Auditory Reaction Time Test Research Articles

Investigation of Visual and Auditory Reaction Times of Elite and Non-Elite Field Hockey Athletes

The aim of this study is to examine the visual and auditory reaction times of elite and non-elite hockey players. Between the ages of 19-29 33 elite male hockey players who selected to U21 national team of Türkiye and 37 non-elite hockey players who playing in the hockey super league and 1. league as a volunteer in the study. In the laboratory where age, height, body weight measurements and appropriate environmental and environmental conditions are provided to the groups. Firstly, the auditory reaction test was applied to the athletes, and then the visual reaction test was applied. Measurements were applied with online computerized programs (for visual reaction, www.humanbenchmark.com; for auditory reaction, www.cognitivefun.net).When statistical analysis of data is done; A significant difference was found in favor of non-elite athletes in the visual reaction test (p<0.05). In the auditory reaction test, a significant difference was found in favor of elite athletes (p<0.05). Consequently, a significant difference in favor of non-elite athletes in the visual reaction time test indicate that visual reaction time of non-elite athletes is better than elite athletes. a significant difference in favor of elite athletes in the auditory reaction time test indicate that auditory reaction time of elite athletes is better than non-elite athletes. In addition, it was concluded that the auditory reaction times of the elite and non-elite hockey players were better than the visual reaction times.

The Comparison of Reaction Times in Competing Karate Athletes

The aim of the research is to compare the reaction times of kata and kumite athletes participating in national and international competitions in karate. A total of 108 male competitive athletes, including 40 kata competition athletes between the ages of 18-32 and 68 kumite competition athletes between the ages of 18-29, participated in the research voluntarily. In the research, some physical characteristics of kata and kumite athletes and right-left hand visual and right-left hand auditory reaction time tests were performed. T-Test was applied to determine the difference between groups at the α=0.05 significance level in all independent groups. A statistically significant difference was detected in training age, height and right hand visual reactions (p<0.05) among male kata and kumite athletes participating in the competitions. It can be said that these differences are due to the differences in kata and kumite training methods.

Detectıon of vısual-audıtory reactıon rates ın ındıvıduals wıth type 2 dıabetes mellıtus

AIM: The primary purpose of our study was to understand the damage in the peripheral nerves of patients with diabetes and to determine the change in patients’ reaction rates and perceptions by the age groups, duration of diabetes, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c values, and compare these with those of the healthy individuals.METHODS: This study was carried out at the Baskent University Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic. A total of 64 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and 64 healthy controls were included in the study. Finger tapping, visual, and auditory reaction time tests were performed on the subjects, respectively. The subjects’ fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels, and the duration of their diabetes were recorded. Analyses were performed using the SPSS version 25. Differences were considered statistically significant when the p-value is <0.05.RESULTS: It was observed that the participants in the control group between the ages of 18-34 showed a faster reaction in all tests (p=0.01), but the difference in reaction rates in both groups decreased as the age increased. There were positive correlations between the duration of type 2 diabetes and the visual and auditory examination results (r= 0.69, p<0.05, r=0.52, p<0.05, respectively). There was also a positive correlation between the HbA1c (%) and the visual (r=0.97, p<0.05) examination results.CONCLUSIONS: As the patients’ HbA1c levels and the time spent with type 2 diabetes increased, their reaction rate and perception skills decreased. Especially in the early stages of the disease, cognitive decline was observed to be rapid. It is thought that early diabetic control is significant.

Comparison of Reaction Time, Manual Dexterity, and Working Memory Levels of Adolescent Video Game Players and Non-Players

Objective: This study aims to examine differences between adolescent video game players and non-players in terms of their reaction time, manual dexterity, and working memory levels. Methods: The sample of the study, which has a comparative cross-sectional design type, consists of 432 adolescents at the grades between 9 and 12. Non-video game players, and video game players were subjected to simple visual and auditory reaction time tests, manual dexterity tests, matrix, and digit span working memory test. Results: Compared to non-video game players, video game players were found to have shorter visual and auditory reaction times. Also, several motor dexterity subtest skills of video game players were found to be lower, while working memory did not differ between the two groups. Conclusion: Our findings support the idea that playing video games seem to improve some aspects of cognitive and motor skills but reduce several other aspects.

A comparative study of auditory reaction between normal and hypothyroid patients before and after the treatment

Background: One of the most common endocrine disease is hypothyroidism which is usually associated with mental retardation, lack of concentration, motor dysfunction, memory deficits, visual, and hearing impairment. These symptoms suggest the involvement of nervous system, where the processing efficiency and sensory motor association is affected, which can be assessed by reaction time. Aims and Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the auditory reaction time in controls, newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients and in hypothyroid patients after attaining euthyroid status. Materials and Methods: Auditory reaction time was recorded from 35 subjects from general population, who formed the control group and 35 newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients who were selected from OBG and Medicine department, RRMCH, Bangalore. These patients were followed up and reaction time recording was repeated after they attained euthyroid status. Results: Statistically significant increase in ART values was observed in newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients compared to controls. The values were significantly reduced in hypothyroid patients after the treatment on attaining euthyroid status. There was no significant difference in both ART values between controls and hypothyroid patients after the treatment on attaining euthyroid status. Conclusion: The present study showed a significantly prolonged auditory reaction time in hypothyroid patients which improved with treatment. We also demonstrated a positive correlation between ART and thyroid stimulating hormone levels. Hence, we conclude that auditory reaction time tests could be added to the routine thyroid dysfunction tests to know the early recognition of the neuronal involvement, prompt treatment, and assess prognosis of hypothyroid patients.

Auditory, Visual and Postural Reaction Time Among Middle Aged Type 2 Diabetics and Healthy Individuals – A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Study aims to compare Auditory, Visual and Postural RT among middle aged type 2 diabetics and healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: A Cross-Sectional Study which included 200 Participants that met inclusion and exclusion criteria, were divided into 2 groups. Diabetic group included 100 participants who were clinically diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes and healthy group insldued 100 healthy participants. Both the groups performed Auditory Reaction Time test (ART) and Visual reaction time test (VRT) using Inquisit 4.0 computer software, Ruler drop test (RDT), Wobble Board (WB) Test and Timed up and go test (TUGT) was performed. Results: Statistical analysis (independent sample T-test) revealed a significant delay in VRT (P-value= 0.001), ART (P-value= 0.001), Wobble Board Test (P-value= 0.001) and TUGT (P value= 0.001) among diabetic group compared to healthy group. There is no significant difference in Ruler drop test (P-value= 0.919) among both the groups. Conclusion: There was is a significant delay in RT among middle aged type 2 diabetic participants when compared to healthy participants. This is associated with reduced sensory stimuli from various systems and resulting in late response in diabetic group.

Unique Medium Chain Triglyceride Product Rapidly Enhances Brain Function: A Pilot Investigational Study

PURPOSE: Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT) compounds are purported to increase brain energy based upon the relationship between MCT products and ketone production, especially for older individuals or those on low-carbohydrate diets. Little evidence exists that MCT products positively affect brain function, short-term. In this pilot study, Intervention Group (IG )subjects were tested prior to ingestion of a proprietary MCT product, and then 90 minutes later using the same electro-encephalographic (EEG) device and compared to a control group (CG). METHODS: Eight (8) IG volunteers, aged 49-68 years old, (male = 5, female =3) were compared to three (3) CG volunteers, aged 48 to 68 years old, (male = 3). Study subjects completed standard EEG testing prior to ingestion of the compound, and 90 minutes after consuming the compound or placebo. Testing consisted of a P300 audio reaction time test and two visual decision making/reaction tests. RESULTS: The IG increased brain function as measured with evoke potentials, time to task and graphic representations compared to the control group. The decrease for the IG in the audio reaction time test was 340 milliseconds to 314 milliseconds. In addition, the tens of millivolt (μV) activation during the auditory reaction time test increased from 7.5 μV to 12.9 μV, indicating increased brain functional activity. The CG showed essentially no voltage changes. The IG decreased times in the first trail making test from 94 to 57 seconds, and decreased time to complete the second trail making test from 113 to 93 seconds. Descriptive statistics revealed the measures for the IG had statistical significance (P<0.5) for the second trail making test and strong positive trends for all other parameters. Topographic brain maps from the test revealed a representative picture of the changes from taking the supplement. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, consumption of a proprietary MCT combination produced marked enhancement in brain activity 90 minutes after ingestion with significant increases in relation to topographical brain maps. Further investigation is warranted to determine optimal ingestion conditions and time to effect for this and similar products across various populations. EEG measurements show promise as assessment biomarkers for the effects of nutritional supplements on brain function.

Comparison between auditory and visual simple reaction times and its relationship with gender in 1st year MBBS students of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur, Bihar

Objective: This study was to find out whether the simple reaction time was faster for auditory or visual stimulus. And also whether there is any relationship between Reaction time and gender of an individual. Methodology: 32 first year M.B.B.S. students were divided randomly into 2 groups each consisting of 16 male students and 16 female students. Both the groups were performed for the visual and auditory tests. The tests were taken from the Direct RT software program from a laptop. The Direct RT software consists of Test lab visual and Test lab sounds to test the reaction times to visual and auditory stimuli. For each group both the visual and auditory reaction time test were conducted and, the data was taken. The mean reaction time was calculated excluding the first and last values. Results: The results shows that the mean visual reaction time is around 293.37± 13.01 milliseconds as compared to the mean auditory reaction time of around 248.61 ±12.84 milliseconds. The mean visual reaction time is 285.59±12.53 milliseconds in males and 301.15±13.49 milliseconds in females. The mean auditory reaction time is 246.88±14.33 milliseconds in males and 250.35±11.36 milliseconds in females. Conclusion: This shows that the auditory reaction time is faster than the visual reaction time. And also males have faster reaction times when compared to females for both auditory as well as visual stimuli.

P.1.j.025 Sensitivity of the tests measuring information processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Purpose: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are two major psychiatric illnesses that may have pathophysiological common points. Although the relationships between cognitive functions, symptoms and functionality differ for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and remain to be clarified, it’s known that cognitive dysfunction is a good candidate to be a predictor of functioning in both disorders [1]. The importance of the cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders has been substantially increasing, but we still need more sensitive and appropriate assessment tools [2]. Most instruments or tests assess only one domain, representing a single task. This narrow span is useful when examining a specific domain that is heavily impaired. In psychiatric disorders, however, most subjects are only slightly impaired and those tools with low sensitivity lack reliability and sensitivity in determining slight impairments. This study aims to evaluate capabilities of cognitive tests used to evaluate information processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Methods: Thirty-five patients with bipolar disorder (age 34.74+ 8.71 years, m/f: 18/17) and 32 schizophrenia patients (age 39.97+9.43 years, m/f: 23/9) enrolled into the study. Clinical examinations were performed with Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Cognitive evaluations included the Stroop Test (ST), Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span Test, Digit-Symbol Substitution Test (DSS), auditory and visual Reaction Time Test (RT) and Adult Memory and Intelligence Processing Battery (AMIPB). The AMIPB has raw scores and adjusted scores according to motor speed of subjects. The t test and Pearson’s correlation tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: Visual RT, TMT-B, digit span, DSS test and 1, 2, 3 and 5th subtests of the ST did not differ between groups. Auditory RT (p = 0.004), TMT-A (p = 0.024), ST 4 (p = 0.040) tests differed between groups. There was significant difference between groups in all subtests of the AMIPB. Motor (p = 0.001), total raw score (p< 0.001), and adjusted scores (p< 0.001) of the AMIPB-A and total raw score (p = 0.002), motor speed (p = 0.013) and adjusted (p = 0.001) scores differed between groups. The AMIPB showed correlations to all other cognitive measures, both in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder groups with strong significance. Discussion: The AMIPB discriminated the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder groups. These results suggest that among many different tests to measure information processing, the AMIPB is a sensitive test in quality and quantities of speed and accuracy for psychiatric disorders. The battery also include working memory demands, therefore it evaluates different aspects of information processing. Information processing is related to basic components of cognition including working memory and executive functions (judgment, decision making, etc.). Although all other tests include properties of one aspect of basic components of information processing, the AMIPB has interactions with different basic components of cognition. This wealthy of interactions may provide broader portfolio of capabilities and greater sensitivity for the battery. The AMIPB is a highly sensitive and consistent test for information processing evaluations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

The effects of acute bout of cycling on auditory & visual reaction times

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an acute bout of cycling exercise on auditory choice reaction time, visual choice reaction time, auditory complex choice reaction time and visual complex choice reaction time. 29 subjects were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The subjects of the experimental group carried out a single bout of submaximal cycling exercise. The auditory choice reaction time, visual choice reaction time, auditory complex choice reaction time and visual complex choice reaction times were measured before and after the exercise session. The reaction time tests were taken from the subjects by using Speed Anticipation and Reaction Tester (SART) software. In the control group, the reaction time tests were performed by the subjects with an interval of 30min. In the experimental group, the percentage changes of mean auditory choice and complex choice reaction time values were significantly decreased in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). Although the visual choice and complex choice reaction times were decreased after the exercise, the changes were not significant (P>0.05). An acute bout of cycling exercise improved the speed of auditory and visual reaction times in healthy young females. However, these positive changes were significantly observed only in the auditory reaction time tests in comparison with the control group.

Using Alcohol as a Standard to Assess the Degree of Impairment Induced by Sedative and Analgesic Drugs Used in Ambulatory Surgery

BACKGROUND There is a need for a standard by which to compare the degree of subjective and behavioral impairment caused by anesthetic drugs, because anesthesiologists may not be able to gauge how extreme or important a statistically significant change in psychomotor functioning is. This study examined the psychomotor and subjective effects of alcohol at blood concentrations equal or greater than 0.10% as a standard with which to compare those effects caused by sedative and analgesic agents commonly used in ambulatory surgery. METHODS Twelve healthy human volunteers (11 men and 1 nonpregnant woman), with an average age of 28 yr (range 24-34 yr) and an average alcohol consumption of four drinks per week, were selected in this institutional review board-approved study. Each subject was exposed to five drug conditions (70 mg/70 kg propofol intravenously, 2 mg/70 kg midazolam intravenously, 50 micrograms/70 kg fentanyl intravenously, 0.8 g/kg alcohol orally, and placebo orally and intravenously) in a double-blind randomized fashion over five weekly sessions. Testing was done at baseline and at different intervals until 240 min after drug administration. Testing included psychomotor performance (Maddox Wing, eye-hand coordination, auditory reaction time test, and digit symbol substitution test), subjective effects (strength of drug effect scale, drug liking scale, and visual analog scale), and short-term memory. Psychomotor performance was used as an index of objective impairment, and mood was used as an index of subjective impairment. RESULTS After consumption of the alcoholic beverage, a blood alcohol level of 0.11 +/- 0.003% (mean +/- SE) was obtained at 15 min after injection. The study drugs not only produced statistically significant impairment (i.e., impairment greater than that seen with placebo) but also, at one or more times after injection, produced impairment similar to that observed with alcohol at a blood alcohol concentration of 0.11%. Midazolam produced a similar degree of impairment to that of alcohol for a longer duration than did fentanyl and propofol. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that degree of impairment caused by sedative and analgesic drugs used in ambulatory surgery is similar to that obtained with a dose of alcohol that produces a blood alcohol concentration of 0.11%. We suggest that anesthesiologists can use alcohol as a standard by which to assess degree of impairment produced by drugs used for sedation/analgesia.

Using Alcohol as a Standard to Assess the Degree of Impairment Induced by Sedative and Analgesic Drugs Used in Ambulatory Surgery

There is a need for a standard by which to compare the degree of subjective and behavioral impairment caused by anesthetic drugs, because anesthesiologists may not be able to gauge how extreme or important a statistically significant change in psychomotor functioning is. This study examined the psychomotor and subjective effects of alcohol at blood concentrations equal or greater than 0.10% as a standard with which to compare those effects caused by sedative and analgesic agents commonly used in ambulatory surgery. Twelve healthy human volunteers (11 men and 1 nonpregnant woman), with an average age of 28 yr (range 24-34 yr) and an average alcohol consumption of four drinks per week, were selected in this institutional review board-approved study. Each subject was exposed to five drug conditions (70 mg/70 kg propofol intravenously, 2 mg/70 kg midazolam intravenously, 50 micrograms/70 kg fentanyl intravenously, 0.8 g/kg alcohol orally, and placebo orally and intravenously) in a double-blind randomized fashion over five weekly sessions. Testing was done at baseline and at different intervals until 240 min after drug administration. Testing included psychomotor performance (Maddox Wing, eye-hand coordination, auditory reaction time test, and digit symbol substitution test), subjective effects (strength of drug effect scale, drug liking scale, and visual analog scale), and short-term memory. Psychomotor performance was used as an index of objective impairment, and mood was used as an index of subjective impairment. After consumption of the alcoholic beverage, a blood alcohol level of 0.11 +/- 0.003% (mean +/- SE) was obtained at 15 min after injection. The study drugs not only produced statistically significant impairment (i.e., impairment greater than that seen with placebo) but also, at one or more times after injection, produced impairment similar to that observed with alcohol at a blood alcohol concentration of 0.11%. Midazolam produced a similar degree of impairment to that of alcohol for a longer duration than did fentanyl and propofol. This study provides evidence that degree of impairment caused by sedative and analgesic drugs used in ambulatory surgery is similar to that obtained with a dose of alcohol that produces a blood alcohol concentration of 0.11%. We suggest that anesthesiologists can use alcohol as a standard by which to assess degree of impairment produced by drugs used for sedation/analgesia.

Effet du modafinil chez des patients narcoleptiques. Études électrophysiologique et psychométrique

Clinical efficiency of Modafinil was clearly demonstrated in narcoleptic patients but only a few electrophysiological studies were carried out to confirm these observations. Since Modafinil did not change the propensy to fall asleep, the aim of this work was to study maintenance of wakefulness and performance levels in treated narcoleptic patients. Of the 16 treated patients, 12 responded as expected to Modafinil. These 12 patients were studied. After a one night polysomnography, electrophysiological tests included: baseline spectral analysis, maintenance of wakefulness tests carried out respectively eyes open in diffused light and eyes closed in darkness during which sleep latency, duration of test and changes in the theta/alpha ratio were measured. Psychometric performances were evaluated using verbal or non verbal tests: visual and auditory reaction time tests. Trail Making Test, Stroop, verbal Fluency and WAIS-R. Modafinil improved the ability of narcoleptic patients to remain awake only when the situation or the environmental conditions were favorable. Some psychometric performances also trended towards on improvement.

New approaches to the management of essential hypertension with psychological techniques

SUMMARY The treatment of high blood pressure using psychological techniques such as biofeedback and relaxation or meditation has met with only limited success so far, and has yet to expand beyond experimental and research settings. This may be partly due to the small size of changes produced in many studies, but also because poor methodology has hindered interpretation of results. In particular, the adaptation of patients to the clinic or laboratory, and the influence of non-specific factors deserve careful consideration by investigators. It is suggested that the size of pressure modifications might be enhanced by introducing treatment at the stages in the development of the disorder that are characterised by high levels of autonomic activity. Recent haemodynamic studies indicate that this condition is fulfilled less by established hypertension than by the early or borderline phases. Similarly, training should be associated with conditions in which psychosicial influences on the cardiovascular system are prominent. It is apparent that high pressure episodes are produced through the imposition of taxing or distressing psychosocial stimuli in both animals and man. It may be worthwhile therefore, to help people to overcome reactions to psychological stressors directly; hitherto, biofeedback and relaxation have been used to reduce the tonic pressure levels of resting subjects. Date from two experiments that illustrate this approach will be described. Both were comparisons of the pressure reductions produced with feedback or relaxation instructions amongst normotensives. In each case, training was carried out while subjects were performing distracting tasks; the particular portions of the studies that will be discussed involved mental arithmetic and auditory reaction time tests. The results suggest that biofeedback leads to more effective control of blood pressure response to the tasks, and to some ability to reduce pressor reactions. In contrast, when training was carried out under conventional resting conditions, the modifications seen with the two techniques were identical. The value of these methods may be enhanced by actively engaging patients in their own treatment and by incorporating selfcontrol techniques into a more general programme of behaviour change. Thus simultaneously, energies should be directed towards modifying smoking, diet, level of exercise and other factors likely to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease. Within such a framework, training in the voluntary control of blood pressure may play an important part.

Hypoxemia and auditory reaction time in congenital heart disease.

The purpose of this study was to determine if previously documented perfomances deficits of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease are peculiar to centrallly mediated visual tasks or are also manifested on tests of other centrally mediated sensory functions such as hearing. A simple auditory reaction time test was, therefore, performed on 239 patients with congenital heart disease, 43 of whom were cyanotic. Results indicated that (a) there is no significant relationship between level of arterial oxygen saturation and auditory RT. (b) Auditory RT for the group as a whole declines until the mid-teens and then rises, a pattern at variance with that of normal subjects. (c) The audiroty RT of females was significantly higher, i.e., slower, than that of males.