Authoritative Parenting Style Research Articles

Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Orang Tua Memberikan Gadget pada Anak

This study aims to determine the factors influencing parents to give children gadgets. This research method is a systematic review using several online databases, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and Google scholar. The results showed that 11 articles were reviewed and found three main themes: socio-economic status, knowledge, and parenting patterns related to giving gadgets to children. In conclusion, this article shows that giving gadgets to children is influenced by the family's socio-economic status, parenting patterns with permissive and authoritarian parenting styles, and parents' knowledge of gadget use.
 
 Keywords: Children, Gadgets, Knowledge, Parenting, Socio-Economic Family

Religiosity and Authoritative Parenting Style: Prediction of a Positive Relationship with the Meaningfulness of Student Life

This study aimed to describe the relationship between religiosity and authoritative parenting style and the meaningfulness of student life. This study used quantitative tests. It gathers 132 students from the Faculty of Psychology of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan with an age range of 18 to 25 years. The sample was collected through proportional cluster random sampling with a proportion of 10% of the population. Three scales were used, namely the religiosity scale, authoritative parenting scale, and life meaningfulness scale. All data that has been collected was immediately analyzed using SPSS version 20. To test the hypotheses of this study, multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the effect and the extent to which religiosity and authoritative parenting style contribute to life meaningfulness. All hypotheses were shown to be significant starting from the finding of a significant relationship between religiosity and life meaningfulness. Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between an authoritative parenting style and life meaningfulness. Life meaningfulness is achieved by recognizing and understanding God and then acting or behaving according to His words. Religiosity reflects the personality and early family upbringing. The authoritative parenting style applied during childhood may well continue until college. Religiosity and an authoritative parenting style may encourage an individual to make sense of every process, problem, sadness, or happiness and learn to be a better person. Life meaningfulness is correlated positively with religiosity and authoritative parenting style. This independent variable describes religiosity as consistently appreciating and bringing oneself closer to God and authoritative parents as being able to foster individual awareness to perceive the condition in accordance with appropriate understanding and action. Keyword: religiosity, authoritative parenting, positive relationship, meaningfulness

Hubungan Pola Asuh Otoriter Orang Tua Dengan Sikap Insecure Pada Siswa


 
 
 
 Authoritarian parenting styles applied by parents when raising their children will usually use careful and strict rules without asking much, authoritarian parenting styles also try to make children obey all the rules they have made and will punish them strictly. if the child violates This type of parenting can create a sizable distance between children and parents. This tends to cause children to feel insecure, which is a problem that will affect learning patterns, social interaction, and even the child himself, where the child will it is difficult to understand one's own potential, understand the purpose of the steps to be taken, it is difficult to make decisions and the child will feel that he has no ability in himself, meaning that the child will lack self-esteem, namely the child will have an insecure attitude.
 From the results of the study it can be seen that on the results of the correlation test there is a positive relationship between Authoritarian Parenting Patterns of Parents and Insecure Attitudes in Class X MIPA Students at MAN in Sorong City because the obtained p value = 0.000 <0.05, and the results of a correlation coefficient of 0.600 are on a coefficient of 0.600 - 0.799 with a strong category. This shows that the relationship between authoritarian parenting parents and the insecure attitude of class X MIPA students at MAN in Sorong City is low. Where before the researcher carried out the correlation test the researcher carried out the Normality and Linearity tests as a condition before carrying out the Correlation test and the results of the normality test were the Kolmogorov-Swirnov test on asymp.sig (2-tailed) obtaining a result of 0.200 which result is > 0, 05 so it can be concluded that the X and Y variable data are normally distributed.
 
 
 

THE AUTHORITARIAN FATHER: THE PREDICTIVE ROLE OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION STYLES AND THE ATTACHMENT DIMENSION

The authoritarian parenting style with its negative connotation has many adverse effects on various aspects of children's development, so the aim of this paper will be to identify potential predictors of the authoritarian parenting style of fathers. The concept of attachment and conflict resolution styles used by fathers are part of the model used in this paper which, together with the age of the fathers, represent important predictors of a father's authoritarian parenting style. A convenience sample included 101 fathers and their children from the territory of Northern Kosovo. The instruments used in the research are The Experience in Close Relationship Scale (Hanak and Dimitrijević, 2013; Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998), Conflict Management Styles Assessment (Adkins, 2006,) and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991). The results partially proved the hypothesis, and were discussed in the context of attachment theory and previous empirical research that provides a strong framework of reference for understanding the results of this research.

Influence of Parenting Style to Neuroticism Among College Freshmen Amidst Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought a lot of changes, including the shift of academic setup from face-to-face to remote learning where home became the place of their study and students spend most of their time with their parents and guardians. Thus, parents play a big role in students’ emotional status during the remote learning. This study determined the relationship between the three different parenting styles, and the level of the neuroticism of select college students during the pandemic. The study used descriptive-correlational design with 70 freshmen students as participants selected through stratified sampling technique. The research instrument used Perceived Parenting Style Scale, to measure the parenting style, and Eysenck’s Personality Inventory, to measure the level of neuroticism. The findings of the study showed that students mostly have experienced an authoritative parenting style. Henceforth, the majority of them have a high level of neuroticism. Moreover, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles influence the level of neuroticism of the respondents; both have positive correlation with the level of neuroticism. This study concludes that parenting style can influence the level of neuroticism of the students. This implies that children of parents with high demands but gets low response and parents with low demands but gets high response are likely to develop unstable emotions.

The Correlation Between Parenting Styles and Self-Esteem of Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

AimsAmong various factors that determine an individual's self-esteem, parenting styles play a very significant role in this regard. Certain parenting styles that are practiced around the globe include authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parenting. The study aimed to investigate the co-relation between parenting styles and self-esteem among medical students.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among the MBBS students of Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi from December 2020 to March 2021. 255 students took part in this study. An online survey was prepared by using Parental Authority Questionnaire-Short Version and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and students were asked to fill it. Simple Random sampling technique was applied. SPSS version 26.0 was used to enter and analyze data. Pearson Correlation, Logistic regression and Hierarchal regression analysis were applied.ResultsOut of 230, 60% of the sample population experienced authoritative, 29% experienced authoritarian whereas 11% experienced permissive style of parenting. Authoritative (r = 0.283, p < 0.001) and authoritarian (r = -0.227, p < 0.001) parenting styles were significantly correlated with self-esteem. Authoritarian parenting style (AOR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.17, 4.14) was significantly associated with self-esteem of the participants compared to authoritative parenting style.ConclusionResults indicated that authoritative parenting was only parenting style that correlates positively with self-esteem which suggest authoritative parenting is the optimum parenting style in Pakistani culture.

Do parenting styles and religious beliefs matter for child behavioral problem? The mediating role of digital literacy

Behavioral problems in children are a global issue, and it has attracted scholars in both developed and developing countries. This study aims to examine religious beliefs and parenting styles in predicting children’s behavioral problems, as well as investigate the mediating role of digital literacy to explain this relationship. This research adopted a quantitative approach based on the questionnaire provided to parents with different religious backgrounds who participated in the online survey. From a methodological perspective, we followed SEM-PLS to analyze and raise the comprehension of the phenomenon studied. The findings indicate that religious beliefs can affect authoritarian parenting styles and negatively influence digital literacy. However, religious beliefs failed in explaining children’s negative behavior. This research also notes the role of parenting style in driving children’s digital literacy and children’s behavior. Meanwhile, digital literacy does not influence children’s negative behavior. This study provides a sharpening of previous research on the theme of religious beliefs and parenting styles, as well as contributes to science related to the digital literacy and behavior of children.

Exploring Mothers’ Parenting Styles and Its Impact Towards Young Children’s Self-Esteem

Parents would normally model the behaviors of their parents when they raise their own children. Nonetheless, there are some parents who would apply other approaches when dealing with their children, which often results in indecisiveness when choosing the best parenting styles (Brown & Iyengar, 2008). The current study aims to explore the parenting styles of mothers and the self-esteem of their young children aged 3 to 5 years old. The study adopted a qualitative research method and was conducted through a phenomenological approach in order to study the experience of the mothers and their children. The three participants were interviewed through an online platform as the medium of communication using semi-structured interview questions. The data was then analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The study has explored the parenting characteristics of the mothers and illustrated an authoritative parenting style across the participants. Besides that, the characteristics of children with high self-esteem were explored within the data through the interview answered by the parents. The findings of this study can be beneficial in educating young parents who may not have the necessary skills or knowledge in child-rearing.

Parenting styles of Finnish parents and their associations with parental burnout

In the present study, we examined what kind of parenting style groups (defined by parental warmth, behavioral control, and psychological control) can be identified among contemporary Finnish mothers and fathers and how these parenting style groups are associated with parents’ symptoms of parental burnout. Gender differences in parenting style groups, and in their associations with parental burnout, were also investigated. The survey data were gathered from 1,471 Finnish parents (91.2% mothers). The results of k-means cluster analysis identified six different parenting style groups: authoritarian (13.5%), permissive (15.2%), psychologically controlling (19.4%), uninvolved (14.4%), controlling (12.4%), and authoritative (25.1%), with the authoritative parenting style being the most common. The identified parenting style groups were equally common for mothers and fathers. The results showed further that, independently of gender, parents applying the authoritarian parenting style experienced symptoms of parental burnout the most, whereas those with the authoritative or permissive style reported these symptoms the least. Based on the results, it is suggested that child health care and family centers should pay particular attention to potential risk groups such as parents reporting symptoms of parental burnout and parents characterized by an authoritarian parenting style.

Parenting Styles and Dental Caries Among Preschool Children in A Coastal Area of Jember, Indonesia

Dental caries is a multifactorial condition affected by behavioral factors. Parenting styles reflect different behavior influenced by cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. Coastal areas have unique cultural and socioeconomic conditions and underlie the community's upbringing behavior. This study aims to determine the differences in preschool children's caries experience based on parenting patterns in a coastal area. This study is a cross-sectional study on children and their parents in the coastal area of Puger, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. The participants were 269 pairs of preschool children and parents selected by random cluster sampling. The dependent variable was dental caries experience measured using the def-t index. The independent variable was the type of parenting categorized into three groups (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive) based on a questionnaire distributed to parents. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to determine the difference in caries rates in each parenting style (p≤ 0.05). The results showed that the prevalence of primary teeth caries was 97%, and the mean of def-t was 10.03. Authoritative parenting style was the majority (81.8%), and no statistically significant difference was found between caries and parenting style (p=0.473). However, the mean of def-t in the authoritarian group was higher than in others (10.42). Based on the result, it can be concluded that mean of dental caries among children in a coastal area with authoritarian parents was the highest one compared to others, but the difference was statistically insignificant.

Relationship between Parenting Styles, Television Viewing Habits and Academic Performance of Students in Ga-East Municipality, Ghana

This study examined the relationship between parenting styles, television viewing habits, and academic performance of second year students in Ghanaian junior high schools in the Ga-East Municipality. The study was a cross-sectional correlational study using 310 samples drawn from a population of 1700 students. Using a five-point Likert’s scale, Buri's Parental Authority Questionnaire (α =.619) measured parenting style in this study. Students Grade Point Average (GPA) in four subjects (English, Mathematics, Integrated Science and Social Studies) represented academic performance scores, while self-constructed TV viewing instrument (α = .71) was used to gather data on students’ television viewing habit. ANOVA, t-test, and multiple regression were used to test four hypotheses. Results indicated that authoritarian and permissive parenting styles correlated negatively with academic performance while authoritative parenting style affected students’ performance positively. The study also discovered that time spent watching TV significantly and negatively influenced academic performance of students. Again, time spent viewing television, did not differ significantly on the basis of age. The study concluded that authoritative parenting style is significant for a better academic grade, and that age is not a factor in regards to time students spent watching TV programmes. Based on the outcome of the study, it was recommended that the Municipal Counsellor should organise career guidance programmes for the students to encourage them to be more focused on their studies and also to reduce their TV viewing time. In addition, parents must be encouraged to regulate the TV viewing habits of their children.

Parenting Behavior and Attitudes of a Group of South African Foster Parents Caring for Adolescents Presenting with Risk Behavior

This article reports on one of the objectives of a larger study aiming at the development of an adolescent risk-behavior management program for foster parents. The objective relevant to this article entailed the exploration of parenting behaviors and attitudes of parents fostering adolescents presenting with risk behavior. The respondents were recruited from the clientele of designated welfare organizations in the North West Province of South Africa. A quantitative survey using the multi-dimensional Parental Style Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) was administered to a purposive sample of 150 respondents. A response rate of 64.5% was achieved, with only foster mothers participating in the study. Data analysis was done by the Statistical Consultation Services of the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus) using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25, Release 25.0 SPSS. In addition, T-Tests and ANOVAs were used to test the hypothesis at a 0.05 level of significance and Spearman’s correlations examine correlations between sub-scale scores and biographical data. Sub-scales of the PSDQ were tested for internal consistency reliability and reasonable coefficients were rendered, except for the permissive parenting style scale that was excluded from analysis. The results showed a significant, positive correlation between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles amongst the respondents. Parental attitudes and responses to risk behavior significantly affected their actual behavior towards fostered adolescents presenting with risk behavior. The researchers concluded that consideration of parenting styles in the foster care relationship context will greatly determine the nature of further interventions.

Behavioral Modification of an Uncooperative Preschool Child with Sickle Beta Thalassemia Disease in a Dental Clinic: A Case Report

Background:Treating medically compromised pediatric patients with dental anxiety can be challenging, especially when general anesthesia and sedation are not an option. This paper reported a case of an uncooperative preschool child who was medically compromised and presented in the dental clinic with Severe-Early-Childhood-Caries (S-ECC). The dental behavior management of such a case was not previously discussed in the literature.Case Presentation:This paper explains the dental management and behavior modification carried out for a 5-year-old male child who was diagnosed with sickle beta thalassemia disease (Sβ-thalassemia), S-ECC, had a negative dental behavior, and was successfully and efficiently treated under a dental setting. The patient presented with his mother, who was concerned about her child’s decayed teeth and sought dental treatment as soon as possible to avoid any risk of infection. Dental examination revealed multiple dental caries and high caries risk. The patient’s behavior can be classified as definitely negative with high level of anxiety. The mother showed permissive parenting and the father exerted an authoritative parenting style. Dental management focused mainly on child behavioral modificationviautilizing the difference between the parenting styles. Middle way of treatment, the child showed behavioral improvement, which was progressing toward the end of the treatment. Teeth were successfully restored with composite and metal crowns.Conclusion:With several behavior management techniques and understanding the parenting styles, the patient's behavior improved, and the treatment plan was successfully used on a dental chair without the need for more advanced management under general anesthesia.

The Effects of Socio-Demographic Context on Perceived Parenting Styles Among Adolescents. A Demographical Study in Andhra Pradesh

The objective of the present study is to find the effects of area of residence, and family structure on Adolescents' perceived parenting A demographical study in Andhra Pradesh. Background: rural population is more homogenous in social, racial, and psychological traits that negatively correlate with heterogeneity. (Most are agriculturists and are directly connected with agriculture). More heterogeneous than rural. Urbanity and heterogeneity are positively co-related (Different population types are seen in cities, different places, religions, caste, class, race, community, economic and cultural differences, occupations, and behavioral patterns are also different). Family structure is in the form of two types. Nuclear and joint families differ in the support that each inherently offers, affecting adolescents' behavior. Method: The present study sampled 1208 male and female high school seniors from three schools in Andhra Pradesh and area of residence, family structure relationship to parenting styles. Seniors completed a demographic survey that gathered family structure information and the number of disciplinary incidents, and they also completed a parenting style survey that measured parent parenting modes. R.L. Bharadwaj eight parenting style tool was administered to respondents to find the middle adolescents' perceived parenting styles. Conclusion: The study found that adolescents from urban and rural semi-urban showed a significant difference in lenient standards and moralism practices. Analysis revealed that adolescents living with joint and nuclear families with a neglecting parenting style were less likely to receive disciplinary incidents compared to adolescents living with joint family structure. Previous research suggested that an authoritative parenting style tends to benefit adolescents regardless of the family structure. Implications of the Present study results summarize that the area of residence (Rural, urban, and Semi-urban) showed significant differences in Andhra Pradesh middle adolescents' perceived parenting styles. The study implies that nuclear family middle adolescents perceiving parenting style significantly differed on neglecting a parent than joint family respondent’s perceived parenting style.

Hubungan Pola Asuh Authoritative dan Self-Efficacy dengan Kepuasan Belajar Siswa Selama Masa Pandemi

The goal of this research is to find out the correlation between the relationship authoritative parenting and self-efficacy with student learning satisfaction during the pandemic. This research is a quantitative research with the population of 255 students of class XI and XII of SMA Swasta Shafiyyatul Amaliyyah Medan. By using random sampling technique obtained a sample of 156 people. The data gathering technique used three scales data: authoritative parenting, self-efficacy, and student learning satisfaction during the pandemic . The Data analysis using multiple regression analysis. Based on the result of research, therefore the conclusion are: 1) There is a significant positive correlation between authoritative parenting and student learning satisfaction during the pandemic. This is indicated by the correlation coefficient = 0.461 with p < 0.05. The coefficient = 0.212, this indicates that the authoritative parenting style contributes 21.2% effectively to student learning satisfaction during the pandemic. 2) There is significant positif correlation between between self-efficacy and student learning satisfaction during the pandemic seen from the correlation coefficient of r xy = 0.603 with p < 0.05, providing an effective contribution of 36.4%. 3). There is a significant positif correlation between authoritative parenting and self-efficacy with student learning satisfaction. This is indicated by the coefficient F reg = 41.931 with p < 0.05, and the correlation coefficient R = 0.631 with p < 0.05 and = 0.398 with a contribution of 39.8%. Based on the research results the hypothesis is accepted.

Influence of Parenting Styles on Self-Esteem among Boy Children Aged 11-14 Years in Public Primary Schools in Taita Sub – county, Taita-Taveta County, Kenya

Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, spiritual, vocational, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. The high self-esteem gained will help the boy children to improve their performance in every feel at home and in school. The study was confined to the influence of parenting styles on self-esteem of the boy child within Taita Sub-County of Taita-Taveta County. The participants in this study were consisted of pupils, administrators, and teacher counselors. Additionally, Baumrind, (2012) states that authoritarian parenting is a style of child nurturing that has many demands and rigidness. Authoritarian parents are very strict and expect their orders to be followed without question. This study employed cross-sectional survey design. A cross-sectional research design is a design in which researchers collect data from participants within a single point in time. The cross-sectional survey design was considered appropriate for this study because it allows the researcher to use minimal contact between the researcher and the respondent. The target population consisted of 2600 pupils, 94 administrators and 80 teacher counselors, from within Taita Sub-County. Pupils involved in the exercise were all in the age between 11 years to 14 years. The population of this study was composed of administrators, teacher counselors and pupils. The study concluded from the results, majority of the respondents-172 (70.5%) agreed that their parents are authoritative. A chi-square test revealed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the authoritative parenting style and self-esteem. A spearman correlation test showed that authoritative parenting style had a 10.7% correlation with self-esteem (rho = 0.107). This implied that a unit increase in authoritative parenting leads to a 10.7% increase in the self-esteem of male pupils in public primary schools. Qualitative analysis revealed that key informants stated the following: ‘Authoritative parenting helps the boys have high self-esteem’; ‘With authoritative parenting, the male pupils become very good leaders, since they practice what they see from parents’. From the findings, there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis that stated: authoritative parenting style does not have a statistically significant influence the level of self-esteem of children in primary schools. Therefore, authoritative parenting style influences the self-esteem of male pupils.

A Review of the Relationship between Parenting Styles and Adolescents’ Emotional Intelligence

This article reviews the literature on the relationship between parenting styles and adolescents’ emotional intelligence. The review of the empirical research indicates that authoritative parenting style is associated with higher levels of adolescents’ general emotional intelligence, trait emotional intelligence, and decision-making emotional intelligence. Conversely, authoritarian parents are associated with lower level of adolescents’ emotional intelligence, and self-regulatory emotional intelligence. However, further research is still needed to examine the relationship among cross culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Online positive parenting programme for promoting parenting competencies and skills: randomised controlled trial

Positive parenting programmes (PPP), albeit effective, are not readily accessible to the general public, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 103 healthy caregiver-child dyads, we investigated the effectiveness of online PPP on parenting sense of competencies (primary outcome), parenting styles and behavioural concerns of children aged 3–6 years (secondary outcomes) between 2 blinded, parallel groups. After block of 4 randomisations, intervention group (n = 52) attended live, group-based, internet delivered PPP while both intervention and active control group (n = 51) received weekly general education via communication application. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 8 and 14 weeks. Most parents from both groups had high education and household income. From the intervention group, 87.5% of the parents attended live sessions while 8.6% subsequently watched recorded sessions. At 14 weeks, the intervention group reported higher sense of competence (Wald 9.63, p = 0.008); both groups reported using more authoritative parenting style (Wald 15.52, p ≤ 0.001) from Generalised Estimating Equations model. Compared to baseline, both groups had significant reduction of children’s emotional problems at 14 weeks (mean change: Intervention = − 0.44, p = 0.033; Control = − 0.30, p = 0.046) and behavioural problems over time (Wald 7.07, p = 0.029). Online PPP offered an easily accessible, primary preventive measure to mitigate behavioural concerns and improve parental competency.Clinical trial registration Thai Clinical Trials Registry; https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/; TCTR20201030001; October 30, 2020.

Dominant Parenting Style of Parents in Aowin Municipality in the Western North Region of Ghana

The aim of the research was to examine the influence of parenting styles on academic performance of students in Aowin Municipality in the Western North Region of Ghana. Descriptive survey design was employed to collect quantitative data from the respondents. The study targeted all final year public junior high school students in the Aowin Municipality. A multi-stage sampling technique which involved the use of probability sampling techniques was employed to select 252 respondents with 142 boys and 110 girls. The main data collection instrument was questionnaire with 46 items. Document analysis was also performed on the pupils’ end of term examination results. Means, standard deviation, multiple regression, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation and Chi-square were employed to analyse the data. The results revealed that authoritative parenting style dominates in parents of the JHS students in the municipality. The study concluded that, Authoritative parenting style predominates in JHS students in the Aowin municipality. There was a correlation between the parenting style of parents and the academic performance of JHS students. It was seen that, student coming from the authoritative parenting style had high performance than those coming from the authoritarian, permissive and neglectful parenting style. Students from neglectful parenting homes demonstrated low performance in school. It is recommended that policies should be developed by Ministry of Education to encourage parents to adopt appropriate parenting styles like the authoritative parenting style which has been revealed by this study as related to good academic performance. Management of various schools should collaborate with Parent-Teacher Association to organize seminars and workshops to educate parents on the influences of the various parenting styles on their children academic performance. This will enlighten parents on employing effective parenting style like authoritative parenting style that has been revealed by this study to correlates with high academic performance.

Emotional Regulation in Parental Optimism—The Influence of Parenting Style

This study contributes to determining the relationship between parental emotional regulation, optimism, and parenting style. The responses collected from respondents with parental status were used in the research. The majority of respondents were female; in terms of the age of participants, they were predominantly in the category of 31–40 years, followed by those in the category 41–50 years. The data were analyzed statistically through operations such as correlations, regression, and analysis of variance. The results indicate that the authoritative parenting style is associated with the emotional regulation of parents (r = 0.25, p < 0.001), but also with their level of optimism (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). It has been demonstrated both through correlations and through confirmatory factor analysis that optimism and emotional regulation are two factors that contribute to the adoption of the authoritative parenting style. The analysis of variance indicated that the emotional regulation of the parents does not vary according to their age. Based on multiple linear regression, it was established that 5% of parents’ level of optimism is predicted by their level of emotional regulation. These new results reveal the contribution of emotional regulation and parental optimism in the process of raising and educating a child.