Matlab Simulink is used to simulate the test system and collect the dataset to evaluate the proposed neural network model. To verify the generalizability of the proposed architecture datasets were collected at various locations and different phase lines. The proposed algorithm was able to detect the secondary arc extinction with 98.26% accuracy and able to give signal for auto-recloser logic with the maximum window length of three cycles. The result shows that the proposed neural network architecture is accurate and robust to detect the secondary arc extinction further can be used as a signal for a single pole adaptive auto recloser scheme.

Design and Analysis of Iot-Based Remote Load Monitoring and Outage Management System

An essential instrument for the operation of a power system is to monitor and analyze the data to find the fault and rectify it before the system collapses completely. This paper intents to utilize the idea to create a control system that will fulfill objectives like monitoring vital parameters controlling the power distribution, outage management by fault detection based on the variation of Voltage, Frequency, and Current & protection of the Circuit against any significant incidents by isolating the load from utility and flagging the information through feedback to the utility authority. The Project implements the high-end technology for IoT applications that will connect with the Microcontroller to receive the data at regular intervals and post the timestamped data in a cloud platform for remote monitoring and archiving. This innovation can reduce human dependency and overcome the whole outage situation by building a two-way communication that means electricity and information are traded between consumers and utilities to capitalize on the efficiency of a grid system. The proposed model offers intelligent monitoring of the timestamped data with remote access & historical data archiving for a better load profile. An outage management system is designed for the proposed system by intellectual fault detection through Voltage, Frequency & current variation, and isolation of the faulty part from the entire system, maintaining an auto circuit recloser application before the permanent isolation for reducing the human interaction & flagging the outage information & supply emergency backup during the shutdown period, and in the process, helping the power grid from total power outage or blackout.

A Novel Time Evolution-Based Cascading Failure Model Considering Auto-Reclosers

The auto-recloser (AR) contributes to the service restoration of the transmission lines tripped by overload and relay protection mal-operation, which may complicate cascading outage processes. This brief develops a novel model to investigate the impact of ARs on cascading failure (CF) propagation in power systems with the representation of temporal evolution. The cascading outage processes with and without ARs are first compared in a timeline manner to highlight the function of ARs. Then, combined with the inverse time and hidden failure characteristics of overcurrent protections, the CF model considering ARs is established to elaborate the cascading propagation and reveal the reclosing effect. Finally, the time-constrained optimal dispatching strategy is proposed to block CFs in time before the next line excision. Case studies on IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus systems demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Induction Machine Emulation For Open Circuit and Short Circuit Grid Faults

The focus of the present research work is to develop a robust induction machine emulator. The emulator can be used to test different types of open circuit and short circuit grid faults along with starting and loading transients. Power hardware in loop (PHIL) technology is used for the machine emulation. It requires a highly accurate and adaptable model for the chosen test cases and opted emulator configuration. For open circuit fault test case, the induction machine mathematical model is developed systematically to emulate the machine backemf at the open circuit terminals. The proposed model adapts to the chosen emulator configuration by incorporating the emulator parameters in it. Finally, the novel induction machine emulator proves its robustness and performance not only for open circuit faults but also for short circuit, starting and loading fault transients. Open circuit auto reclosing analysis and considerations in developing reclosing algorithms are detailed. Identification of different fault signatures, which aid fault diagnosis are also briefly presented.

Protection Challenges of Green Technology in Power Distribution System

The mitigation of future electricity demand is highly dependent upon the integration of green energy technology. Most countries realise the importance of green energy and are given support policies for the encouragement of power integration from green energy sources (GES). The effect of bulk power integration from GES causes stability issues in the power system. The solar and wind energy technologies have been discussed in this paper. Issues relating to integration of GES in the distribution system have also been highlighted. It also describes the desired protection of the distribution network with GES. The coordination issue of auto recloser has been explained in depth. The paper narrates the challenges to green energy technology implementation in the distribution system. Finally, a solution for protection coordination is formulated and solved using a genetic algorithm between auto recloser and fuse using test system. Also, coordination with grid-side relay and fuse is validated. The results give optimised values of plug setting multiplier (PSM), time dial settings (TDS), and constants such as A, B, and x. The optimised values give the correct operating times of auto recloser (t 1) and fuse (t 2) and a coordinated time interval (CTI).

Neutral Reactor Structures for Improved Single Phase Auto Reclosing in Multi-Circuit Multi-Voltage Transmission Lines

In this paper, novel neutral reactor structures are proposed to mitigate the secondary arc current (SAC) in non-conventional Multi-circuit Multi-voltage Transmission lines (MCMVTLs). The parameters of the reactors in the structure are optimized using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). The optimization algorithm, coded in Python, regulates the multiple runs of an Electromagnetic Transients (EMT) simulation program to minimize the secondary arc current. The optimization trials are run in parallel on a 64 core computer to minimize the solution time. A detailed arc model was tested on the EMT program (PSCAD). Using this model and optimized parameters in the proposed neutral reactor schemes, the SAC is indeed extinguished in acceptable times. The SAC and TRV for neutral reactors with optimized parameters are up-to 68 and 77%, respectively, lower than the ones with parameters calculated by the conventional approach which ignores inter-circuit coupling. Meanwhile, the extinction times are up-to 46% faster. As a result, single-phase auto-reclosing in MCMVTLs is viable.

Adaptive Single-Phase Auto-Reclosing Approach for Shunt Compensated Transmission Lines

Single-phase auto-reclosing (AR) scheme is widely employed in extra high voltage (EHV) transmission networks to quench transient faults without completely removing the faulted transmission line (TL). Long EHV TLs are commonly equipped with shunt reactors to reduce the Ferranti effect overvoltages. It is common practice to disconnect these reactors under the heavy load periods during the year. Considering this point, the AR technique should be able to work properly not only when the TL shunt reactors are in service, but also when they are disconnected. This paper puts forward a novel adaptive single-phase AR approach for shunt compensated TLs based on the general mathematical model of faulted phase voltage waveform after the line isolation, which is obtained by analytical analysis conducted on the TL's equivalent circuit. The effect of capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) on the voltage measurement is taken into account using a proper model for the CVT. Performing some data processing on the faulted phase measured voltage, useful features are extracted which are used by the support vector machine classifier to reliably detect the arc extinction instant. The proposed approach performance is evaluated by extensive simulation studies, accounting for different TL compensation schemes, transposition configurations, and arc conditions.

A Study on Application of Recloser Operation Algorithm for Mixed Transmission System Based on Travelling Wave Method

Recently, the operation of a mixed transmission system has increased due to rapid urbanization and the purpose of a good view. Therefore, a proper protection scheme for a mixed transmission system is required. Generally, when a fault occurs on a transmission line, auto reclosing is performed for the purpose of improving the continuity of service by clearing the fault and restoring the power system. However, the auto reclosing scheme should be applied to a mixed transmission system carefully because the mixed transmission system involves underground cable sections. When a fault occurs in the underground cable section, it is mostly a permanent fault. If auto reclosing is performed on a permanent fault condition, it may cause excessive overcurrent and switching surge, which can generate a serious impact on the whole transmission system and even cause an explosion. Due to this, many utilities worldwide do not allow auto reclosing or only apply it very restrictively on a mixed transmission system based on their practice. However, there is no clear guidance or standard related to auto reclosing on a mixed transmission system. Therefore, in this paper, an application of a recloser operation algorithm is proposed. Based on the proposed algorithm, reclosers can work properly and protect the transmission system. To verify the proposed algorithm, simulations were conducted using the ElectroMagnetic Transient Program (EMTP).

A novel algorithm for improving the differential protection of power transmission system

Current differential protection is simple in principle and is immune to power swings, load encroachment and mutual coupling problems. It provides simultaneous tripping at both ends of the transmission line and multi phase auto reclosing can be easily enabled because of its accuracy in determining the faulted phase and its communication channels. Conventional differential protection has certain issues to be dealt with before using it as a best alternative to distance protection for power transmission lines. Many researchers strive to improve the sensitivity of the current differential protection. Sensitivity and safety are opposing elements and increased sensitivity may sacrifice safety. In this paper, a new differential protection algorithm is proposed using the polarity of the terminal current DC transients. Different cases are studied in order to illustrate the applicability of the proposed differential approach. The proposed algorithm is able to detect high resistance faults and is not affected by line charging current, CT saturation. It improves the sensitivity without compromising the safety of the system. Simulations are carried out on 10 Bus system using PSCAD® software and obtained results are used for illustrating the efficiency of the proposed differential protection.

ANALISIS SETTING RECLOSER & PENENTUAN RATING FUSE CUT OUT BERDASARKAN ZONA GANGGUAN PADA JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI 20 KV GI SIDERA FEEDER PALOLO PT. PLN (PERSERO) BERBASIS ETAP 16.0.0

In the distribution of electrical energy from substations to the load center distribution channels are needed. The problem that often occurs in distribution channels is short circuit interference. Often the location of the disturbance cannot be immediately located, thus slowing down the process of handling the disturbance. Disturbances that occur in the 20 kV distribution network are temporary (temporary interruption) and permanent (permanent fixes that take a long time). Even the interference that was originally only temporary can turn into permanent interference, because the protection system installed does not work optimally. To overcome this, it is necessary to analyze the disturbance zone in the distribution network.
 Protection on the electricity distribution network has a very important role for the reliability and continuity as well as the security of electricity distribution, especially at the end of the load and one-phase branching. The inter-safety coordination on the distribution network must be in accordance with the standards set by PT PLN (Persero) ). In one phase branching area there is a safety against the current interference that may occur, namely Fuse Cut Out (FCO). very small short circuit, for that we need to pay attention to the way the recloser works with FCO (fuse Cut Out) so that the two safeguards can work well and avoid coordination failures on one-phase branching lines, so that the blackout area can be reduced. do the OCR relay settings in recl oser and Determination of suitable FCO rating so that the type used can be in accordance with the standard and can be in accordance with the load conditions in the field.

Improving the reliability of combined overhead and cable power lines by organizing smart autoreclosing

The application of combined overhead and cable power lines (OCPLs) of 110 kV voltage rate and higher call for new features for power system protection and automation devices. One of the most urgent is the problem of autoreclosing (AR) of OCPL. One or another solution to this problem significantly affects the reliability and efficiency of the OCPL operating. In many countries, both non-selective AR and selective AR are used. A method of selective AR of OCPL based on traveling waves is proposed, which increases the reliability of OCPL protection and automation. The method uses a special procedure of traveling wave pattern classification for faulted section identification.

A New Single Ended Fault Location Method for Transmission Line Based on Positive Sequence Superimposed Network during Auto Reclosing

This paper presents a new single ended fault location method for transmission line based on positive sequence superimposed network during auto-reclosing. The proposed method only requires local measurement data and can not only eliminate but also quantify the negative effects of fault resistance, fault distance, and unknown remote end source impedance, which are marked as the most challenging problems in single ended fault location algorithms. In this paper, by analyzing the operation of auto-reclosing, the transmission line model using positive sequence superimposed network during both fault time section and reclosing time section has been developed to establish the system equations regarding fault position and local measurement data of each discrete time section. In order to retrieve converged and accurate fault location from resulting nonlinear equations, the trust-region reflective algorithm is applied in this paper. Various case studies and evaluations based on EMTP/ATP and RTDS simulations have been carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed new fault location method is also potentially economical as it can be relatively straightforward to implement in the standard protection hardware platform.

Secondary Arc Current During DC Auto Reclosing in Multisectional AC/DC Hybrid Lines

In this paper, a contribution to the analysis of electromagnetic ac to dc interactions in complex ac/dc hybrid overhead lines was made. For accurate calculation of such coupling, standard transformations like the symmetrical components cannot be used. Therefore, a method based on adjusted modal decomposition was presented, which allows analysis of untransposed and partly transposed configurations in arbitrary switching states. The method was applied to the case of dc fault clearing using single-pole auto reclosing (dc SPAR), where parallel ac circuits could induce a secondary arc in the dc line. The magnitude of the secondary arc current was examined, which allows evaluating the necessary dead time of the dc SPAR. The influence of parameters like line configuration, load flow, and fault location was discussed. After that, a realistic study case hybrid line was analyzed. In particular, the comparison to secondary arcs in ac lines and the behavior as a function of fault location in the context of changing ac systems and line configurations along the hybrid dc corridor provide new insights into a relevant phenomenon.

A Study on the Development of a Fault Location Algorithm in Combined Transmission Lines using Fault Recording Data

Recently, combined transmission lines have been increasing according to technological development and rapid urbanization. Protection schemes for combined transmission lines are therefore required. Auto reclosing is the protection scheme widely used to protect transmission lines and is therefore also applied to combined transmission lines. However, caution is required when reclosing a combined transmission line because this involves an underground cable line. The fault on the cable line is permanent, which can cause serious problems when reclosing, and therefore reclosing for the fault on the cable line is prohibited. In a combined transmission line, then, fault location is an important factor in applying auto reclosing, requiring close consideration.BR In this paper, a simple fault location algorithm is proposed using the difference between fault occurrence time and voltage fluctuation time when disturbance occurred. The proposed algorithm solely uses the DFR’s fault recording data so it has the advantage of being a very simple method. In this paper, the proposed algorithm is verified by various simulation conditions using an ElectroMagnetic Transient Program (EMTP).

The resonance overvoltages in nonsinusoidal modes of extra high voltage transmission lines

Due to the rising role of overhead lines extra high voltage there is a need of application of modern electronic devices that allow controlling modes of bulk electricity system. Durable resonance overvoltage may cause damage of electrical power equipment. This kind of overvoltage is caused by properties of the network and can be eliminated by changing the ratio between the parameters of the network and its mode. Unlike switching overvoltage that exist centiseconds, resonance overvoltage not only occur unexpectedly, but they may go on for a long time until the automatic action or action of personnel will not change electrical schemes or operation modes. The resonance overvoltage are neglected when selecting insulation or parameters for high-voltage surge arrester as this protective measure is calculated to limit switching overvoltage, not to extinguish a long resonance process. Therefore, the probability and development of system accidents due to resonance overvoltage is significant. One of the main causes of equipment failure in the main electrical network is overvoltage. Overvoltage are the values which according to the technical requirements exceed the maximum value of normal operating voltage. The reason is that the relatively small insulation reserve provides for the equipment of the electricity grid because of its high cost for a given voltage. Generally, cost of power systems insulation is a significant factor in capital investment. The main source of distortion in extra high voltage networks is nonlinearity of volt-ampere characteristic of magnetic shunt in unloaded power autotransformer. This mode causes the conditions for the significant overvoltage on even harmonics. It should be noted that the processes of the second harmonic overvoltage are generally known, but their specific occurrence conditions depend on many factors of abnormal mode. That is why the aim of the article is developing measure for reduction and prevention of overvoltage in accordance with conditions for their existence. In investigations residual magnetization is neglected because capacitance between autotransformer and circuit breaker is large enough. In the article the features of the operation of SF6 switches that should be considered when introducing them to the power lines of 750 kV. The switching control unit Switchsync F236 is one of such devices which enables to connect and disconnect contacts of poles circuit breakers at required time. This function of Switchsync F236 can be used not only for interruption of short circuit. One of the objectives of application Switchsync F236 is prevention of resonance overvoltage occurrence at closing extra high voltage line on no-load autotransformer. The analysis of electromagnetic switching transients when operating a three-phase auto recloser with really existing power transmission lines has been implemented. The influence of initial conditions of electromagnetic transients based on simulation has been analyzed. Based on the research it is proposed to use suppression equipment components with aperiodic current line switches. The research of recommended exposure settings of the controlled switching device on duration of current aperiodical component has been done. Recommendations on the use pre-insertion resistors and switching units controlled have been proposed. The importance of application and prevention of resonance overvoltage caused research area which is presented in article. Ref. 11, fig. 6.

Comparison between traditional single‐phase auto reclosing and adaptive technique based on harmonic content measurement

This study presents the results of single-phase auto reclosing technique tests, comparing the performance of traditional procedure and fast adaptive procedure. The last is based on the measurement of voltage harmonic content on the transmission line faulty phase terminals. The transmission system used was modelled on the real-time digital simulator with a distance relay and a quality meter to more realistically implement the reclosing techniques. The studied system was based on an actual Brazilian 500 kV transmission system. This study highlights the advantages of using the adaptive technique opposite to the use of traditional manoeuvre.

Effect of duration of the pause single-phase auto-reclosing on electro-power transmission capacitance

This paper discusses the problem associated with accidents in the aerial line (AL) ultra-high voltage (UHV) due to its big length. In lines with a voltage of 500-1150 kV the overwhelming proportion of trips (98%) is caused by single-phase short circuit (SPSC). A substantial portion (70%) single-phase short circuits is erratic arc accidents which can be successfully eliminated in a high-speed auto-reclosing (HSAR) or single-phase auto-reclosing (SPAR). Success single-phase auto-reclosing (SPAR) at liquidation by single-phase short circuit (SPSC), on the one hand, is determined by the characteristics of the secondary arc current, and on the other hand the effectiveness of ways to reduce secondary arc current and recovery voltage development. The minimum dead time, at a HSAR it is usually taken as 0.5 s., at single-phase autoreclosing (SPAR) it depends on the current value of the arc support is in the range of 0.5-3.0 s. The article shows high efficiency of use single-phase auto reclosing (SPAR) at liquidation SPSC in a single-chain AL voltage of 500 kV, the dependence of the bandwidth of transmission in maintaining the dynamic stability from the length of the pause SPAR.

Rebuilding of three-phase load voltage during single-phase auto reclosing in medium voltage distribution lines

Most faults in medium voltage (MV) distribution lines are temporary single line to ground (LG) faults. Single-phase auto reclosing (SPAR) may be used to remove the LG fault producing highly unbalanced and low voltage across the load during the reclosure dead time. The negative sequence voltage produced may cause severe over heating in three-phase induction motors. It is proposed to connect a zigzag winding grounding transformer at the remotest load bus to rebuild the three-phase voltage during the SPAR dead time. The zigzag transformer neutral should remain disconnected from the ground during normal operation.

EMTP-RV를 이용한 2차 아크 모델링

Most of faults occurred in transmission lines are single-phase to ground faults and transient faults. Single-phase auto reclosing is an appropriate scheme to maintain the system stability and restore the system effectively when those faults are occurred. In single-phase auto reclosing scheme, the secondary arc is generated after faulted phase is tripped to eliminate the fault and it is sustained by the capacitive and inductive coupling to the healthy phases. It is important to reclose the faulted phase after fully extinction of secondary arc because of the damage applied to system. Therefore, it is necessary to research on the detection of secondary arc extinction to ensure high success rate of reclosing. In this step, firstly, the accurate modelling of secondary arc should be performed. In this paper, the modelling of secondary arc is performed by using EMTP-RV and the simulation results show that the implemented model is correct and effective.