Auditory Late Latency Response Research Articles

Central Auditory Processing Abilities in Children with Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate: An Electrophysiological Study.

The present study compared the central auditory processing abilities using electrophysiological tests in children with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) and their age-matched control group. Thirty children aged 7 to 15 years were recruited for the study. Participants were divided into 2 groups. The clinical group (children with NSCLP) comprised 15 children, while the control group (craniofacially typical peers) comprised 15 children with normal hearing sensitivity and auditory processing skills. Electrophysiological tests, including auditory brainstem responses (ABR), binaural interaction component (BIC) of ABR, auditory late latency responses (ALLR), and P300 were assessed. The results showed deviant responses in ABR, BIC, and ALLR in children with NSCLP compared to craniofacially typical counterparts. However, no significant difference was observed in P300 between the two groups. Children with NSCLP may be at a higher risk of central auditory processing disorder due to their abnormal neural transmission in the auditory nervous system. Also, assessing auditory processing abilities in children with NSCLP should include electrophysiological tests in the test battery for additional information regarding neural transmission.

Binaural Interaction Component and Behavioral Auditory Processing in the Elderly with Hearing Loss: Preliminary Study

Purpose: The binaural interaction component (BIC) is presumed to reflect binaural hearing abilities, including spatial hearing. This study aims to record BIC amplitudes and examine their relationship with behavioral auditory tests.Methods: Nine elderly adults with hearing loss (eight males and one female) participated in this study. The BIC was derived from the wave V amplitude of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and the N1-P2 amplitude of the auditory late latency response (ALR). Behavioral auditory processing tests, including sentence recognition scores, localization scores, and masking level difference, were obtained and analyzed with respect to electrophysiological BICs.Results: BICs were more reliably identified in ALR compared to ABR. The ALR BIC elicited by a 2,000 Hz tone burst showed a significant correlation with sentence recognition scores in both quiet and noise, as well as localization scores at 2,000 Hz. Other variables also demonstrated significant interrelationships.Conclusion: This study suggests that the ALR BIC elicited by a 2,000 Hz tone burst may be a key physiological component representing spatial hearing abilities in individuals with hearing loss. More robust conclusions can be drawn from future studies with larger sample sizes and more sophisticated designs.

Exploring the relationship between auditory late latency response and language age in children using cochlear implant

Aim & objectivesThe study aimed to compare P1 latency and P1–N1 amplitude with receptive and expressive language ages in children using cochlear implant (CI) in one ear and a hearing aid (HA) in non-implanted ear. MethodsThe study included 30 children, consisting of 18 males and 12 females, aged between 48 and 96 months. The age at which the children received CI ranged from 42 to 69 months. A within-subject research design was utilized and participants were selected through purposive sampling. Auditory late latency responses (ALLR) were assessed using the Intelligent hearing system to measure P1 latency and P1–N1 amplitude. The assessment checklist for speech-language skills (ACSLS) was employed to evaluate receptive and expressive language age. Both assessments were conducted after cochlear implantation. ResultsA total of 30 children participated in the study, with a mean implant age of 20.03 months (SD: 8.14 months). The mean P1 latency and P1–N1 amplitude was 129.50 ms (SD: 15.05 ms) and 6.93 μV (SD: 2.24 μV) respectively. Correlation analysis revealed no significant association between ALLR measures and receptive or expressive language ages. However, there was significant negative correlation between the P1 latency and implant age (Spearman's rho = −0.371, p = 0.043). ConclusionsThe study suggests that P1 latency which is an indicative of auditory maturation, may not be a reliable marker for predicting language outcomes. It can be concluded that language development is likely to be influenced by other factors beyond auditory maturation alone.

Electrically evoked late latency response using single electrode stimulation and its relation to speech perception among paediatric cochlear implant users.

Aided auditory late latency response (LLR) serves as an objective tool for evaluating auditory cortical maturation following cochlear implantation in children. While aided LLR is commonly measured using sound-field acoustic stimulation, recording electrically evoked LLR (eLLR) offer distinct advantages, such as improved stimulus control and the capability for single electrode stimulation. Hence, the study aimed to compare eLLR responses with single electrode stimulation in the apical, middle, and basal regions and to evaluate their relationship with speech perception in paediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients. eLLR responses with single electrode stimulation were measured in 27 paediatric unilateral CI users with an active recording electrode placed at Cz. The stimuli consisted of 36 msec biphasic pulse trains presented across three electrode sites (apical-E20, middle-E11, and basal-E03). eLLR responses were compared across these electrode sites, and the relationship between speech recognition scores in quiet and age at implantation with eLLR components was evaluated. eLLR responses were detected in 77 out of 81 tested electrodes of all participants combined (27 for apical, 26 for middle, and 24 for basal stimulation). There were no significant differences in P1, N1 latencies and P1 amplitude across electrode site. However, significantly larger N1 and P1-N1 amplitudes were observed for apical stimulations compared to basal stimulations. No differences in N1 amplitude were found between middle and apical stimulations, and the P1-N1 amplitude was significantly larger for middle compared to basal electrode stimulation, with no difference between the apical and middle electrodes stimulation. A moderate positive correlation was present between speech recognition scores in quiet and both N1, P1-N1 amplitudes for apical stimulation. Age at implantation was negatively correlated with N1 amplitude for the apical and P1-N1 amplitude for basal stimulation. eLLR responses could be elicited in majority of paediatric CI users across electrode sites. Variations in eLLR responses across electrode sites suggest disparities in auditory cortical maturation. The findings underscore the significance of the N1 biomarker in evaluating higher-order auditory cortical development. Therefore, utilizing eLLR with single electrode stimulation may serve as a valuable tool for assessing post-cochlear implantation maturational changes in paediatric populations.

Auditory cortical functioning in individuals with misophonia: an electrophysiological investigation.

Misophonia is characterized by a reduced tolerance for specific sound triggers. This aspect has been relatively underexplored in audiology, with limited research from the audiological angle. Our primary objective is to compare the auditory late latency response (ALLR) findings between individuals with misophonia and those without it. A study compared individuals with significant misophonia to a healthy control group. Thirty misophonia participants were categorized into mild and moderate-to-severe groups based on their Amsterdam Misophonia Scale scores. The latency and amplitude of auditory response peaks were analyzed across the groups using the ALLR. Statistical tests included Shapiro-Wilk for data normality, one-way ANOVA for group differences, and Bonferroni post hoc analysis for detailed variation sources. The result showed a significant difference in latency of P1 and N1 peaks (p < 0.05) of ALLR between the groups in both ears. This suggests a deficit in auditory processing at the cortical level in individuals with misophonia. Our study substantiates the potential utility of the ALLR as a valuable instrument for evaluating misophonia, particularly from the audiological standpoint.

Evaluation of Auditory Late Latency Response in Older Adults

Evaluation of Auditory Late Latency Response in Older Adults

Electrophysiological characteristics in children with listening difficulties, with or without auditory processing disorder

Objective: To determine if the auditory middle latency responses (AMLR), auditory late latency response (ALLR) and auditory P300 were sensitive to auditory processing disorder (APD) and listening difficulties in children, and further to elucidate mechanisms regarding level of neurobiological problems in the central auditory nervous system. Design: Three-group, repeated measure design.Study sample: Forty-six children aged 8–14 years were divided into three groups: children with reported listening difficulties fulfilling APD diagnostic criteria, children with reported listening difficulties not fulfilling APD diagnostic criteria and normally hearing children.Results: AMLR Na latency and P300 latency and amplitude were sensitive to listening difficulties. No other auditory evoked potential (AEP) measures were sensitive to listening difficulties, and no AEP measures were sensitive to APD only. Moderate correlations were observed between P300 latency and amplitude and the behavioural AP measures of competing words, frequency patterns, duration patterns and dichotic digits.Conclusions: Impaired thalamo-cortical (bottom up) and neurocognitive function (top-down) may contribute to difficulties discriminating speech and non-speech sounds. Cognitive processes involved in conscious recognition, attention and discrimination of the acoustic characteristics of the stimuli could contribute to listening difficulties in general, and to APD in particular.

Electrophysiological changes in auditory evoked potentials in rats with salicylate-induced tinnitus

Early-response auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in humans are significantly altered in tinnitus. These changes are closely related to that seen in animals, leading to new approaches to study tinnitus based on objective parameters. The purpose of this study was to characterize the AEPs in animals with tinnitus, by assessing early to late latency responses. For behavioral evaluation, rats were trained using positive reinforcement to press a lever in the presence of an auditory stimulus and to not press during silence. The auditory brainstem response (ABR), middle latency response (MLR) and auditory late latency response (LLR) were correlated to the false-positive responses (pressing the lever during silence), after oral administrations of Sodium Salicylate (SS, 350 mg/kg). In the present study, SS significantly increased the hearing thresholds and reduced ABR peak I amplitudes across the frequency range (4–32 kHz). In contrast, increased amplitudes were observed for several peaks in ABR, MLR, and LLR. Moreover, reduced ABR latencies in response to 8, 16 and 24 kHz tone bursts were observed after SS administration. Similarly, the central evaluation also revealed significantly reduced latencies in MLR and LLR during SS administration. In contrast, increased latencies were observed for ABR latencies in response to 32 kHz tone bursts, and at the P1-N1 component of LLR. Correlational analysis revealed that latencies and amplitudes of peaks II and IV (8 and 16 kHz) of ABR, and N2 latency and P2-N2 amplitude of LLR were associated with behavioral tinnitus. We suggest that AEPs can be used in the rat to evaluate the reduced sensory input and the increased central gain in SS-induced tinnitus, as well as reduced latencies (8–16 kHz) to distinguish between hearing loss and tinnitus.

Consequences of hearing aid acclimatization on ALLRs and its relationship with perceived benefit and speech perception abilities.

The study aimed to track long latency responses over a period of hearing aid use in naïve hearing aid users, and study its relationship with change in speech perception abilities and perceived benefit. Thirty adults in the age range of 23-60years with moderate sensorineural hearing loss participated in the study. Auditory late latency responses (ALLRs), signal-to-noise ratio - 50 (SNR-50), and scores of speech spatial and qualities questionnaire (SSQ) were measured three times over a period of 2months of hearing aid use. ALLRs showed a significant decrease in the P1 and N1 latency across the three measurements. Significant increase in the scores of SSQ and significant decrease in the SNR-50 were also found. The change in ALLRs did not correlate with change in scores of either SSQ or SNR-50. The study provides evidence for improvements in neural processing of auditory cortical areas with hearing aid acclimatization. The improvements seen in perceived benefit and speech perception are not related to the improvements in ALLRs. This is the first study in the domain with a younger group compared to the previous studies and the results show evidence for neural plasticity influencing hearing aid acclimatization benefits.

Auditory Late Latency Response in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The study was done to compare Auditory late latency response (ALLR) in normal-hearing individuals without diabetes mellitus and normal-hearing individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 50 participants within the age range of 40-60 years were enrolled in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups with one group consisting of 25 individuals with T2DM and the other group consisted of 25 individuals without diabetes as the control group. The results revealed prolonged latencies and reduced amplitude of P1, N1 and P2 wave among individuals with T2DM compared to control group. There was a significant positive correlation observed for ALLR latency and duration of T2DM, and a negative correlation observed for ALLR amplitude and duration of T2DM. The present study concluded that there is a problem in the encoding of speech at the cortical level despite normal hearing in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Effect of Intensity on the Speech Evoked Auditory Late Latency Response in Normal Hearing Individuals.

Among the stimulus factors, the influence of presentation level is less studied in normal-hearing individuals when using speech stimuli withvarious presentation levels for the auditory late latency response (ALLR). Hence, the present study aimed to explore the Latency-Intensity (L-I) function, i.e., how the latency and amplitude change as a function of intensity using speech stimuli. Speech-evoked ALLR was obtained from 15 normal-hearing individuals. The syllable/ta/ was used to record ALLR with an intensity of 30, 50, 70, and 90 dBSPL. Electroencephalography (EEG) from five channels was recorded and analyzed offline. The overall results revealed that there is an influence of intensity on P1 and N1 latencies in a nonlinear fashion. The latency change is consistent at lower intensities than at moderate and high intensities. The amplitude changes did not reach significance, though a decrease with a reduction in intensity was obvious. There is a significant effect of intensity on the latency and amplitude of ALLR in speech stimulus. However, this effect may vary for different speech stimuli.

Exploring (central) auditory processing deficits in individuals with Broca's aphasia: Based on case study

It is well known fact that persons with lesions involving either the right or left temporal lobe tended to show impaired performances for complex auditory task and showed auditory processing disorder symptoms. Present study was aimed to find out whether auditory processing deficit exists in individuals with Broca's aphasia due to stroke based on case studies outcomes through detailed behavioral and electrophysiological audiological assessment. There were two participants (case 'A' and case 'B') diagnosed as having Boca's aphasia taken for the study. Case 'A' and 'B' were 39 and 29 year old male participated in the study. They were assessed for routine audiological and detailed auditory processing disorders tests like pitch pattern test, gap detection test and dichotic digit test. Further, they were also assessed for electrophysiological tests like click evoked auditory brainstem response and auditory late latency response. The routine audiological tests reveal no peripheral hearing loss in both the cases. However, details behavioral (C)APD tests results revealed overall poorer performance for different tasks in both cases. In addition to that, electrophysiological tests results also revealed abnormal brainstem and cortical responses in both cases. Hence, preliminary report of the present study suggests that cases with lesion (strokes) should be evaluated in detail for auditory processing deficit.

Long Latency Responses in Children with Learning Disorder

The purpose of the study was to investigate long latency response from the children with LD and compare the findings with controlled subjects (i.e. age-gender matched). LLR responses were recorded from 30 subjects with LD (experimental group) and 30 control groups, age range from 10 -14 year with means age of 11.2 years. The LLR responses were recorded by using the click stimulus. P1, N1, P2, N2 latency and amplitude were used for analysis. Result of the study indicates that both the group had statistically significant difference in latency. P1 and N1 amplitude were found to be significantly different between the two test groups. The present study findings suggest that click evoked auditory late latency response is easily traceable in all children with LD and typically developing children. However, prolonged latency responses in the present study suggest that the auditory stimulus processing at auditory cortex level is different in LD children compared to typical children. This functioning difference in the auditory cortical area results in altered auditory cortical recording. The present study has discussed how LLR test can be effective test tool to use clinically that differentiates between individuals with and without LD.

Auditory evoked potentials in females with high and low acceptance of background noise when listening to speech

Acceptable noise level (ANL) is a measure of a listener's acceptance of background noise when listening to speech. A consistent finding in research on ANL is large intersubject variability in the acceptance of background noise. This variability is not related to age, gender, hearing sensitivity, type of background noise, speech perception in noise performance, cochlear responses, or efferent activity of the medial olivocochlear pathway. In the present study, auditory evoked potentials were examined in 21 young females with normal hearing with low and high acceptance of background noise to determine whether differences in judgments of background noise are related to differences measured in aggregate physiological responses from the auditory nervous system. Group differences in the auditory brainstem response, auditory middle latency response, and cortical, auditory late latency response indicate that differences in more central regions of the nervous system account for, at least in part, the variability in listeners' willingness to accept background noise when listening to speech.