Auto Drivers Research Articles

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme regarding Knowledge on oral Cancer and Oral Self Examination among the Auto Drivers at Kanyakumari District

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme regarding Knowledge on oral Cancer and Oral Self Examination among the Auto Drivers at Kanyakumari District

Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Keratoplasty and Eye Donation in High Risk Occupations

Purpose: To determine the attitude regarding corneal transplantation or eye donation among high-risk occupations. Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional design was used in this study. Non- probability purposive sampling technique was used. People with age group between 25 to 60 years of either gender were included. Mechanics, Auto Drivers, Tailor, and Welders were included. Age below 25 and above 60 years was excluded. After informed consent, Self-design questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS 25. Mann Whitney-U test was applied to find the significance of data. P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: 64 participants (50.8%) heard about corneal transplantation or eye donation while 62 (49.2%) participants didn't hear about eye donation. Forty one (41 ) participants (11.1%) said that only those people can donate who haven't undergone cataract surgery. Eighty one (81) participants (64.3%) said that only more than 18 years old individuals can donate eyes. Forty Four (44) participants (34.9%) thought that blood group is a hurdle for donation of eye. P-value was 0.034 that is significant. Conclusion: This study concluded that a large proportion of the population do not have proper knowledge regarding corneal transplantation and eye donation. The study reveals that high-risk occupation workers have low level of awareness and knowledge regarding corneal transplantation and eye donation.

Technical analysis and performance evaluation of retrofitted electric Auto Rickshaws (E-TAR) in rural India

India needs to electrify rickshaws because of the emissions produced by modern cars running on fossil fuels like gasoline and diesel. There are incentives, discounts, and exemptions available for the use of e-auto rickshaws. The production of electric vehicles has also been given a target by the Indian government. The Indian government has taken a number of steps to increase the availability of charging stations and a steady supply of electric cars (EVs). Even after taking all of these measures, there has been little adoption. For Indian auto drivers, the capital cost of purchasing an e-auto is expensive. To attain ideal performance, it is important to modify the present generation of traditional auto rickshaws using low-cost retrofitting. Retro-kit is created and evaluated for performance in this study by changing parameters.

A study to assess the effectiveness of IEC Package on knowledge and attitude regarding oral cancer and oral self-examination among auto drivers in a selected village at Kanyakumari district

A study to assess the effectiveness of IEC Package on knowledge and attitude regarding oral cancer and oral self-examination among auto drivers in a selected village at Kanyakumari district

Bracing up for financial inclusivity: the CabDost way

Learning outcomes The learning outcomes of this study are as follows: 1. understand the role of financial inclusivity in the sustainable development of a nation; 2. examine the concept of social entrepreneurship and identify the skills needed to be a social entrepreneur; 3. analyze the opportunities and challenges faced by social entrepreneurs, especially in an emerging economy; and 4. assess the feasible options with respect to upscaling and expansion. Case overview/synopsis Yamuna Sastry, a young woman from a traditional Indian family, had set out to achieve her dream of financial inclusivity by helping the underprivileged in her country gain financial independence and credibility. When she was approached by a cab driver to file tax returns for him, a new venture took shape in her mind, and along with a partner, CabDost, a socially driven financial advisory start-up was created to provide financial advisory services exclusively for cab drivers. CabDost had been instrumental in making over 15,000 cab drivers financially literate, instilling in them a culture of compliance, getting them tax refunds and enabling the Indian Government recover eight crores in taxes. The success of financial inclusivity among cab drivers inspired CabDost to extend its financial services to truck drivers, auto drivers, housekeeping staff and other contractual workforce. The company found it challenging to address the demands of the increasing customer base with its available technical resources. The absence of an in-house tech team and the need for an all-in-one tech platform to provide a wide variety of financial services induced CabDost to explore other options. Dvara Money, a neo bank offering financial services, approached CabDost with a merger proposal. Though it was a lucrative offer, the founding members were apprehensive as they knew that most of the mergers failed because of myriad reasons. They were contemplating on their next move as they were in a dilemma about whether to develop a technical team in-house or to go ahead with the merger. Complexity academic level The case can be taught to business management students as a part of the introductory course on entrepreneurship or social entrepreneurship. The case can be used specifically to make the students understand the role of financial inclusivity in the sustainable development of a nation, the concept of social entrepreneurship, the journey of social entrepreneurs in the financial inclusivity space, right from ideation to execution, the challenges faced in the bargain, survival mechanisms adopted and the various options available for further growth and expansion. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

AN EXPLORATION OF THE POTENTIAL KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS LIVER CIRRHOSIS DUE TO ALCOHOLISM AMONG COMMERCIALS AUTO DRIVERS IN BENGALURU SOUTH REGION THROUGH VAT PROGRAM - A PRE-EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Introduction: In recent years, liver disease has been responsible for about 2 million fatalities worldwide, with 1 million of such deaths resulting from cirrhosis complications and 1 million each from viral hepatitis and hepatocellular cancer. The National Institutes of Health estimates that alcohol use may be accountable for 10,000 to 24,000 deaths from cirrhosis per year. According to the most recent WHO data, 184,193 people in India died from liver disease in 2018, accounting for 3.0% of all fatalities. The issue of whether or not commercial car drivers are aware of liver cirrhosis brought on by alcoholism still exists because there is a shortage of awareness on the condition. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the knowledge and attitude toward liver cirrhosis due to alcoholism. Methodology: A pre-experimental study with one group pre-test and post-test design was undertaken to conduct the study from 20 august to 30 October using a simple random sampling technique. The study involved 60 commercial vehicle drivers who completed a standardized knowledge assessment and an attitude scale. Pen and paper were used to collect the data, which was then exported for additional analysis into SPSS version 20.0. The descriptive statistics were presented with mean standard deviation, frequency and percentage. The data were analyzed using a paired t-test. The chi-square analysis was used to check the association. Results: The study revealed that 46 drivers (76.7%) had inadequate knowledge, 14 drivers (23.3%) had moderate knowledge whereas none of them had adequate level of knowledge towards liver cirrhosis. And regarding assessment of attitude, data findings showed that that 40 (66.7%) of the participant had unfavorable attitude, 20 (33.3%) of them had neutral favorable attitude whereas none of them had favorable attitude regarding cirrhosis ofliver. The paired t test was carried out and it was found out invariably significant at p<0.05 level in both knowledge and attitude level with demographic variables. Conclusion: Our data suggest thatcommercial auto drivers have significantly less knowledge regarding liver cirrhosis due to alcohol consumption and also, they are showing a poor attitude towards liver cirrhosis as a major problem. So, it is very important to make sure that the commercial drivers including auto drivers should know about the health hazards related to alcoholism and also to reduce road accidents and unwanted behaviors. Our findings will support the stakeholders, auto rikshaw union leaders, and government policymakers to make a significant decision to improve public knowledge related to alcohol-related health problems.

P114 Clinical and microbiological spectrum of dermatophytosis from a tertiary care institute

Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PMObjectivesThere is an increasing incidence of recalcitrant dermatophytosis in India due to irrational use of antifungals, inappropriate treatment, and also in vitro resistance of the organism by itself. This study is done to determine the clinic-mycological profile, antifungal susceptibility, and outcome of patients with dermatophytosis in our institute.MethodsAll patients with culture-proven dermatophytosis attending the outpatient department of our hospital from January 2019 to December 2019 were included in the study. Detailed clinical data of all the patients were collected.Morphological Identification of the dermatophytes was done by conventional mycological methods. The isolates were sent to PGIMER Chandigarh for further identification by MALDI-TOF and antifungal susceptibility testing. Antifungal susceptibility testing was done for 47 isolates of Trichophyton species.ResultsOf the 155 clinical suspected cases, growth of dermatophytes was observed in 55 (35.4%) of the cases. Tinea corporis 39/55(70.9%) was the predominant clinical type The duration of infection was less than 6 months in 22/55(40%) of cases and >6 months in 33(60%) of the cases. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 20-30 years and were male. A total of 36/55 (65.4%) of the patients belong to middle socio-economic status and 19/55 to lower socioeconomic status (34.5%). In all, 10/55(19.2%) of the patients were students and 10/55 (19.2%) housewives; others include auto drivers, mechanics, teachers, cashiers, etc. All except 4 patients were from urban areas. Comorbid conditions noted were diabetes mellitus in 7/55 (12.7%), hypertension in 6/55 (10.9%), systemic steroid usage in 3/55 (5.4%), post-renal transplant status in 1/55 (1.8%), and SLE in 1/55 (1.8%). Sharing of personal use items was found in 12/55 (21.8%) of the patients and 9/55 (16.3%) of patients complained of excessive sweating.Previous therapy with topical and systemic antifungals was given in 32/55 (58.8%) of the patients, other modes of treatment like homeopathy, and ayurveda in 4/55 (7.2%). Topical steroids were given to 4 patients and 19/55 (34.5%) of the patients were not treated for the infection. Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex (69%) was the predominant species complex isolated followed by T. rubrum, M. gypseum, M.canis, and T. tonsurans.Of the 47 Trichophyton isolates subjected to AFST, all the isolates showed MIC >1ug/ml for fluconazole and griseofulvin. Majority of the isolates showed MIC of <1 ug/ml for other antifungals; high MICs (MIC >1) were exhibited by 5 isolates for terbinafine and naftifine, 2 isolates for sertoconazole, and 1 isolate for voriconazole. Molecular detection of terbinafine resistance done in 15/55 isolates showed mutation in the squalene epoxidase (SE) gene leading to F397L substitutions in 2 isolates. In the present study, the patients were treated with both oral and topical antifungalsOf the 55 cases, complete cure was observed in 21 (38%), partial cure in 9 (16.3%), and relapse in 5 (9%) on 2 years follow-up. However, 20/55 (36.3%) of the cases were lost to follow-up.Conclusion Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex was the predominant species isolated and Tinea corporis was the commonest clinical presentation. Resistance to terbinafine, griseofulvin, and fluconazole has been noted. Dermatophytosis has become a difficult to treat disease due to antifungal resistance, and chronicity/recurrence of the lesions. Early diagnosis followed by rational antifungal therapy are essential for improved outcome.

Study of surgical management of pilonidal sinus

Background: Pilonidal sinus literally means a cavity or sinus containing hairs it is minor disease process has baffled physician, as demonstrated by the multiple theories of its aetiology and management. Numerous surgical techniques are employed for postnatal sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus. The exact procedure is determined by nature of disease presentation and the surgeons choice. Aims: Study aimed in Pilonidal sinus and different predisposing factors and the various surgical procedures with regards to Duration of hospital stay, time taken wound healing, recurrence, wound infection and time taken for return to work. Materials and methods: Observational descriptive study done in 31 patients who had pilonidal sinus. But one female patient was hypothyroid and was receiving thyroxine supplements and was operated and followed up in an euthyroid state. Results: In the present study 31 cases of pilonidal sinus were studied. The commonest age of presentation was between 16 – 25 years. sex ration: M:F = 6.75:1. Majority were students (35.48%) and auto drivers (48.38%). Majority were individuals (74.19%) and 25.81% were non hairy.

KRAYA: Shop Management and Auto Services Portal

Abstract: Online shopping and travel has influenced the way we live in today’s world. It has made life comfortable and easier. The growth of these have completely changed the shopping and travel scenario as the customer does not have to physically visita shop or wait for long to avail a travel service. This has affected the shops and travel options like auto rickshaws in rural areas. The over reliability of these services has reduced the sales and income of small scale shops and auto rickshaw drivers. The main objective of this web application is to highlight the services in rural areas and provide a platform for people to access these services easily. This web portal brings together shops and auto drivers in rural areas to showcase their products and improve their income. Here, the user can find information about various shops and their products and shopkeepers can add products and sell them. The feature of auto rickshaw availability provides information about auto rickshaws that are available for travel and we can access them according to our requirements. A chat bot feature is also provided for addressing queries and filtering abusive comments. The main emphasis lies in providing a user- friendly experience where the user gets the desired results specificto their needs. Index Terms: shop, auto service, rural areas, chatbot.

Review on Air Pollution on Health and Its Prevention

Air pollution is the major environmental pollution that contains different types of gases, dust particles, small molecules, etc. Smoke and other hazardous gases, such as carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides, are the primary causes of air pollution. Otherwise, air pollution is the contaminated air that poisonous effect on people's health. Most air pollution is affected by auto-rickshaw drivers. Auto drivers doing very stressful works which have been associated with environmental interaction factors. So the auto drivers are working within the environment, auto drivers are exposed to climate changes and poor road conditions. So the drivers are exposed to air pollution, dust, droplets, job insecurity, noise and vibration, business demands, damage to equipment, an excessive number of stops, schedule-related pressure, among others. Drivers’ social role is also reflected in the responsibility of passengers and pedestrians ‘lives and other vehicles.

A study of health profile and effects of ambient air pollution among auto drivers of Bangalore city

Background: Auto drivers battle several occupational health hazards due to increasing pollution and unhealthy lifestyle. Improper diet and sleeping habits coupled with smoking, tobacco and alcohol use make them prone to respiratory and cardiovascular health hazards. Objectives: To assess the health status and quality of life (QoL) among auto drivers in Bangalore city and to study the association of selected parameters with respiratory and cardiac morbidities. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 450 auto drivers were given a questionnaire and they were distributed according to age, education, body mass index, smoking, tobacco and/or alcohol consumption. The QoL was assessed by World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF) and peak expiratory flow, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels for each participant were recorded. The association between two categorical variables was determined by Chi-square test and p?0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The association of number of years of driving with prevalence of chronic morbidity (p=0.005), hypertension (p=0.008), diabetes (p&lt;0.001), and heart disease (p=0.04) were significant. QoL for physical and environmental domain were 16.11±0.28 and 12.48±0.06, respectively. Conclusion: A proportional increase in the risk of respiratory and cardiac morbidities with increasing number of driving years was observed among auto drivers.

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VARIOUS ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION AND COVID-19

In the era of globalization, the business of goods and services has become international rather than at the national level. Citizens of one country are moving freely for employment in another country with certain restrictions. Due to globalization, the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic took place on a global scale. Globalization has had positive and negative effects on the economy of any country. Different types of problems have arisen in different countries, the main reason for them is considered to be globalization and the Covid-19 epidemic. Data were collected and analyzed from respondents about problems like unemployment, poverty and economic and social inequalities, inflation or increase in the rate of inflation, industrial sickness, low per capita income, social structure, language, and cultural change, etc. presented through paper. When we talk about India, 65 to 70 percent of the country's economy is unorganized, so people like street vendors and auto drivers have been affected the most by the lockdown. It will be a challenge for them to get their business back up. Hotel, tourism, logistics, and aviation industries have been badly hit due to the lockdown. The poor and downtrodden have been directly affected during the lockdown. Although the central government and many state governments have also offered to help this section in many ways, it will not be so easy to recover directly from this effect.

Multimodal traffic safety concerns in a university population

Travelers have different concerns about traffic safety, which may affect their transportation choices and risk-taking behaviors as well as the overall safety performance of multimodal transportation systems. The objective of this study was to examine factors associated with stated concerns surrounding traffic safety among travelers using multiple transport modes. The analysis used data from an online questionnaire survey completed by over 2,000 students and employees at Utah State University in Logan, Utah, US. Four latent variables—concerns about pedestrians and cyclists, auto drivers, modal interactions, and roadway conditions—were confirmed using factor analysis from 16 questions about traffic safety concerns. These four types of safety concerns were then analyzed to understand their associations with mode choice, commuting behavior, and socio-demographics using a structural equation model. Results showed that safety concern varied systematically among different mode users and demographic groups. Auto drivers perceived interactions with pedestrians and cyclists as concerning, while non-auto users felt more concerned by automobile traffic. Commuters who were recently involved in a crash were especially concerned with non-motorized modes. Women, lower-income, and non-white road users were more concerned with traffic safety overall. Findings about multimodal traffic safety concerns provide insights into people’s perceptions, which can be useful in developing designs, plans, and policies for making a safer transportation system for all road users.

What factors are associated with travel liking on a recent commute? Evidence from commuters in Portland, Oregon

Travel can be a derived demand and exhibit intrinsic benefits beyond simply reaching destinations. While commuting is stressful for many people, others enjoy or like their commutes. Why? What trip and traveler characteristics explain variations in people’s affinity for travel? This research tackles these and other questions surrounding travel liking in the context of commuting. The data used in this study were collected from 609 commuters through a 30-minute online questionnaire survey in Portland, Oregon, in fall 2016. An ordered logit model examined associations between explanatory factors—commute mode, travel time, sociodemographics, a subjective assessment of travel usefulness, and (for a subsample) attitudinal and well-being measures—and travel liking for a recent commute, measured on a five-point scale from “strongly disliked” to “strongly liked.” Confirming previous research, most travelers (64%) liked their commutes and only 15% disliked the journey to work. People bicycling and walking had the most positive ratings of commute liking, and automobile drivers had the least. Furthermore, travel time was negatively associated with commute liking, especially for auto drivers and transit passengers. Few sociodemographic characteristics were significant, although people with an undergraduate degree, in a low-income household, and aged 65+ were more likely to like their commutes. There was also a strong and positive association between commute liking and the perceived usefulness of the commute. Additional analysis of a subsample found only a few attitudes and well-being scales that were significantly associated with commute liking: People who were satisfied with their life and led a purposeful life had a greater chance of liking travel.

Measuring the effects of job competition and matching on employment accessibility

Accessibility has often been seen as a key indicator to assess socio-economic interactions and planning policies involving urban transportation and land use. Job competition and matching are important factors for individual job seekers as they evaluate job prospects, often including employment accessibility. However, due to inadequate data and the complex representation and interpretation of methods used, many studies have not considered job competition and matching as they attempted to assess employment accessibility. Most of the available studies do not analyze the effects of economic status, educational background, and transportation mode. In the small number of studies addressing job competition, few have considered the combination of multi-modal transportation access for commuters, though these are available in large metropolitan areas. In order to gain a better understanding of employment accessibility, this study adopts a method to assess employment accessibility by incorporating job proximity, job competition, and job matching in a multi-modal transportation system. This study focuses on the eight-county Greater Houston metropolitan region. Unemployed workers in the civilian labor force are a proxy for the number of job seekers. It is used to calculate employment accessibilities for job seekers in poverty, with different educational backgrounds, and commuting via multiple transportation modes. An interesting finding is that household auto ownership is an important determinant not only for auto drivers, but also for transit riders engaged in job seeking. In an automobile-oriented city such as Houston, driving to bus stops or rail transit stations provides job seekers significant advantages over walk-to-transit riders, especially for those living in suburban areas outside the boundary of the existing transit systems serving the central city or the core county.

CORRELATION OF SCAPULAR POSITION AND NECK PAIN AMONG AUTO DRIVERS

Mechanicalneckpainisalsoreferredasnon-specificneckpain.Itmaydefineaspainwhich is aggravated by movement, relived by rest and that is not associated with serious underlying pathology.Among drivers, complaintsconcerningthemusculoskeletalsystemaremostfrequentlyreportedfromtheneck,shoulderand lower back. The driving sitting position is featured by non-neutral spinal postures, generally a reduction in neutrallumbarlordosisandanincreasedordecreasedneckflexion. Objective: To find out the association of neck pain and scapular position among auto drivers.Methods: It was a cross sectional study. Data was collected by 160 auto drivers on basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. VAS was used for pain intensity and distance between scapula and spinous process was measured by Vernier caliper. Data was entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21.0. Descriptive statistics was given in form of mean and standard deviation.Result: The results of current study showed that the mean value of scapular protraction of right side when hands at rest was 6.96, when hands on hip was 7.56 and when 90 degree glenohumeral abduction with internal rotation was 7.19. For visual analog scale scoring for right side when hands at rest the mean score was 5.84 and when hands on hip it was 6.84, and when 90o degree abduction the score was 6.44. When we discuss about the scapular protraction for the left side when hands were at rest the mean value was 6.87 and when hands on hip it was 7.53 and 90o glenohumeral abduction with internal rotation was 7.5. Similarly, VAS scoring for left side hands at rest is 5.61, for hands on hip was 6.65 and 90pglenohumeral abduction.Conclusions:This study explains that there is significant difference on hand in different of three positions in drivers who worked for long hours in abnormal posture. Scapular protraction is high when hand placed at hip, also a VAS for neck pain is high in both right and left side

Noise Induced Hearing Loss in Autorickshaw Drivers in Bangalore: A Cross Sectional Study.

To find prevalence of noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) among auto drivers in central Bangalore using a structured questionnaire and audiometric evaluation. To establish a relation between age and duration of work to the presence of noise induced hearing loss among the autorickshaw drivers. To assess the validity of the questionnaire as a screening tool.A cross sectional study conducted in VV Puram, Bangalore from April-August 2019. 100 autorickshaw drivers were subjected to Pure tone audiometry (PTA) evaluation and were asked to answer a self-structured questionnaire comprising of 9 questions. Each question was scored from 0 to 3, making 27 the maximum score a person could obtain. Based on the score they were categorised as mild (6-10), moderate (10-20) and severe (> 20) hearing loss. Any dip found in the bone conduction in the audiometry at higher frequencies was labelled as presence of NIHL. Age and duration of working hours were noted in order to establish the relation of the two with the presence of noise induced hearing loss.The prevalence of NIHL among the study samples was found to be 40% based on the questionnaire and audiometry test combined. The questionnaire showed a sensitivity of 80% reflecting that it is an efficient tool for screening NIHL among the auto drivers. Prevelance of NIHL was found to be higher among older and study groups with longer working hours. Though majority of the auto drivers did not complain of a hearing loss, a structured questionnaire combined with a pure tone audiometric evaluation helped in identification of early changes of NIHL.

An Evidence Based Analysis of Relevant Market: The Case of Ridesharing in Delhi NCR (India)

We recently undertook an evidence-based analysis to ascertain the relevant market of online app-based ride sharing platforms (OAPs) in Delhi NCR, India. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of consumers (users on both sides of OAPs, riders and drivers). To that end, we conducted an on-ground survey of 1377 riders and 660 drivers using OAPs services in Delhi NCR to understand their preferences and switching decisions. Price as well as non-price factors influencing consumer preferences and decisions were gauged. The data sets were analysed by applying tailored versions of Small but Significant Non-transitory Increase in Price (SSNIP) and Small but Significant Non-transitory Decrease in Quality (SSNDQ) tests in a complementary manner to ensure robust findings. We found that non-price factors induced by cross group network effects generated by platforms are increasingly becoming prominent, along with price factors, in decision making of consumers with respect to OAP services. Also, preferences of riders are multifarious and are influenced by factors like their income, gender, geography, purpose, duration, and time of the trip. Consequently, riders are unlikely to view OAP services uniquely. While considering alternate modes, riders are likely to compare specific features of OAPs, from which they derive most value, with similar features of other service providers, online as well as offline. This leaves scope for innovation and entry in the market substantially open. Consequently, in case of riders, we envision the relevant product market as “market for transportation services for riders”, in which the different probable substitutes of OAPs in Delhi-NCR are OAP Service Providers, Non-app Auto Rickshaws, Personal Vehicles, Non-App Taxis, Metro and Radio Taxis (in the decreasing degree of substitution). Key alternates considered by taxi drivers (linking with other OAPs) are likely to differ from those considered by auto drivers (plying as non-app autos). In case of drivers, the relevant product market is “market for facilitation services to drivers for accessing riders”. We hope this study will contribute in filling the void created by absence of evidence based studies in determination of relevant market. In addition, the emphasis on perspectives of consumers on both sides of a platform is expected to take forward the conversation on impact of cross group network effects generated by platforms and the importance of non-price factors in competition assessment. The tools used for relevant market determination in platform industries will also hopefully get refined.

Urban Economic Activities and Livelihood: A Case of Autowalas

The basic needs like food, shelter, cloth, and other secured necessities are the gross root level requirements of every human being. And even it drives to do economic activities for their livelihood. In India, urbanization characterized by employment argument, and it deals with different sectarian economic activities like infrastructure, service, hospital, education, industries, and transportation. In an urban transportation system, the auto has a centric position because of its coverage network in cities. So the present study attempts to investigate the centric transportation system in urban areas, i.e., auto-rickshaw service, by analyzing the socio-economic lifestyle of auto drivers and economics of auto wallas. The main objective of the study is to explore the socio-economic condition of auto wallas. The study also highlights the educational qualification, marital status, residence, and type of family, savings, borrowings, and economic position of auto wallas in Davangere city.

Female Attitudes Towards Self-employment and Breaking Occupational Stereotypes in Jharkhand

Although in recent times a growing number of women are entering into occupations that were traditionally dominated by men, these gains have not been equally realized. In the state of Jharkhand, a group of women have broken the occupational stereotypes and have become auto drivers, of vehicles that have suitably been named Pink Autos. An empirical study was undertaken to explore the intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors that have affected their occupational choice to break the stereotype. The results provide insights into the driving factors for the success for women micro-entrepreneurs.