Australian Cedar Research Articles

Numerical study of cross-laminated timber beams using Hill’s yield criterion.

The computer simulation of wood-based products poses a challenge for professionals in the area, as it is a material with anisotropy, whose properties vary according to the species. Among the wood-based composites is CLT (Cross- laminated Timber), manufactured with lamellae arranged in crossed layers and generally used as an element of walls, slabs and floors. The aim of this work was to analyze the stress distribution in numerical models of CLT beams subjected to three-point bending. Three types of constitutive models were evaluated: the linear isotropic; linear orthotropic; and orthotropic with physical nonlinearities, which is obtained with bilinear curves by Hill’s yield criterion. The validation of the numerical models was performed from the experimental load-deflection curves of CLT beams made with Eucalyptus grandis and Toona ciliata (Australian Cedar) loaded until failure. For the simulations, the ANSYS software was used, and the constitutive values of the models were determined from the properties of each lamella. It was concluded that the orthotropic model with physical nonlinearity was closer to the experimental results due to the plastic deformation of the beam. The highest values of von Mises stresses were concentrated at the supports and at the point of application of the load for the Australian Cedar beam, while the stresses were higher in the inner layer of the Eucalyptus beam, due to the rolling shear effect. From the numerical simulation, it was possible to justify the failure modes obtained experimentally.

En busca de un enfoque preventivo para el manejo del barrenador de las meliáceas (Hypsipyla grandella)

Se sintetizan las experiencias del autor y colaboradores en la búsqueda de métodos preventivos para lidiar con Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Enmarcados en la noción del manejo integrado de plagas (MIP), incluyen el injerto de Cedrela odorata sobre un patrón resistente de cedro australiano (Toona ciliata var. australis); la estructuración de plantaciones ecológicamente robustas, basadas en la diversificación de la vegetación y el control biológico natural; el diseño de un sistema de predicción del riesgo; el abatimiento precoz de la población, usando trampas con feromonas; la evitación mediante la repelencia de adultos o la fagodisuasión de larvas; y la mortalidad de larvas por toxicidad o disrupción de su crecimiento.

Soil attributes and coffee yield in an agroforestry system

Coffee growing in an agroforestry system may provide improvements in soil chemical and physical attributes, increase crop yield and diversify production. However, there are few studies on coffee growing intercropped with high quality wood-producing species such as African mahogany, teak and Australian cedar. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in an agroforestry system, the effect of coffee intercropping with tree species and the density of these species on chemical and physical soil attributes and on coffee yield. The experiment was carried out in Santo Antonio do Amparo, MG, and ‘Catucai’ coffee was used in a 3.4x0.7m spacing. A randomized block design with split plots was used, with one additional treatment and 4 replications. The treatments consisted, in the plot, of three tree forest species: Australian cedar, teak and African mahogany, used intercropped with coffee; and, in the subplots, two densities of these forest species: 82 plants ha-1 (13.6 m between rows and 9 m between plants) and 41 plants ha-1 (13.6 m between rows and 18 m between plants). The additional treatment consisted of conventional coffee growing under full sun. 64 months after the experiment was set, when the forest species were still under development, soil samples were taken at a depth of 0 to 0.1 m to determine the following chemical attributes: pH in H2O, potential acidity, organic matter content, P-Mehlich, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and base saturation (V%); and physical soil attributes: bulk density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity. Soil temperature at 0.05 m depth and coffee yield were also evaluated. Chemical and physical attributes, besides soil temperature, are similarly influenced with the cultivation of Australian cedar, teak and African mahogany, intercropped with coffee, in both densities, 82 and 41 plants ha-1, after 5 years of implementation of the agroforestry system. Coffee cultivation in agroforestry system with Australian cedar, teak and African mahogany increases the organic matter and P content of the soil, but acidifies the soil and does not influence its physical attributes. The agroforestry system with teak and African mahogany increases coffee yield. Key words: Coffea arabica; Intercropping; Shading; Soil fertility.

VARIAÇÃO DOS MÓDULOS DE ELASTICIDADE E RUPTURA EM MADEIRA DE CEDRO-AUSTRALIANO POR MEIO DE ENSAIOS NÃO DESTRUTIVO E DESTRUTIVO

O módulo de elasticidade é uma propriedade mecânica importante no dimensionamento de projetos de estruturas de madeira, logo, a obtenção por meio de diversos métodos necessita ser analisada. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de técnicas não destrutiva e destrutiva para determinar o módulo de elasticidade longitudinal aparente, levando em conta a relação vão/altura (L/h), e verificar a influência do cisalhamento no módulo de elasticidade, por meio da comparação de ensaios não destrutivos com ensaios de flexão estática. A madeira utilizada no trabalho foi de Toona ciliata M. Roemer (cedro-australiano). Os ensaios não destrutivos foram realizados por meio das técnicas de vibração transversal livre e longitudinal. Concluiu-se que o ensaio de vibração longitudinal é o método mais adequado para obtenção do módulo de elasticidade longitudinal aparente (MOEa,l), pois os esforços cortantes que ocorrem devido às tensões de cisalhamento não influenciaram significativamente na obtenção do (MOEa,l), considerando a variação da relação L/h. Também foi possível concluir que, a relação L/h, atualmente igual a 21 na ABNT NBR 7190 (1997), pode ser reduzida para 20, quando da determinação dos módulos de elasticidade longitudinal aparente e módulo de ruptura por meio do ensaio de flexão estática e vibração transversal livre.

First report of Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on African mahogany Khaya ivorensis

The mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella Zeller is an important economic pest in all American tropical forests, because it prevents monoculture of valuable timber trees species like mahogany and cedar. The shoot borer damages several tree structures, especially the apical shoots, impairing the formation of the commercial stem. This pest can attack the plants during the year and one larva per plant is enough to cause significant damage. In infested areas, the attack can reach up to 100 % of the trees. The Australian cedar and African mahogany have been cultivated in Brazil for timber production, because they are considered resistant to H. grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) attack. However, in this work we report for the first time the H. grandella attack to African mahogany Khaya ivorensis.

Effects of paclobutrazol on leaf anatomy and gas exchange of Toona ciliata clones

ABSTRACTInterest in Australian cedar (Toona ciliata M. Roemer var. australis) has increased due to its economic potential as an alternative to the use of native hardwood, and because of its resistance to the Hypsipyla grandella moth, which affects native cedars. The use of growth regulators such as paclobutrazol (PBZ) in the planting of T. ciliata is aimed mostly at obtaining seedlings with greater resistance to H. grandella and a desirable height for handling. However, this growth regulator tends to induce modifications to both leaf anatomy and photosynthetic potential. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrations of PBZ on the leaf anatomy and gas exchange pattern in different T. ciliata clones. Seedlings from four T. ciliata clones (BV1110, BV1321, BV1120 and BV1151) were propagated by rooting cuttings and exposed to four concentrations of PBZ (0 μM, 0.5 μM, 1.0 μM and 2.0 μM), then the anatomy of the leaf blade and midrib vascular bundles and parameters related to gas exchange were analysed. Clones were significantly different for most of the characteristics studied. PBZ showed an effect only on the thickness of the palisade and spongy parenchyma. There was no effect of PBZ on gas exchange, but higher concentrations of PBZ induced thicker leaflets with scleromorphic characteristics.

General and silvicultura aspects of Cordia americana, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Toona ciliata e Khaya spp

Brazil has a great diversity of forest species; however, the stands contain mostly species of Eucalyptus and Pinus. Faced with this, the present study is based on the analysis of the characteristics of native species with high potential and innovative character of timber species for cultivation. The Australian cedar (Toona ciliata) and African mahogany (Khaya spp.) are important species, mainly benefiting in reducing the exploitation of native forests remaining in the country. However, the species of (Cordia Americana) and (Aspidosperma polyneuron) show great potential yet to be explored, both in releasing commercial plantations and their proper use, that meets sustainability requirements.

Growth and development of cedar Australian in different doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

The Australian cedar is a forest species of Meliaceae family with great potential for the production of hardwood. Studies related to fertilization and nutrition of this species are still incipient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and early development of the Australian cedar at different levels of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) in a cerrado Oxisol. In this sense, the experiment was developed at IFMG - Campus Bambui. The experimental design was randomized blocks, using five treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of doses corresponding to 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the recommendation for Eucalyptus. The best growth and development of Australian cedar, at 180 days after planting, was obtained when applied doses of 45 kg ha -1 N, 135 kg ha -1 P 2 O 5 and 67.5 kg ha -1 K 2 O.

Growth and quality of australian cedar saplings originated from different multiclonal minigarden systems

Forestry researchers often evaluate minicutting vegetative propagation of Australian cedar (Toona ciliata) as a viable technique for this species. However, the adoption of minigarden systems for commercial propagation still requires viability and quality testing of saplings produced after multiple harvests. In the present work, we evaluate survival, growth, and quality of Australian cedar saplings grown from minicuttings originating from multiple harvests of ministumps planted in gutter or tube systems. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial treatment structure (two minigarden systems and four minicutting harvests). For the gutter system, six minicutting harvests were performed 50, 86, 115, 149, 177 and 212 days after planting ministumps, whereas for the tube system, four harvests were performed 115, 149, 177 and 212 days after planting ministumps. At the end of each sapling production cycle (105 days after each minicutting harvest), saplings were evaluated for survival, foliar area, dry mass of aerial parts, number and length of adventitious roots, dry mass of the root system, height to diameter ratio, ratio between the dry mass of aerial parts and dry mass of root system, and Dickson’s Quality Index. Sapling survival was not affected by minigarden system, except for a reduction observed in fourth cycle saplings from the tube system. Sapling quality was also similar between systems. However, sapling growth potential decreased with production cycle, indicating that ministumps lose vigor with multiple harvests.

Microclimate and development of Coffea canephora cv. Conilon under different shading levels promoted by Australian cedar (Toona ciliata M. Roem. var. Australis)

Coffee growers are searching for more sustainable production systems. Shaded cultivation is presented as a management option to attenuate coffee environmental stresses. This work aims at to evaluate the microclimate and coffee plant (Coffea canephora cv. Conilon Clone 02) development under different shading levels promoted by the intercropping with Australian cedar (Toona ciliata M. Roem. var. Australis) or under unshaded conditions. Australian cedar and Conilon coffee were planted in 15 × 2m and 3 x 1.2 m spacing, respectively, resulting in five rows of coffee to one row of Australian cedar. The closer the coffee rows were in relation to the Australian cedar trees the higher shade level was obtained. Climatic variables (temperature, irradiance and relative humidity) and leaf areas were evaluated over four seasons, and the internode lengths of plagiotropic and orthotropic branches were evaluated monthly. The 2013yield was also measured. There was a decrease in both the irradiance and temperature and an increase in the relative humidity at all times under shaded cultivation (closer to the Australian cedar row). The highest growth of plagiotropic and orthotropic branches and leaf expansion were found under shaded cultivation; however, the number of nodes per branch and the yields were similar among treatments. Growing Conilon coffee intercropped with Australian cedar showed a good yield potential.

ROOT MORPHOLOGY AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE KINETICS BY AUSTRALIAN CEDAR CLONES

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of root morphology and kinetic parameters assist in the characterization of genotypes in nutrient uptake efficiency. This study characterized Australian cedar clones concerning their nutrient uptake capacity at the seedling stage through root morphology and the kinetics of P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake. The experiment was conducted using a nutrient solution in a greenhouse and growth chamber. Four Australian cedar clones (HE, XF, XD, and XE), provided by Bela Forest View (Empresa Florestal Bela Vista), were tested using a completely randomized design with five repetitions, totaling 20 experimental plots. The length, volume, surface area, average diameter, and root length per diameter class, as well as the uptake parameters Vmax, Km, Cmin, and the estimated inflow of P, K, Ca, and Mg, were determined. The root morphological characteristics varied between Australian cedar clones; clone XD exhibited the largest root system development. The uptake efficiency of P, K, Ca, and Mg varied between cedar Australian clones. When availability differed, clones XE and XF exhibited greater plasticity in the uptake of P and K respectively, and similar results were found for clone HE in the uptake of Ca and Mg.

INFLUÊNCIA DA SATURAÇÃO POR BASES NA QUALIDADE E CRESCIMENTO DE MUDAS DE CEDRO-AUSTRALIANO (<i>Toona ciliata</i> M. Roem var.<i> australis</i>)

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509817462O cedro-australiano (Toona ciliata M. Roem var. australis) é uma espécie promissora para plantios comerciais em função da qualidade e ampla utilização da sua madeira e de seu alto retorno financeiro em um pequeno espaço de tempo. No entanto, são escassas as informações sobre o comportamento desta espécie em relação à acidez do solo. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a influência de diferentes níveis de saturação por bases sobre o crescimento e a qualidade de mudas de cedro-australiano. A saturação por bases do substrato foi elevada para 21,3; 33,2; 47,9; 60,4 e 70,0%, através da adição de diferentes doses de calcário com teor de 12% MgO e 50% CaO (PRNT 95%) em vasos com capacidade para 3,5 dm3 que continham Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico. Aos 120 dias após o transplantio foram obtidos: altura, diâmetro do coleto, matéria seca das raízes, parte aérea e total. Determinou-se, também, as relações altura/diâmetro do coleto, altura/matéria seca da parte aérea, matéria seca da parte aérea/matéria seca de raiz e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. As mudas de cedro-australiano respondem positivamente à elevação da saturação por bases. As respostas positivas das variáveis morfológicas analisadas apontam para a necessidade de se fazer a correção da acidez do solo elevando o nível de saturação por bases para 50%, no intuito de maximizar a produtividade da cultura.

TOLERÂNCIA DE PLANTAS DE Khaya ivorensis E Toona ciliata A HERBICIDAS

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar a tolerância de plantas mogno-africano (Khaya ivorensis) e cedro-australiano (Toona ciliata var. australis) a herbicidas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Tratamentos: i) testemunha sem aplicação, ii) imazapyr (25 g i.a. ha-1), iii) oxyfluorfen (360 g i.a. ha-1), iv) oxyfluorfen (720 g i.a. ha-1), v) isoxaflutole (75 g i.a. ha-1), vi) isoxaflutole (112,5 g i.a. ha-1), vii) chlorimuron-ethyl (7,5 g i.a. ha-1) + 0,05% v/v de óleo mineral, viii) chlorimuron-ethyl (12,5 g i.a. ha-1) + 0,05% v/v de óleo mineral, ix) imazethapyr (100 g i.a. ha-1) e x) nicosulfuron (40 g i.a. ha-1). Para o mogno africano, os herbicidas imazapyr (25 g i.a. ha-1), oxyfluorfen (360 g i.a. ha-1) e chlorimuron-ethyl (7,5 e 12,5 g i.a. ha-1) proporcionaram sintomas leves de fitotoxicidade. O oxyfluorfen (720 g i.a. ha-1), o imazethapyr e o nicosulfuron foram moderadamente fitotóxicos e o isoxaflutole (75 e 112,5 g i.a. ha-1) foi o herbicida mais fitotóxico. Para o cedro australiano, o herbicida imazapyr (25 g i.a. ha-1) proporcionou os menores níveis de injúria. O oxyfluorfen, o isoxaflutole, o chlorimuron-ethyl, o imazethapyr e o nicosulfuron proporcionaram altos níveis de fitotoxicidade.Palavras-chave: Mogno africano; cedro australiano; plantas daninhas; seletividade. AbstractTolerance of Khaya ivorensis and Toona ciliata to herbicides. We conducted two experiments to evaluate the plant tolerance of African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) and Australian cedar (Toona ciliata var. australis) to herbicides. The experimental arrangement was a completely randomized design, with four replications. The treatments were as follows: i) untreated control, ii) imazapyr (25 g ai ha-1), iii) oxyfluorfen (360 g ai ha-1), iv) oxyfluorfen (720 g ai ha-1), v) isoxaflutole (75g ai ha-1), vi) isoxaflutole (112.5 g ai ha-1), vii) chlorimuron-ethyl (7.5 g ai ha-1) + 0.05% v / v mineral oil, viii) chlorimuron-ethyl (12.5 g ai ha-1) + 0.05% v / v mineral oil, ix) imazethapyr (100 g ai ha-1), and x) nicosulfuron (40 g ai ha-1). For the African mahogany, imazapyr (25 g ai ha-1), oxyfluorfen (360 g ai ha-1) and chlorimuron-ethyl (7.5 and 12.5 g ai ha-1), showed mild symptoms of phytotoxicity. The oxyfluorfen (720 g ai ha-1), imazethapyr and nicosulfuron were moderately phytotoxics, and isoxaflutole (75 and 112.5 g ai ha-1) was the most phytotoxic herbicide. For Australian cedar, imazapyr (25 g ai ha-1) caused low levels of injury. Oxyfluorfen, isoxaflutole, chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron were the most phytotoxic herbicides. Keywords: African mahogany; Australian cedar; weeds; selectivity.

EFEITO DE TELAS DE SOMBREAMENTO NO CRESCIMENTO E PROTEÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Toona ciliata SOB BAIXAS TEMPERATURAS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes camadas de telas de sombreamento no crescimento e na proteção de mudas de Toona ciliata em períodos de suscetibilidade a geadas. O estudo foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Frederico Westphalen, RS. Para a realização do experimento, mudas de Toona ciliata foram mantidas em sacos plásticos com capacidade de três litros e submetidas a quatro tratamentos: mudas sem proteção e mudas sob proteção com camada simples, dupla e tripla de sombreamento. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de oito mudas por repetição. Foi avaliado o número de mudas com folhas apicais necrosadas, a altura da parte aérea, o diâmetro do colo e a massa seca radicular, aérea e total. Por meio dessas variáveis, foi possível determinar o Índice de Produtividade, o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson e as relações altura/diâmetro e altura/massa seca da parte aérea. A utilização de telas de sombreamento mostrou-se eficiente para a proteção das mudas contra o efeito adverso da geada. O uso de uma camada simples de sombreamento resultou em maior proteção e consequentemente forneceu as melhores características dendrométricas em relação às demais intensidades de sombreamento.Palavras-chave: Tela de proteção; tolerância à geada; cedro australiano. AbstractEffect of shading screens on growth and protection of Toona ciliata seedlings under low temperatures. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of different shading screens layers on the growth and protection of Toona ciliata seedlings in periods of frost susceptibility. The research was conducted on the Santa Maria Federal University, Frederico Westphalen Campus, RS. For the experiment, Toona ciliata seedlings maintained in plastic bags with three liters of capacity each were submitted to four treatments: unprotected seedlings, seedlings under protection with a single shading layer, double and triple. The experimental design was the completely randomized, with four repetitions of eight seedlings each. It was evaluated the number of seedlings with necrosed apical leaves, the aerial part height, the lap diameter and the dry mass of root, aerial and total. By such variables, it was possible to determine the Produtivity Index, the Dickson Quality Index and the relations height/diameter and height/dry mass of aerial part. The use of shading screens showed up efficient to protect the seedlings against the adverse effect of frost. The use of a single layer of shading resulted in a greater protection and consequently provided the best dendrometric characteristics, compared to the others levels of shading.Keywords: Screen protection; tolerance to frost; Australian cedar.

Edaphic fauna in wooded systems of conilon coffee in coastal tableland soil

The Espirito Santo is the biggest Brazilian producer of coffee conilon, highlighting the predominance of monocultures in the northern region. Some farmers insert tree species in plantations, modifying the soil and climate conditions of the agroecosystems. However, studies on the effect of this practice in relation to soil fauna are still incipient. The objective of this work was study the effect of forestation in conilon coffee plantations on meso-and macrofauna of the soil in the northern of Espirito Santo state. In the rainy and dry seasons, the meso-and macrofauna was sampled using pitfall traps installed in three coffee plants agroecosystems: monoculture, intercropped with Australian cedar (Toona ciliata M. Romer), and intercropped with teak (Tectona grandis L. f.). Subsequently the organisms of fauna were identified in major taxonomic groups. We collected a total of 10,451 invertebrates on the soil surface, belonging to 20 taxonomic groups, mostly during the rainy season. Regardless of the period and system, Collembola and Formicidae were the predominant groups on the soil surface. The richness of taxonomic groups was higher during the dry season in all agroecosystems. In the rainy season, the Shannon diversity index (H’) and Uniformity index (U) were higher (p <0.10) in consortium with cedar compared to other systems, with values of 0.45 and 0.68, respectively. The forestation of coffee plantation with Australian cedar provides greater availability of resources (feeding and habitat, for example) to soil fauna, being less vulnerable to seasonal climate changes.

Agroecological Transition of Conilon Coffee (Coffea canephora) Agroforestry Systems in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Coffee is a very important product in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, and most of it is planted as unshaded coffee monocultures, with few growers managing shaded coffee agroforestry systems (AFS). To analyze the opportunities and challenges associated with coffee agroforestry management, we conducted 58 semistructured interviews with coffee growers. In addition, we conducted a field investigation that tested production of Coffea canephora with the shade trees Australian Cedar (Toona ciliata), Jequitibá (Cariniana legalis), and Teak (Tectona grandis). Of the 58 interviewed farmers, 64% (37) were satisfied with the AFS. One of the main factors that caused satisfaction was obtaining income from sources other than coffee. Unsatisfied farmers mentioned the competition between shade trees and coffee shrubs. Cedar was the shade tree that grew most and reduced coffee production, while the combination with Jequitibá maintained more stable yields. We conclude that the higher the growth rate of trees, the higher the negative impact on the coffee production in the study areas.

Enraizamento de miniestacas e produtividade de minicepas de cedro australiano manejadas em canaletões e tubetes

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050987552Os povoamentos florestais plantados buscam atender à demanda crescente por madeira, principalmente, para as indústrias de serraria e de laminação, que utilizavam madeira exclusivamente de matas nativas. O cedro australiano (Toona ciliata), pertencente à família Meliaceae, é uma das espécies de interesse desse setor. Pela necessidade cada vez maior por mudas de alta qualidade, estudos sobre propagação de cedro australiano têm sido realizados nos últimos anos, principalmente envolvendo o uso da miniestaquia. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o enraizamento e a capacidade produtiva das minicepas de cedro australiano, manejadas em sistemas de canaletões e em tubetes de 180 cm3. Assim, estabeleceram-se dois minijardins de minicepas formadas a partir de mudas recepadas, produzidas por sementes. Nestes dois sistemas, foram realizadas coletas sucessivas de brotações para confecção de miniestacas, que permaneceram por 30 dias no setor de enraizamento, em câmara com nebulização intermitente. Após este período, foram avaliadas as características do enraizamento das mudas originadas nos dois sistemas de minijardins testados, que foram conduzidos por sete meses e, durante este período, foram realizadas seis coletas no minijardim de canaletão e quatro, no de tubetes. As minicepas dos dois sistemas apresentam 100 % de sobrevivência. Ao final do período observou-se tendência no aumento do número médio de miniestacas em ambos os sistemas. As minicepas do sistema de minijardim em canaletão são mais produtivas que as do sistema conduzido em tubetes. As mudas originadas de miniestacas do sistema de tubetes apresentam maior número e comprimento de raízes adventícias na expedição do setor de enraizamento.

Influência da posição das miniestacas na qualidade de mudas de cedro australiano e no seu desempenho inicial no pós-plantio

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050987553O cedro australiano, originário da Austrália, adaptou-se muito bem no Brasil, que apresenta condições adequadas para o seu desenvolvimento, sobretudo no sul da Bahia e em toda a região sudeste. Porém, os plantios são irregulares e as sementes são insumo limitante, por sua sazonalidade de oferta e curta viabilidade. A finalidade deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade das mudas obtidas de miniestacas apicais, intermediárias e basais com 6 cm de comprimento oriundas de brotos de minicepas de Toona ciliata cultivadas em minijardim multiclonal em canaletões e o crescimento inicial das mudas no pós-plantio. Foi implantado um minijardim multiclonal em canaletões, contendo um total de 284 minicepas. A partir da parte aérea das mudas recepadas para formação das minicepas, foram produzidas miniestacas de diferentes posições. Na expedição do setor de enraizamento foram coletados dados de massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, comprimento, diâmetro, número de raízes adventícias e sobrevivência. A altura e diâmetro das mudas foram monitorados quinzenalmente, a partir de 80 dias, após o estaqueamento. Ao final do ciclo de produção, as mudas foram avaliadas com relação à massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, número, diâmetro e comprimento das raízes. Para avaliar as mudas após o plantio, 30 % das mudas foram transferidas para vasos de 3,8 L, onde foram avaliadas em altura e diâmetro do colo e, aos 60 dias, em massa seca do caule, folhas e raízes. As mudas provenientes das miniestacas basais, na expedição da fase de enraizamento, apresentaram os maiores valores de altura e diâmetro, não se diferenciando das intermediárias com relação ao diâmetro do colo. Não houve diferenças com relação à massa seca da parte aérea e número, massa seca, comprimento total e diâmetro das raízes adventícias das mudas em função do tipo de miniestacas. Após a transferência das mudas para a casa de vegetação, a sobrevivência foi alta, com média de 94,7 % para apicais, 96,3 % para intermediárias e 96,6 % para basais. Aos 60 dias após o plantio, apesar das diferenças observadas no diâmetro e altura das mudas ao final da fase de viveiro, não houve diferença no crescimento em altura, diâmetro e massa seca do caule, folhas e sistema radicular, em função dos tratamentos.

Biossólido como substrato para produção de mudas de Toona ciliata var. australis

O êxito de plantios florestais não está ligado unicamente à espécie utilizada, mas depende diretamente do tipo de recipiente, da qualidade das sementes e do substrato utilizado. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do biossólido como substrato na produção de mudas de cedro-australiano (Toona ciliata). O experimento foi realizado em casa de sombra do Viveiro Florestal/CCA/UFES. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, sendo constituído de seis tratamentos contendo biossólido, em proporções decrescentes, associado com terra de subsolo e dois tratamentos sem o uso de biossólido (esterco bovino + terra de subsolo e substrato comercial, respectivamente), com oito repetições. No geral, os melhores resultados para as características morfológicas analisadas foram obtidos com a utilização de 100 a 70% de biossólido na composição do substrato. Portanto, o biossólido pode ser considerado adequado para o crescimento de mudas de Toona ciliata o que demonstra uma alternativa viável de disposição final desse resíduo.

Efeito do volume de tubetes na produção de mudas de Calophyllum brasiliense e Toona ciliata

A demanda por informações silviculturais de espécies florestais alternativas para reflorestamentos com fins econômicos, entre as quais incluem os métodos de produção de mudas, tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a influência de volumes de tubetes, com dimensões de 115, 180 e de 280 cm³, no crescimento de mudas de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.) e cedro-australiano (Toona ciliata M. Roem. var. australis (F. Muell.) Bahadur). O substrato utilizado foi composto por uma mistura de 80% de substrato comercial e 20% de argila. Foram avaliados o diâmetro de colo e a altura das mudas aos 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após a repicagem. Nessa última ocasião, determinou-se também o peso de massa seca da parte aérea, do sistema radicular e total, bem como o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson. Houve efeito do volume do tubete sobre as características das mudas, sendo o cedro-australiano a espécie mais responsiva. Conclui-se que para o guanandi o tubete mais indicado é o de 180 cm³ e para o cedro-australiano, o de 280 cm³.