Australian Climate Change Policy Research Articles

What’s next for the Renewable Energy Target – resolving Australia’s integration of energy and climate change policy?*

Australian climate change policy and its integration with Australia’s electricity markets have been fraught for at least two decades. The only enduring policy has been the Commonwealth Renewable Energy Target (RET). Despite the relative success of the RET in driving investment and reducing emissions, state governments have now pivoted towards contracts‐for‐difference (Cfds). In this article, we outline the issues associated with policy discontinuity and the large‐scale RET and review its effectiveness as an emissions reduction tool and driver of electricity sector abatement. We find that the RET has been relatively successful across the key criteria of cost and emissions reductions and is a better policy instrument than contracts‐for‐difference, which are increasingly being adopted by state governments. Building on the work of Nelson et al. (2020), we propose a new approach, which would allow for continued use of Cfds but utilising the RET’s policy architecture.

A rhetorical perspective on youth environmental activism

As “alternative” [Maeseele, 2009] science communicators, young people (of pre-voting age) have an important role to play in the climate communication arena. Youth have access to rhetorical resources associated with evidence-based and emotional appeals. However, they are challenged by political, media and public entities on their ability to effectively engage with politicised scientific issues. Their credibility and authority to speak on climate issues are challenged. This piece takes a rhetorical lens to a current youth climate change advocacy case study, the ‘School Strike for Climate’. I argue that Australian youth are criticised for being politically inexperienced in attempts to silence them from speaking out about Australian climate change policy. Implications for science communicators working in the climate change space, and the ‘Strike’ participants themselves are discussed.

Climate Policy Paralysis in Australia: Energy Security, Energy Poverty and Jobs

According to the 2020 Climate Change Performance Index, Australia was ranked as the worst-performing country on climate change policy. The country has an ambivalent record of climate policy development as well as implementation, and has been criticized for its inaction. This paper considers why the country has been locked in climate policy “paralysis” through analyzing defining attributes of such a paralysis, and the tentative connections between domestic energy policies and international trade and development. We conducted a media content analysis of 222 articles and identified media narratives in three cases of energy projects in the country involving thermal coal exports, domestic renewable energy storage, and closure of a domestic coal power station. The analysis reveals that policy paralysis in Australian climate change policy can be traced back to the countervailing arguments that have been pervasive around domestic energy security, rural employment and international energy poverty. The political establishment has struggled to develop a sustainable consensus on climate change and the citizenry remains polarized. We also discuss how a “focusing event,” such as a major natural disaster can break the impasse but this is only possible if energy security at home, energy poverty abroad and employment imperatives across the board are clearly delineated, measured and prioritized.

Efficient integration of climate and energy policy in Australia’s National Electricity Market

Australian climate change policy has been applied haphazardly to Australia’s electricity markets for almost two decades. Federal and state level emissions trading frameworks have been introduced and subsequently repealed. Several studies have pointed to the significant costs imposed by such policy discontinuity. This article demonstrates that the use of production subsidies has also resulted in a ‘disorderly’ transition and has broken the link between the financial incentives for decarbonisation activities and the physical needs of the electricity system. We evaluate the various options for correcting this by introducing a stable, long-term climate change policy that integrates efficiently with electricity policy objectives. By applying a broad assessment framework, we are able to establish that a market mechanism aimed at pricing the externality implied by an independently set carbon budget is the most efficient policy response.

Australian Climate Change Policy – Where To From Here?

Over the past decade, Australia's approach to climate change policy could be described as erratic. In 2007, both major political parties announced support for a domestic emissions trading scheme (ETS) but bipartisan agreement evaporated in 2009. An ETS was established in 2011 but then repealed in 2014. The Commonwealth Government has subsequently introduced a “Direct Action” climate change policy, but there is little political agreement about the best long‐term policy approach. This is unfortunate given climate science is indicating that relatively significant cuts to emissions may be required to avoid “dangerous climate change.” This article provides some insights for future Australian climate change policy suggested by an analysis of the realities of electricity generation costs, international policy settings and Australian policy history. Enlightened and effective policy cannot ignore how comparative generation costs affect incentives to replace existing assets and how different policy instruments impact on electricity prices. As a significant exporter of emitting fuels, Australia would also be wise to consider how to manage the economic risks of reduced international demand for these fuels in the absence of technological development that eliminates externality costs. Such consideration could be focused on both reductions in domestic emissions and Australia's strategic negotiating position ahead of international climate change mitigation negotiations in late 2015.

Australian climate change policy—where to from here?

In the past decade, Australia’s approach to climate change policy has been erratic. Both major political parties announced support for a domestic emissions trading scheme (ETS) in 2007, but bipartisan agreement evaporated in 2009. An ETS was established in 2011, but was repealed in 2014. The Commonwealth Government has subsequently introduced a Direct Action climate change policy. There is absence of bipartisan agreement about the best long-term policy approach. This extended abstract provides some insights for future Australian climate change policy using the lessons provided from previous policies and international experience. Strategically, Australia would be well placed to consider how best to manage the risks associated with potential substitution of coal and gas in power generation globally, given the strategic importance of these export industries for Australia.

Contrasting perspectives on barriers to adaptation in Australian climate change policy

Barriers to adaptation have emerged as key concerns in climate change theory and practice, however there remains little consensus about which barriers are the most significant to different groups and how competing concerns may be addressed. We investigate the significance of different barriers to adaptation for governments, the private sector, and civil society in Australia through a systematic analysis of submissions to the Australian Productivity Commission’s inquiry into barriers to adaptation. Our results show that respondents prioritise barriers differently according to their respective sectors, and that there are competing concerns about which barriers should be addressed first. Nevertheless, some barriers are more persistent in the submissions than others, with governance and policy seen by most groups as being the major impediments to adaptation. We explain the implications of our analysis for adaptation politics and policy.

Revisiting … Discourse Coalitions and the Australian Climate Change Policy Network

Revisiting … Discourse Coalitions and the Australian Climate Change Policy Network

Greenhouse Gas Balance of Native Forests in New South Wales, Australia

To quantify the climate change impacts of forestry and forest management options, we must consider the entire forestry system: the carbon dynamics of the forest, the life cycle of harvested wood products, and the substitution benefit of using biomass and wood products compared to more greenhouse gas intensive options. This paper presents modelled estimates of the greenhouse gas balance of two key native forest areas managed for production in New South Wales for a period of 200 years, and compares it to the option of managing for conservation only. These two case studies show that forests managed for production provide the greatest ongoing greenhouse gas benefits, with long-term carbon storage in products, and product substitution benefits critical to the outcome. Thus native forests could play a significant part in climate change mitigation, particularly when sustainably managed for production of wood and non-wood products including biomass for bioenergy. The potential role of production forestry in mitigating climate change, though substantial, has been largely overlooked in recent Australian climate change policy.

Reply to Quiggin and Robson

A reply is presented to Alex Robson's opinion on the uncertain benefits of emissions reductions to Australia, and John Quiggin's support of the Kyoto Protocol. It is suggested that a clear economic framework is necessary for reducing emissions in Australia, and also that Australian climate change policy should be in line with the global one which has moved beyond the obsolete Kyoto Protocol.

Discourse Coalitions and the Australian Climate Change Policy Network

Ever since the agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, climate change has become the most prominent global environmental issue on domestic political agendas. The author examines how a policy-network approach can contribute to the analysis of domestic climate change responses. Consideration is given to the role of advocacy coalitions and discourse coalitions within policy networks. It is argued that the discourse-coalition approach offers a useful explanation of the processes of coalition formation, interaction, and policy learning. Although it cannot alone explain the outcomes of the policy process, its emphasis on the dynamics of meaning, legitimacy, and knowledge as an essential part of policymaking can usefully be incorporated into an analysis of policy networks.